A very strong summer monsoon event during 30-40 kaBP in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its relation to precessional cycle

Guliya ice core records, high lake-level records in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and at its north side as well as vegetation succession records indicated that during the period of 30-40 kaBP, namely the later age of the megainterstadial of last glacial period, or the marine oxygen isotope stage 3, the climate of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau was exceptionally warm and humid, the temperature was 2-4℃ higher than today and the precipitation was 40% to over 100% higher than the current average, all these suggested the existence of an exceedingly strong summer monsoon event. It has been inferred that the occurrence of such an event was attributed, on the one hand, to the stronger summer low pressure over the Plateau, which strengthened the attraction to the summer monsoon; on the other hand, to the vigorous evaporation of the tropic ocean surface, which promoted the moisture-rich southwest monsoon to flow over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The background responsible for the formation of the very strong summer monsoon was that the period of 30-40 kaBP was just in the strong insolation stage of the 20ka precessional cycle, when the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received extraordinary strong solar radiation and thus enlarged the thermodynamical contrast between the Plateau and the mid-south part of the Indian Ocean.     

Comprehensive geophysical profile and lithosphere structures and geodynamics in western Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau

A comprehensive study in this paper for the lithosphere velocity structure, conductivity structure, density and magnetism structure at the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan) Plateau has been completed based on the data of gravity, geomagnetism, and magneto-telluric sounding (MTS), explosion seismology acquired on the comprehensive geophysical profile along Gyirong-Sangehu. It presents the deep and shallow structural features of blocks, suture zones, and faults. Meanwhile, the lithosphere structure at the east and west parts of the plateau has been crossstudied and the deep structure of the plateau and the geodynamic models have been discussed according to the geophysical data available for the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau.     

Amplitude of climatic changes in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

On the basis of ice core and meteorological data from the Qinghai-Tibetan (Q-T) Plateau, this article focuses on the discussion of the problems related to the sensitivity of temporal and spatial changes of the climate in high-altitude regions, particularly in the Q-T Plateau. The features of abrupt climatic changes of the past 100 ka, 2 000 a and recent years indicate that the amplitude of these changes in the Q-T Plateau was obviously larger than that in low-altitude regions. The scope of temperature change above 6 000 m in the Q-T Plateau between glacial and interglacial stages could reach over 10°C, but only about 4°C in low-elevation regions close to sea level. During the last 2 000 a, the amplitude of temperature changes at Guliya (over 6 000 m a.s.l.) in the Q-T Plateau reached 7°C, in comparison with 2°C in eastern China at low altitude. In the present age, apparent differences of climatic warming have been observed in the Q-T Plateau, indicating that the warming in high-elevation regions is much higher than that in low-elevation regions. The temperature in over 3 500 m regions of the Q-T Plateau have been increasing at a rate of 0.25×10¹/a in recent 30 years, but almost no change has taken place in the regions below 500 m. Thus, we concluded that high-altitude regions are more sensitive to climatic changes than the low-altitude regions.     

青藏高原腹地第四纪地质环境演化的地球动力学机制

根据古季风变化与生物生产总量之间的耦合关系,结合区域地质演变和地球卫星遥感影像解译成果,对引起高原内部古气候环境变化发展过程的启动激发因素和相互耦合机制及其驱动传递效应进行探索研究,这个方向目前仍然属于高原地质环境演变及全球变化的前沿领域。     

Eolian sand deposition and its environmental significance in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The dry climate which appeared about 8#x2013;7 Ma ago in South Asia has been interpreted as results of the intensification of Asian monsoon caused by the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau at its maximum altitude around that time. Whether it is or not, it is a critical problem. A total of 55 samples were taken from the Tertiary red earth and Quaternary lacustrine deposits and loess in the Linxia Basin which is located in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, for the analysis of quartz types and contents using electron probe microanalyzer. The results indicate that the eolian sands have existed since 15Ma and reached its maximum content at 8 and 6#x2013;5 Ma, respectively. This means that the climate was very dry during 8-5 Ma period in western China, which was regarded as the result of global climatic change at that time. Mean size of quartz sand grains was about 0.4 mm during 15#x2013;3.6/2.6 Ma period and dropped to 0.1–0.07 mm dramatically after 3.6–2.6 Ma. This demonstrates that the local eolian deposition was decreased significantly and even disappeared since Late Pliocene and was replaced by dust deposits from distal source, suggesting the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the change of air circulation after 3.6–2.6 Ma.     

Role of atmospheric heat source/sink over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in quasi-4-year oscillation of atmosphere-land-ocean interaction

Using 1961—1995 monthly atmospheric apparent heat source/sink <Q₁> over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) and reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR, and 1961—1994 monthly SST of UK/GISST2, the statistical study is undertaken on the QXP heat source/sink in relation to both atmospheric circulation in Asia and El Niño/La Niña events. It is discovered that there exists noticeable interaction in a quasi-4-year period among the <Q₁> of the QXP, low-level meridional winds east of the QXP, low-level zonal winds in the equatorial Pacific, SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific, and the circulation at mid and high latitudes north of the QXP. They have difference in phase. The cold source intensity of the QXP in winter favours a low-level meridional wind anomaly to prevail in the mainland of China and its coast east of the QXP and to last until the subsequent autumn. The wind anomaly can induce a low-level zonal wind anomaly of the tropic Pacific that finally affects an El Niño/La Niña event in the autumn and subsequent winter. The event in autumn/winter has effect on the deep trough position and cold air track of East Asia in next winter that influences the intensity of the QXP winter cold source.     

黄河源区气候特征及其变化分析

利用黄河源区近40年的温度、降水资料，分析了黄河源区气温与降水的时空分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明：黄河源区东北部的兴海、同德和东南部的久治县热量条件相对较好，由东向西随着纬度、尤其是随海拔的升高年平均气温逐渐下降；黄河源区年平均气温的差异很大，最暖的兴海县比最寒冷的称多县年平均气温高出6．2℃；降水年内分配集中在5～9月份，降水量占年总量的85．4％；近40年来年降水量无明显的变化趋势，但冬、春季的降水量呈明显的增多，而夏、秋季降水量呈明显的减少；气温呈明显的升高趋势，20世纪90年代比60年代年平均气温偏高0．5℃，≥0℃积温比60年代增加60～70℃，80年代以来增温主要出现在冬季和秋季。     

Analysis of Income Structure of Farmer (Herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the farmers in different areas (agricultural, animal husbandry areas and half agricultural and half animal husbandry areas etc. )was approached. The following features were found through an analysis index of income is higher in the outskirt than it in rural, the index has a date in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard astandard in agricultural areas is better than in pastoral areas, it is the worst in half agriculture and half animal husbandry areas.     

黄土高原地区降水的空间分布

采用8种空间捕值方法对黄土高原地区降水量的空间分布进行模拟.经验证发现:年均降水量用全局多项式插值方法最佳,7月的降水量和6-9月降水量占年降水量的百分比则用局部多项式插值方法最好.由空间插值结果得出:黄土高原地区年均降水量的区域分布不均匀,由东南部的700 mm左右向两北逐渐减少至120 mm左右,多年降水量等值线呈东北-西南走向;6-9月降水量占年降水量的百分比基本上由南向北逐渐增大;7月的降水最也南东南向两北逐渐减少,由东南部的150 mm左右向西北逐渐减少至不到40 mm.     

RZB型钻孔应变仪在青藏高原东缘地应力监测中的应用

介绍新一代RZB-3型钻孔应变仪, 及其用于地壳应力应变连续观测的特点。对四川江油地应力监测站RZB-3A型分量式钻孔应变仪观测数据进行了初步分析, 结果表明: 安装于江油地应力监测站的RZB-3A型分量式钻孔应变仪有着较高的分辨率。系统参考元件的数据表明, 观测系统分辨率优于10^-9应变量级, 不仅记录到清晰的固体潮汐, 还记录到宽频带应变地震波。特别地, 由于四分量钻孔应变观测的优越性, 已经获得的数据表明, 该观测系统对台站邻区地壳水平应变场的面应变测量精度较高。因此, 将新型分量式钻孔应变仪应用于青藏高原东缘地应力连续观测, 对于揭示该区域应力场活动与地震的关系有重要意义。     

青藏高原东北边缘黄土磁化率各向异性揭示古风向的初步研究

利用磁化率各向异性系统地研究了黄土沉积时的近地面风向。根据兰州、临夏、武都三个典型剖面共计１４０个风成黄土样品的磁化率各向异性的研究发现青藏高原东北边缘地区各时代黄土沉积的近地面风向是各不相同的，自早更新世中期到中更新世直至晚更新世，随着时间的推移，古风向都存在着一个明显的逆时针方向的改变。究其原因，这可能与青藏高原的隆起和局地特殊的地形效应以及环流形式的调整有关。     

藏东类乌齐地区始新世钾玄质侵入岩特征及构造环境

往过同岩体位于藏东类乌齐地区往过同,岩石类型为斑状中粒黑云母二长花岗岩,黑云母K-Ar同位素年龄为35 Ma,时代为始新世。往过同花岗岩富硅、铝、碱,高钾贫钛,低铁、镁、钙,在SiO2-K2O和K2O-Na2O图解中样品均落在钾玄岩系列区,岩石系列为钾玄质花岗岩。岩石富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,负Eu异常;在原始地幔蛛网图上Th强烈富集,Sr呈现低谷负异常,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损,表现出钾玄岩的地球化学特征。经分析,并应用构造环境判别图解,往过同花岗岩形成于后碰撞的构造环境。     

New evidence for human occupation of the northern Tibetan Plateau, China during the Late Pleistocene

The described stone artifacts are recovered from the 70 m-high terrace (4600 m a.s.l.) at the southeastern shore of the Siling Co on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The terrace was formed during the Interstadial period before the LGM, ca. 40-30 ka B.P. based on paleoenvironmental research. The Paleoliths from the Siling Co provide evidence for early human occupation of the northern Tibetan Plateau. They show technological and typological affinities with the European Middle Paleolithic suggesting that the early human occupation here might relate to migratory waves during the Late Pleistocene that dispersed humans across the Old World.     

西藏谢通门县雄村铜(金)矿矿石物质成分研究及其意义

西藏谢通门县雄村铜(金)矿是新发现的超大型细脉浸染型铜(金)矿.通过详细的岩石学、矿石学研究,表明矿石类型主要分为氧化矿石、次生硫化物矿石和细脉浸染状硫化物矿石三大类型.矿石主要为细脉浸染状.主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿,其次是辉铜矿等.主要非金属矿物为石英,约占矿物总量的60%～70%;其次是红柱石、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母、白云母、绢云母、绿帘石、石榴子石等.矿石主成矿元素以Cu为主,伴生有用组分为Au,Ag,Zn和Pb等.     

论草地建设在黄土高原地区生态环境建设中的战略地位

我国黄土高原地区当前植被稀疏,生态环境恶劣,由于人类历史时期这一地区之天然植被中草原占有较大面积,所遭受的人为活动的破坏也最为显著;加上经多年实践,一批适生草类在黄土高原地区生态环境变得十分严酷的山塬丘陵与风沙滩地比造林易于成活,改善生态环境与造林立地条件之功用易于见效,在经济上也易于获得回报,因而在这一地区实施绿色屏障方略、再造秀美山川之生态环境建设系统工程中,人工种草实处于奠基础的重要战略地位,应通过采取加强宣传教育、制订工作规划、认真管理、加强科学技术研究与指导等措施,大规模推行实施。     

Response of water budget to recent climatic changes in the source region of the Yellow River

Discharge in the source region of the Yellow River significantly declined after 1990.China Meteorological Administration(CMA) data show that precipitation in this region was low in the 1990s but returned to above normal after 2002;in recent decades there has been rapid warming of surface air,moistening and wind speed decrease.To investigate the influences of recent climatic changes on the water budget,this study simulates the surface water budget at CMA stations within and surrounding the source region during 1960-2006,using an improved land surface model.Results indicate that the spatial pattern of precipitation change is an important factor(except for precipitation amount and intensity) in determining the response of runoff to precipitation changes.Low runoff in the 1990s was consistent with precipitation amount and intensity.The recovery of precipitation after 2002 is mainly from increased precipitation in the dry area of the source region.Evaporation was mainly limited by water availability in this dry area,and thus most of the precipitation increase was evaporated.By contrast,energy availability was a more important influence on evaporation in the wet area.There was more evaporation in the wet area because of rapid warming,although precipitation amount partly decreased and partly increased,contributing to the reduction of runoff after 2002.This control on evaporation and its response,together with the modified spatial pattern of precipitation,produced a water budget unfavorable for runoff generation in the source region during recent years.