Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Bronze Age horses recovered from Chifeng region, Inner Mongolia, China

In this study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was carried out on 9 Bronze Age horses recovered from Dashanqian and Jinggouzi archaeological sites in Chifeng region, Inner Mongolia. China to explore the origin of Chinese domestic horses. Both mtDNA 16S rRNA gene and control region (D-loop) fragments of ancient horses were amplified and sequenced. The analysis of the highly conservative 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the burial environment of Chifeng region is suitable for the preservation of ancient DNA (aDNA). Combing 465 mtDNA D-loop sequences representing different breeds from East Asia, Central Asia, Near East and Europe, we constructed a phylogenetic network to investigate the relationship between ancient and modern horses. The phylogenetic network showed that the 9 horses were distributed into different modern horse clusters which were closely related to them representing a certain geographical distribution. Our results showed that the maternal genetic line of the ancient horses in Chifeng region was highly diversified, which contributed to the gene pool of modern domestic horses and suggested a complex origin of domestic horses in China.     

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Bronze Age horses recovered from Chifeng region, Inner Mongolia, China

In this study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was carried out on 9 Bronze Age horses recovered from Dashanqian and Jinggouzi archaeological sites in Chifeng region, Inner Mongolia. China to explore the origin of Chinese domestic horses. Both mtDNA 16S rRNA gene and control region (D-loop) fragments of ancient horses were amplified and sequenced. The analysis of the highly conservative 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the burial environment of Chifeng region is suitable for the preservation of ancient DNA (aDNA). Combing 465 mtDNA D-loop sequences representing different breeds from East Asia, Central Asia, Near East and Europe, we constructed a phylogenetic network to investigate the relationship between ancient and modern horses. The phylogenetic network showed that the 9 horses were distributed into different modern horse clusters which were closely related to them representing a certain geographical distribution. Our results showed that the maternal genetic line of the ancient horses in Chifeng region was highly diversified, which contributed to the gene pool of modern domestic horses and suggested a complex origin of domestic horses in China.     

Craniometrical evidence for population admixture between Eastern and Western Eurasians in Bronze Age southwest Xinjiang

Xinjiang,the most northwest provincial administrative area of China,was the area where the oriental people met the occidental.The populations in Xinjiang exhibit very high genetic diversity.Previous study revealed that the eastern Xinjiang populations of the Bronze Age were mixed by the Eastern and the Western Eurasians.However,few studies have been performed to reveal when the population admixture started and how far to the west it reached.In this paper,we studied 148 craniofacial traits of 18 skulls from the Bronze Age Liushui graveyard in Khotan(Keriya County) in the southwest of Xinjiang.Seventeen craniometrical parameters of the Khotan samples were then compared with those of other ancient samples from around Xinjiang using dendrogram cluster analysis,principal components analysis,and multidimensional scaling.The results indicated that population sample of Liushui graveyard was mixed by the Western and Eastern Eurasians with about 79% contribution from the east.Therefore,we demonstrated that population admixture between east and west Eurasia can be traced back to as early as 1000 BC in southwest Xinjiang.     

塔里木盆地大中型油气田形成及分布规律

目的 探讨塔里木盆地油气藏形成及分布规律,为油气田勘探部署提供依据。方法 运用石油地质综合研究方法,探讨了区域构造背景,有效烃源岩分布及其成熟度、储盖组合、后期构造变动等对塔里木盆地大中型油气田形成及分布的控制作用。结果 塔里木盆地油气分布十分复杂,油气藏形成及分布受多重因素控制;早期形成、长期继承发育的大型稳定古隆起及其斜坡以及前陆逆冲带第2,3排构造分别是大中型油气田形成的最有利地区;古隆起控油、斜坡富集以及隆起高部位油气易发生调整、斜坡部位有利于保存,是克拉通区油气藏形成和分布的重要特点;已发现的油气藏具有多期成藏、晚期调整的特点,早期形成的原生油气藏后期特别是晚喜山期普遍受到了调整改造,以克拉通区海相油气藏最为突出;保存条件对塔里木盆地油气藏形成与分布具有重要控制作用,特别是优质区域盖层的存在,是大中型油气田形成和保存的关键。结论 继承性古隆起与隐伏前陆逆冲带是塔里木克拉通区与前陆区寻找大中型油气田的最有利地区。     

全球气候变化与塔里木盆地古城绿洲演变关系

我国西部地区地形复杂,气候的地域差异性大.特别是青藏高原的突起给塔里木盆地的环境带来了巨大的变化,导致盆地气温降水的突变.从而使塔里木盆地水流分布状态发生改变,导致盆地中原有的古绿洲的蜕变,进而直接影响到整个人类的发展历史.历史研究表明,塔里木盆地气候服从于全球气候变化,并且与某些人文事件,特别是古城绿洲兴盛与消亡有着十分一致的耦合关系.所以,全球环境变化对古城绿洲发展影响重大.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin,west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles: continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried. Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built: that evolved fast in early stage, evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes, which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin, west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles continuous subsldence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried.Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built that evolved fast in early stage,evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes,which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

中国新疆北部奥陶—志留系岩石组合的古构造、古地理意义

近年的研究结果表明,在准噶尔盆地周边地区存在着几乎连续分布的早古生代造山带,这个事实有可能改变历来只强调北疆晚古生代造山作用的传统认识。震旦纪是准噶尔及其相邻古陆裂解的开始阶段,经寒武纪至早奥陶世,古洋已发展到最大规模。在区域性古陆裂解和伸展的背景下,推测准噶尔古陆经常位于海平面以下。晚奥陶世北疆的古洋开始收缩,古陆缘区转化成活动陆缘,准噶尔古陆先后与伊犁古陆和西伯利亚古陆汇聚撞造山,在这两条早古生代造山带的近准噶尔古陆一侧,可能发育晚奥陶世至早、中志留世的弧前或弧后盆地和前陆拗陷。     

古代中亚及我国西北农牧经济文化区的划分——兼论历史上西北游牧民族经济文化类型的演变

中亚及西北的自然环境下衍生出农耕-游牧的二元人文地理模式,历史上长期存在着南部绿洲农业民族与北部草原游牧民族的对抗。由于绿洲的分散性使得绿洲农业民族受到游牧民族的强烈影响,但不能因此而否认绿洲农业经济的农耕文化的属性。分析历史时期中亚-西北经济文化区的划分,结合民族文化发展的变迁与民族经济发展模式变迁的的机制的运作,感受它给民族生存与发展带来的挑战有着积极意义。     

试论塔里木河流域水资源管理机构体系的改革与完善

塔里木河流域水资源统一管理问题,一直是新疆水资源管理的重点.随着流域内人口的增长、经济社会的发展以及对水资源开发利用程度的不断提高,塔里木河流域生态环境恶化问题成为各界关注的焦点,而不合理的水资源管理机构体系是其主要成因.为此,本文在深入分析塔河流域水资源管理机构体系现状及主要问题的基础上,结合水权市场建立和发展的需要,提出了改革与完善现行水资源管理机构体系的基本原则与具体措施.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系沉积演化研究

根据现代沉积学和层序地层学理论,以塔里木盆地志留系大量的岩心、测井和地震资料为基础,开展地层划分与沉积演化研究.塔中地区志留系分为下统柯坪塔格组沉积、塔塔埃尔塔格组、经历碎屑岩潮坪(局部发育扇三角洲)—内陆棚(泻湖)沉积演化.研究成果对于塔里木盆地储层展布及储盖组合具有参考价值,便于指导下一步油气勘探.     

Late Miocene–early Pleistocene paleoproductivity variations of the Lop Nor in the Tarim Basin and its implications on aridification in Asian Interior

Extensive lacustrine deposits in the eastern Tarim Basin provide records of climate change influenced by the westerly winds and the Asian monsoon. To char- acterize the evolution of climate change in this region, we analyze elemental concentrations of barium （Ba） from the Ls2 drill core of Lop Nor, a paleo-lakebed located in the eastern Tarim Basin. Biogenic Ba concentrations from this drill core display a large-amplitude oscillation that gener- ally follows a pattern similar to that of Artemisia content and ostracod assemblages, suggesting that is may serve as an index for climate change experienced in the basin. Our results indicate that biogenic Ba is especially sensitive to precipitation. All climatic proxies served in this study vary significantly over late Miocene to early Pleistocene time period. Strong aridification of eastern Tarim in the late Miocene to the early Pliocene may be attributed to a lati- tudinal shift in the westerly winds, which would have resulted in more moisture transported to southern and eastern Tibet. The growth of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau may have acted as an orographic barrier that blocked moisture sourced in the south from the northern margins of the plateau. We link weaker aridification in the late Pliocene to an increased intensity of the Indian Monsoon.     

A comprehensive review concerning the problem of marine crudes sources in Tarim Basin

The issue of source of oil/gas in the platform basin area in Tarim Basin has been debated for a long time, and the debate is focused on whether the marine oil/gas resources that have been discovered in the basin were originated from hydrocarbon source rocks in the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician or in the Mid-Upper Ordovician. In this paper a summary was made in regard to the major points and supporting data by the predecessors, and a discussion was conducted toward the core issues related to the study on the oil source in the Tarim Basin area, such as choice of correlation parameters, influence of maturation and physical differentiation on oil source correlation parameters, and geological and geochemical significance of these relevant correlation indices. It is quite probable that different interpretation results could arise from the oil source correlation due to choice of parameters severely affected by the thermal maturation and physical differentiation effect, and insisted that only those parameters that come with clearly defined geochemical significance and are less affected by thermal maturation and variations occurring during secondary evolution process are valid ones. The marine crude in Tarim Basin covers contributions that were originated from two sets of hydrocarbon source rocks as mentioned above but dominated by the one from the Mid-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks. Here oil of mixed sources occurs extensively, and crude from Cambrian sources was also discovered. It is suggested that for further study on the origin of marine crudes in Tarim Basin, the parameters used for correlation of oil sources shall be optimized, and a comprehensive set of geological and geochemical methods shall be adopted for this purpose.     

Structural characteristics and petroliferous features of Tarim Basin

Using the modern tectonic geology theories andmethods such as the plate tectonic analysis, the paleo-struc-ture analysis, the structural-Iithofacies analysis, and the faultrelated fold and petroleum system, and combining with theseismic data, well drilling data and the circumferential fieldgeology, study on the structural characteristics and petro-leum prospect in the Tarim Basin has been carried out. Re-sults show that the Tarim Basin is a large superimpositionand combination basin with continental crustal basement,composed of a Paleozoic craton and Meso-Cenozoic forelandbasins. The characteristics of the basin are: the kernel partof the basin is the marine facies Paleozoic craton, superim-posed 4 continental facies foreland basins. Though the scaleof the paleozoic craton of the Tarim Basin is relatively small,the structure is steady. The petroleum prospect of the Paleo-zoic craton is: multiphase pool-generation and accumulationcontrolled by ancient uplift. The Meso-Cenozoic forelandbasins in the Tarim Basin, which are distributed on the era-tonic circumference and are a long-term subsidence, turnedinto rejuvenated foreland basins after the Meso-Cenozoicperiod. The petroleum prospects are: coal-bed generatinghydrocarbon, abundant natural gas, pool-generation in laterand recent periods, the oil and gas distribution controlled bythe foreland thrust belt. The structural characteristics ofTarim provide it with a superimposition and combinationpetroleum system of multiple resources, multiple reservoirsand multiphase pool-generation. The oil and gas explorationprospect covers two large fields: the Paleozoic craton and theMeso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belt.     

Molecular biological analysis of remains from Jiangjungou Cemetery in Inner Mongolia

The 364-bp nucleotide sequence in hypervariable region I (HVRI) of mitochondrial DNA is successfully amplified from 9 out of 11 individuals of an ancient population buried in the Jiangjungou Cemetery in Inner Mongolia dated back to the Warring States Period in China. Nine fragments with different variations are obtained. A phylogenetic tree and a multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot are constructed using mtDNA sequences from the ancient population and several modern Asian populations. The results show that ancient population shares a closer genetic relationship with East Asian populations than with North and Central Asian populations. The genetic and historical evidence raise the possibility that the population might be the immigrants from Zhongyuan area, sent by the King Wuling of Zhao State to guard the nation against the attack from Huns.     

塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳同位素波动特征与对比

在牙形石生物地层的基础上,利用塔里木盆地塔北隆起钻井全岩碳同位素数据,结合其他学者公布的碳同位素曲线,探讨了塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳同位素波动特征,并与世界其他地区进行对比。塔里木盆地奥陶纪特马豆克阶－达瑞威尔阶早期碳同位素波动较弱,缺乏可全球对比的波动标志。达瑞威尔阶中期和凯迪阶早期发育明显的碳同位素正漂移,分别对应于国际上的中达瑞威尔阶碳同位素正漂移（MDICE）和加顿伯格碳同位素正漂移（GICE）,能够进行全球对比。桑比阶早期牙形石 Pygodus anserinus 带内发育波动幅度达1.4‰的正漂移,其可能仅在部分地区分布,暂时命名为早桑比阶碳同位素正漂移（ESICE）。凯迪阶中后期碳同位素波动特征目前还不清楚,晚奥陶世赫南特阶碳同位素正漂移（HICE）在塔里木盆地也未见报道。MDICE 和 GICE 可作为塔里木盆地中上奥陶统的等时对比标志。     

新疆塔里木河湿地保护和建设的研究

新疆塔里木河湿地是我国最长的内陆河流湿地,是多种鸟类栖息与多种候鸟迁徙中转、繁殖的重要区域.本文对塔里木河湿地的基本特征、生态功能、近代变化和其保护与建设的现实意义进行了研究,指出应该重视科学研究,拯救珍稀濒危物种,并提出了相应对策.     

古盐度计算与古地理恢复在塔里木盆地钾盐勘探中的应用

探讨非传统方法在塔里木盆地寻找钾盐,尝试通过古盐度计算和古地理恢复来确定(漏)湖相沉积中心,同时结合元素地球化学特征分析与古地理、古盐度的耦合关系,对塔里木盆地固体钾盐矿有利发育区进行预测,认为发育深水(漏)湖相的大宛其地区岩盐体最厚,古盐度值、K+含量和澳氯系数也最高,并从深水(漏)湖→浅水(漏)湖→(漏)湖边缘呈逐...     

Relations between man and nature reflected by the evolution of the Neolithic production tools in the Three Gorges region of Yangtze River,China

The relations between man and nature reflected by evolution of Neolithic production tools in the Three Gorges region of Yangtze River is discussed in this paper.Our results show that there is a good correlation between the percentage vibration of cutting tool types and the environmental evolution indicated by the natural profile nearby.It is possible for ancestors from the Three Gorges region to learn the advantage of mortise and tenon in the early Neolithic Age because they used the stones as vital tools for processing woods.The hunting method in the early Neolithic is throwing,which was inherited in the mid-Neolithic Age when hunting with arrow and bow was developed.Fishing tools are found at the same period.Numbers of net sinkers and spinning wheels unearthed from the strata of the Western Zhou Dynasty from Zhongba Site reveal the fact of fishing with net,while a mass of fishbone pits indi- cate the powerful productivity brought by new production tools.Quantity of stone spades and stone hoes proves that cultivation agriculture by hoe is extremely attached importance by the ancestors in the Three Gorges region.Moreover,the developed agriculture in Daxi Culture at Zhongbao Island benefits from the landform,climate,traffic location,etc.Otherwise,the reason that the farming tools declined in the late Neolithic Age is related to the extreme flood during the early Xia Dynasty and the fishing hunting preference of some ancient settlements.This research shows that ancestors of the Three Gorges region during the Neolithic Age attached importance to fish hunting and cultivation, fought against the natural environment by production tools,constantly created and improved them, then comprehensively utilized them to evolve the relations between man and nature.     

新疆锡伯族人群线粒体DNA的遗传学分析

分析48个锡伯人线粒体DNA高可变Ⅰ区的遗传多态性, 并与已发表的相关人群线粒体DNA数据进行比较. 结果表明, 在48个序列中共检测出43个突变位点, 界定了35种单倍型, 其线粒体DNA1序列多态性为0.982, 核苷酸多态性为0.018, 而其平均核苷酸差异为5.922. 人群比较分析表明, 锡伯人与古代拓跋鲜卑人有最近的亲缘关系, 同时也表现出与中国北方游牧民族有较近的亲缘关系, 推断锡伯人可能是拓跋鲜卑的后裔.