Diagnostic analysis of the asymmetric structure of the simulated landfalling typhoon “Haitang”

The landfalling processes of Typhoon ＂Haitang＂ near Lianjiang of Fujian Province of China from 00 UTC 19 to 12 UTC 20 July 2005 were reproduced by using the nesting non-hydrostatic WRF model and data assimilation technology （Level II Doppler radar data of Changle of Fujian Province are assimilated to the simulation every one hour from 01 to 06 UTC 19 July 2005）. The mesoscale structure and evolution of the typhoon before, during, and after its landfall were discussed. The simulation data show that the assimilation exper- iment with the high temporal-and-spatial-resolution radar radial velocity and reflectivity data can produce much better simulation of the typhoon track, intensity evolution and landfalling location than the control experiment without assimilating radar data. By using the assimilation experimental data, the mesoscale fine-mesh structure and evolution before and after typhoon landfall were analyzed. Because of the influence of sea-land thermodynamic difference, two asymmetric convective regions were located at ocean and land, respectively. To better understand and investigate the asymmetric-structure characteristics of the landfalling typhoon, several dynamical diagnostic tools, the helicity （H）, the moist potential vorticity （MPV）, the convective vorticity vector （CVV）, the moist vorticity vector （MVV）, which are associated with the development of strong convections, are introduced. Further analysis illuminates that the distribu- tions of these physical diagnostic parameters are totally asymmetric, and subsequently, the associated convections also show distinct asymmetry.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

Study on wavy distribution of rainfall associated with typhoon Matsa （2005）

An analysis is made to investigate the structure features of the extensive heavy rainfall left by typhoon Matsa, after its landfall in mainland China in August 2005, based on a range of observational results, including surface intensive observation data, TBB data from China's FY-2 satellite, and NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data. The study tries to explore the interaction between atmospheric waves, 3-D atmospheric structures, and typhoon rainbands. Observational facts, diagnostic analysis, and atmospheric wave theory are used to look into the formation mechanism of distant typhoon rainbands. Results show that (1) Matsa rainbands have the features of noticeable wave train distribution and long distance propaga-tion; (2) the typhoon rainbands extend as far as 2000 km northwardly from the typhoon center, with a wavelength of 500―1000 km and a wave period of 12―24 h; (3) the wave structure of Matsa rainbands is closely associated with the corresponding wave variation of the ambient 3-D atmospheric structures, including disturbance vorticity, divergence field, vertical motion field, water vapor flux divergence field, etc. (4) both observational facts and theoretical analysis show that the northward extending typhoon rainbands are associated with the mixed effects of atmospheric inertia wave and internal gravity wave; (5) only under proper atmospheric stratification and vertical wavenumber of gravity wave, can a ty-phoon stimulate such a wave being able to reach such a distance, and result in extending wavy rain-bands.     

Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall process

Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall processes is investigated in a life span of tropical convection based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud resolving simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from tropical ocean global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE). The results show that during the genesis, development, and decay of tropical convection, calculations with water vapor overestimate surface rain rate, and cloud condensate plays an important role in correcting overestimation in surface rain rates. The analysis is carried out in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds during the development of tropical convection. The surface rain rates calculated with water vapor in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds have similar magnitudes, the large surface rain rate appears in deep convective clouds due to the consumption of water hydrometeors whereas the small surface rain rate occurs in anvil clouds because of the gain of ice hydrometeors. Further analysis of the grid data shows that the surface rain rates calculated with water vapor and with cloud condensate are negatively correlated with the correlation coefficient of -0.85, and the surface rain rate calculated with cloud condensate is mainly contributed to the water hydrometeors in the tropical deep convective regime.     

Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum flux in high wind conditions for typhoons in the South China Sea

The WAVEWATCH-III wave model is implemented in the South China Sea to investigate the air-sea momentum flux in high wind conditions during 23 passages of typhoon occurred in 2005. The wave model is driven by the reanalyzed surface winds assimilated by several meteorologic data sources. The friction velocity was calculated and the relationships between different air-sea momentum param- eters were studied. The results show that the drag coefficient decreases with the wave age generally and levels off for wind speeds higher than 35 m/s under typhoon wind forcing. The spatial variations of air-sea momentum flux parameters in high wind conditions forced by typhoons are completely different from those at weak wind speeds and significantly depend on the relative position from the typhoon center.     

Effects of Nano-Particles on the Tribological and Thermal Properties of Piston Ring-Cylinder Liner

The effects of ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) on the friction force, wear, and temperature of tribological pairs have been investigated. The experimental tests were carried out on a modified piston ringcylinder liner bench tester with different particle mass fractions of 0, 0.02%, and 0.10%. The results show that compared with a pure fluid, the mixture of the fluid and UDD not only reduces the friction and wear, but also reduces the bulk temperature of the specimen. The mechanism by which the UDD lubricant improves the tribological properties has some relationship with surface topography, because it can increase the bearing capability of surfaces.     

Statistic characteristics and weather significance of infrared TBB during May―August in Beijing and its vicinity

In order to meet the demand of nowcasting convective storms in Beijing, the climatological characteristics of convective storms in Beijing and its vicinity were analyzed based on the infrared (IR) temperature of black body (TBB) data during May―August of 1997―2004. The climatological probabilities, the diurnal cycle and the spatial distribution of convective storms are given respectively in this paper. The results show that the climatological characteristics of convective storms denoted by TBB≤-52℃ are consistent with those statistic studies based on the surface and lightning observations. Furthermore, the climatological characteristics of May and June are very different from those of July and August, showing that there are two types of convective storms in this region. One occurs in the transient polar air mass on the midlatitude continent during the late spring and early summer. This type of convection arises with thunder, strong wind gust and hail over the mountainous area in the northern part of this region from afternoon to nightfall, the other occurs with heavy rainfall in the warm and moist air mass over the North China Plain and vicinity of Bohai Sea. This study also shows that the long-term data of IR TBB observed by geostationary satellite can complement the temporal and spatial limitation of the weather radar and surface observations.     

Statistic characteristics and weather significance of infrared TBB during May―August in Beijing and its vicinity

In order to meet the demand of nowcasting convective storms in Beijing, the climatological characteristics of convective storms in Beijing and its vicinity were analyzed based on the infrared （IR） temperature of black body （TBB） data during May--August of 1997--2004. The climatological probabilities, the diurnal cycle and the spatial distribution of convective storms are given respectively in this paper. The results show that the climatological characteristics of convective storms denoted by TBB≤-52℃ are consistent with those statistic studies based on the surface and lightning observations. Furthermore, the climatological characteristics of May and June are very different from those of July and August, showing that there are two types of convective storms in this region. One occurs in the transient polar air mass on the midlatitude continent during the late spring and early summer. This type of convection arises with thunder, strong wind gust and hail over the mountainous area in the northern part of this region from afternoon to nightfall, the other occurs with heavy rainfall in the warm and moist air mass over the North China Plain and vicinity of Bohai Sea. This study also shows that the long-term data of IR TBB observed by geostationary satellite can complement the temporal and spatial limitation of the weather radar and surface observations.     

Application of the moist vorticity vector in the analysis of a heavy rainfall event in North China

The moist vorticity vector (MVV), defined as (ζa×▽qv)/ρ introduced by Gao et al. is used to study a heavy rainfall event in North China. The MVV has zonal, meridional and vertical components in a three-dimensional framework. Analysis of domain-mean and mass-integrated quantities shows that the variation of the vertical component of the MVV closely follows the variation of the cloud hydrometeors, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.95, indicating that the vertical component of the MVV is strongly associated with midlatitude convection. Further analysis shows that the vertical component of the MVV reflects the interaction between the horizontal vorticity and the horizontal specific humidity gradient, which can associate dynamic and thermodynamic processes with cloud microphysical processes. Thus, this study can help to understand how the interaction between circulations and clouds aids the development of convection, and the MVV can be used to trace the development and evolution of heavy rainfall.     

Site preference of ternary additions in Ni3Al

The substitution behavior of ternary additions in Ni3Al is systematically studied using interatomic potentials. The pair potentials between identical and distinct atoms are obtained via strict lattice inversion based on the first-principle cohesive energy curves. Taking long-range interaction into account, the quantitative calculations for the alloys containing various amounts of alloying elements are made by utilizing a relaxed sample averaging method. The relative magnitudes of cohesive energy corresponding to different configurations are used. The calculated results are in good agreement with the results of experiments. Finally, some predictions are made for the substitution behavior of certain alloying elements and some elements in the region of surface and interface that have not been previously studied.     

Diagnostic analysis of the asymmetric structure of the simulated landfalling typhoon "Haitang"

The landfalling processes of Typhoon "Haitang" near Lianjiang of Fujian Province of China from 00 UTC 19 to 12 UTC 20 July 2005 were reproduced by using the nesting non-hydrostatic WRF model and data assimilation technology (Level II Doppler radar data of Changle of Fujian Province are assimilated to the simulation every one hour from 01 to 06 UTC 19 July 2005).The mesoscale structure and evolution of the typhoon before,during,and after its landfall were discussed.The simulation data show that the assimilation experiment with the high temporal-and-spatial-resolution radar radial velocity and reflectivity data can produce much better simulation of the typhoon track,intensity evolution and landfalling location than the control experiment without assimilating radar data.By using the assimilation experimental data,the mesoscale fine-mesh structure and evolution before and after typhoon landfall were analyzed.Because of the influence of sea-land thermodynamic difference,two asymmetric convective regions were located at ocean and land,respectively.To better understand and investigate the asymmetric-structure characteristics of the landfalling typhoon,several dynamical diagnostic tools,the helicity (H),the moist potential vorticity (MPV),the convective vorticity vector (CW),the moist vorticity vector (MVV),which are associated with the development of strong convections,are introduced.Further analysis illuminates that the distributions of these physical diagnostic parameters are totally asymmetric,and subsequently,the associated convections also show distinct asymmetry.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

0505号台风"海棠"灾害的初步诊断研究

0505号台风“海棠”(Haitang)是一个范围广、强度大、路径复杂的台风,在其生命史的各个阶段表现出不同的特征。该台风具有很强的破坏力,使我国许多地区遭受严重灾害。在对台风灾害和环流背景分析的基础上,利用Q矢量和螺旋度等诊断方法,对该台风在浙闽地区造成强降雨的成因作了初步的研究。研究表明,台风外围螺旋云带、台风密蔽云造成台湾省和大陆东南部地区强降雨,其外围东南急流中的云团也引发了强降雨,而台风减弱后的残留低压与西风带系统相互作用在华北区产生了强对流天气和强降雨。通过对该台风登陆前后Q矢量辐合辐散情况的诊断可用来判断当时的垂直运动分布,而对螺旋度的分析,发现该台风的螺旋雨带在低层相对螺旋度场上反映为正的大值中心。     

台风Khanun迅速加强成因及其与Rananim登陆强度的比较分析

以严重影响我国的2005年15号登陆台风Khanun为研究对象,首先从大尺度环流特征和物理量场,对其登陆前强度迅速加强原因进行了诊断分析,结果表明,台风强度增强与低空持续加强的水汽输送、高空流出气流的强辐散、台风移向垂直切变小值区和暖洋面密切相关;然后就登陆时强度,将Khanun与2004年14号台风Rananim从水平流场、暖心结构、稳定度和涡度等方面进行对比,发现Khanun在上述几方面略弱于Rananim,这一结论为登陆台风强度判定提供了一些参考。     

9711号台风暴雨的诊断分析与数值试验

采用手数值试验的方法,分析了９７１１号台风登陆后的演变过程,讨论了水汽,地形等因子对台风及其降水的影响。诊断分析表明,理查逊数对降水落区具有一定的指标性,－１〈Ｒｉ〈０的强对流和湍流发展区与降水分布区域较一致。数值试验表明,水汽是台风及其降水加强和减弱的一个制约轭了,水汽含量减少到一定程度的台风过程可视为干台风过程;地形对台风系统的演变及其降水重要影响。     

台风“美莎克”致洪暴雨精细化特征及成因分析

为分析2020年台风“美莎克”致洪暴雨成因，利用自动气象站观测、风廓线雷达、NCEP再分析等资料，对暴雨的精细化特征进行诊断分析，并与2012年台风“布拉万”进行简要对比。结果表明：台风“美莎克”带来的降水具有风雨影响范围大、降水持续时间长、降水呈非对称性等特点；“美莎克”在东北地区造成的强降水与它和西风带系统结合关系密切，北上台风进入我国东北地区后呈非对称性结构发展，台风西侧干冷空气的卷入和锋生区导致了其降水的持续和非对称性分布；“布拉万”与“美莎克”的大尺度环流均表现为“西低东高”的形势，但是“美莎克”环流的异常程度、系统随高度向西倾斜的程度及锋区强度均强于“布拉万”,因此降水也表现为持续时间更长、范围更大的特征。     

福建省台风降雨的小时尺度响应特征

基于近5 a登陆福建沿海地区的台风最佳路径,采集台风登陆地区在台风登陆前后3 d(总计7 d)1747个气象监测站的降雨时程数据.通过识别提取台风登陆区域的降雨特征,在小时时间尺度上,比较研究各登陆区域台风降雨雨型、累积降雨量时程响应特征、峰值降雨强度以及降雨的时间尺度特征.研究结论可为台风暴雨型滑坡灾变机理的数值模拟...