Detection of the translational oscillations of the Earth＇s solid inner core based on the international superconducting gravimeter observations

Based on the 21 series of the high precision tidal gravity observations recorded using superconducting gravimeters (SG) at 14 stations distributed globally (in to-tally about 86 years), the translational oscillations of the Earth抯 solid inner core (ESIC) is detected in this paper. All observations are divided into two groups with G-Ⅰ group (8 relatively longer observational series) and G-Ⅱ group (13 relatively shorter observational series). The detailed correc-tions to minute original observations for each station are carried out, the error data due to the earthquakes, power supply impulses and some perturbations as change in at-mospheric pressure and so on are carefully deleted for the first step, the gravity residuals are obtained after removing further synthetic tidal gravity signals. The Fast Fourier Transform analysis is carried out for each residual series, the estimations of the product spectral densities in the sub-tidal band are obtained by using a multi-station staking technique. The 8 common peaks are found after further removing the remaining frequency dependent pressure signals. The eigen-periods, quality factors and resonant strengths for these peaks are simulated. The numerical results show that the discrepancies of the eigenperiods for 3 of 8 peaks, compared to those of theoretical computation given by Smith, are only 0.4%, -0.4% and 1.0%. This coincidence signifies that the dynamical phenomenon of the Earths solid inner core can be detected by using high precision ground gravity observations. The reliability of the numerical computation is also checked, the spectral peak splitting phenomenon induced by Earths rotation and ellipticity is preliminary discussed in this paper.     

Validating global hydrological models by ground and space gravimetry

The long-term continuous gravity observations obtained by the superconducting gravimeters (SG) at seven globally-distributed stations are comprehensively analyzed. After removing the signals related to the Earth’s tides and variations in the Earth’s rotation, the gravity residuals are used to describe the seasonal fluctuations in gravity field. Meanwhile, the gravity changes due to the air pressure loading are theoretically modeled from the measurements of the local air pressure, and those due to land water...     

The Earth’s inner core deviation to plate movement

Under the premise of the Earth’s layer structure and mass distribution, the solid inner core cannot be stable in the center of the sphere. Thus, the deviation of the inner core is towards the sphere’s center and the liquid outer core must have asymmetrical thermal convection. Based on the two suggestions, a concise and self-consistent global motion model can be built. The model consists of the following cycle: an asymmetrical thermal convection structure in the outer core led by the dislocation of the inner core → the plume is in special upwell position because of differential activation → the formation and split of lithosphere → the split plates drift and assemble in a new location, the mass of which causes the inner core to deviate towards this direction again → the new asymmetry is formed. As this circulation continues, a definite and periodical motion emerges/forms. Its nonlinear features result in the Earth’s motion with simple mechanisms but complex behavior. Ultraterrestrial events may disturb or even interrupt this movement but would not significantly affect the cycle.     

Detection of the special gravity signals in sub-tidal band by using wavelet technique

With the rapid increase of the requirements to geo-dynamics of the Earth’s deep interior in global basic sciences and space techniques, the theoretical study and experimental detection of the geodynamic phenomena in Earth’s liquid core (ELC) and Earth’…     

Study on characteristics of long-term gravity changes at Wuhan station

We consider the characteristics of long-term changes in non-tidal gravity and their implication to the local perturbations in barometric pressure and water storage and to the local vertical crustal movement using the long-term continuous gravity observations from a superconducting gravimeter （SG） at Wuhan station, together with the co-site measurements from a Global Positioning System （GPS） receiver and an absolute gravimeter FG5. The observation results indicate that there are obvious seasonal variations in the long-term gravity changes measured with the SG. About 70 percent of the whole seasonal changes come from the contribution of the local disturbances in air pressure and water storage, while over 95 percent of the annual changes are attributed to the loading effects of these environmental perturbations. Due to the absence of direct measurements of the local water storage, especially those of the underground water, the global assimilating models of land water LaD （Land Dynamics） and GLDAS （Global Land Data Assimilation System） cannot virtually describe the real hydrologic disturbances around the station. The resulting gravity changes, which are simulated theoretically by means of convolution integration of the loading Green＇s functions and water models LaD and GLDAS, show significantly time delay of about 55 days from those measured with the SG. Compared with the measurements of the absolute gravity with the FG5, the long-term drift rate of the SG is determined as about 17.13 nms^-2/a. From the co-site GPS measurements, it is found that the local crust is slowly subsiding at a rate of 3.71±0.16 mm/a, and the related gravity variation is estimated as 13.88±0.22 nms^-2/a. In other words, the ratio of the changes in gravity and altitude related to the local vertical crustal movement is about -37.41 nms^-2/cm. It implies that a considerable mass adjustment may be associated with the local vertical crustal movement, and its dynamic mechanism should be investigated further.     

Experimental measurement of growth patterns on fossil corals: Secular variation in ancient Earth-Sun distances

In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun over the past 0.53 billion years. The Earth’s semi-major axis was 146 million kilometers at the be-ginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, equating to 97.6% of its current value. Measured modern leaving rates are 5–14 m/cy, whereas the ancient rates were much higher. Experimental results indicate a special expansion with an average expansion coefficient of 0.57H₀ and deceleration in the form of Hubble drag. On the basis of experimental results, the Earth’s semi-major axis could be represented by a simple formula that matches fossil measurements.     

Responses of soil respiration in non-growing seasons to environmental factors in a maize agroecosystem,Northeast China

Based on continuous three-year measurements (from 2004 to 2007) of eddy covariance and related environmental factors, envi-ronmental controls on variation in soil respiration (R_s) during non-growing season were explored in a maize agroecosystem in Northeast China. Our results indicated that during non-growing seasons, daily Rs was 1.08–4.08 g CO2 m^–2 d^–1, and the lowest occurred in late November. The average R_s of non-growing season was 456.06 ± 20.01 g CO2 m^–2, accounting for 11% of the gross primary production (GPP) of the growing season. Additionally, at monthly scale, the lowest value of R_s appeared in January or February. From the beginning to the end of non-growing season, daily R_s tended to decrease first, and then increase to the highest. There was a significant quadratic curve relationship between Rs and soil temperature at 10 cm depth when soil temperature was more than 0°C (P<0.001), with the explaining ratio of 38%–70%. When soil water content was more than 0.1 m³ m^–3, soil moisture at 10 cm depth was significantly parabolically correlated with R_s (P<0.001), explaining the rate of 18%–60%. Based on all the data of soil temperature of more than 0°C, a better model for R_s was established by coupling soil temperature and moisture, which could explain the rate of up to 53%–79%. Meanwhile, the standard error of regression estimation between the values of prediction and observation for R_s could reach 2.7%–11.8%. R_s in non-growing season can account for 22.4% of R_s in growing season, indicating that it plays a critical role in assessing the carbon budget in maize agroecosystem, Northeast China.     

Characteristics of tidal gravity changes in Lhasa, Tibet, China

Tidal gravity changes arise from the response of the solid Earth to the tidal forces of the Sun,Moon and planets close to the Earth,and are a comprehensive reflection of the structure and distribution of physical properties of the Earth’s interior.As a result,observations of tidal gravity changes are the basis of studies on other global and/or regional dynamic processes.The characteristics of tidal gravity changes in the region of the Tibetan Plateau were investigated through continuous gravity measurements recorded with a superconducting gravimeter (SG) installed in Lhasa over a year.Through contrast measurements with a spring gravimeter LaCoste-Romberg ET20 at the same site,the gravity observations in Lhasa were scaled to the international tidal gravity reference in Wuhan.Meanwhile,the scale factor of the SG was determined accurately as-777.358 ± 0.136 nm s-2V-1,which is about 2.2% less than the value provided by the manufacturer.The results indicate that the precision of the tidal gravity observations made with the SG in Lhasa was very high.The standard deviation was 0.459 nm s-2,and the uncertainties of for the four main tidal waves (i.e.O 1,K 1,M 2 and S 2) were better than 0.006%.In addition,the observations of the diurnal gravity tides had an obvious pattern of nearly diurnal resonance.As a result,it is affirmed that the Lhasa station can provide a local tidal gravity reference for gravity measurements on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions.The loading effects of oceanic tides on tidal gravity observations in Lhasa are so weak that the resulting perturbations in the gravimetric factors are less than 0.6%.However,the loading effects of the local atmosphere on either the tidal or nontidal gravity observations are significant,although no seasonal variations were found.After removal of the atmospheric effects,the standard deviation of the SG observations in Lhasa decreased obviously from 2.009 to 0.459 nm s-2.Having removed the loading effects of oceanic tides and local atmosphere,it was found that the tidal gravity observations made with the SG in Lhasa significantly differed by about 1% from those expected theoretically,which may be related to active tectonic movement and the extremely thick crust in the region of the Tibetan Plateau.A more-certain conclusion requires longer accumulation of SG data and further associated theoretical studies.     

Peierls-Nabarro效应对有限细杆的影响

Generally nonlinear factors could be classifiedas:nonlinear-material,geometric nonlinearity andnonlinear boundary condition.In spite of linearconstitutive relationin some metallic bars,nonlin-ear dynamic features would appear considering ofPeierls-Nabarro(P-N)force which has to be over-come to resist deforming.Material will producetwo kinds of mechanical effects on dynamic load,which are dynamic deformation effect and thermaleffect.What is called dynamic deformation effectindicates that mate…     

轴压套管构件的理论和试验分析及设计

针对轴压套管构件,分析了柔性套筒约束下内核的变形过程,提出了套管构件的设计公式、相关构造和内核的轴力-轴向位移非线性计算模型.理论与试验的对比研究表明：当内核与套筒的刚度比小于0.005时,内核可以由低阶屈曲模态变形到高阶屈曲模态;当内核与套筒的刚度比大于0.005时,内核将与套筒一起发生侧向失稳破坏.套筒较刚、内核长细比较小、内核-套筒净间隙较大,不利于显著提高内核的轴压承载力．内核外伸套筒部位是薄弱部位,为避免该部位的屈曲,需要减小该部位的长度,并对该薄弱部位予以加强.与传统圆钢管相比,套管构件中轴压内核的承载力有大幅度提高,同时内核的延性有较大改善.     

A new estimate of global soil respiration from 1970 to 2008

Soil respiration(Rs)is one of the key processes that underline our understanding of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems.Great uncertainty remains in the previous global Rs estimates with a difference of 70 Pg C a 1between the highest and lowest estimates.Thus,the present study aimed to estimate the global annual Rs and investigate the interannual and spatial variability in global annual Rs using a semi-mechanistic,empirically-based model which included climatic factors(temperature and precipitation)and topsoil(0–20 cm)organic carbon storage.About 657 published studies of annual Rs from 147 measurement sites were included in this meta-analysis.The global data sets from 1970 to 2008 on climate,surface air temperature,and soil properties were collected.The Monte Carlo method was used to propagate the simulation errors to global Rs.The results indicated that the mean annual global Rs was 94.4 Pg C a 1,increasing at roughly 0.04 Pg C a 1(~0.04%a 1)from 1970 to 2008.The Rs rate increased from colder,drier and less soil carbon-rich regions to warmer,moister and more carbon-rich regions.Highest Rs rates appeared in the tropical forest,while the lowest ones were in polar and desert regions.The annual Rs correlated directly with global temperature anomalies,suggesting that the interannual variability in temperature was responsible for the interannual variations in predicted global Rs.The global Rs increased from high-latitude zones to low-latitude zones.Further studies are recommended to explore the relationship between soil respiration and vegetation characters.     

Decrease trend of dust event frequency over the past 200 years recorded in the Malan ice core from the northern Tibetan Plateau

By analyses of the dust layers in the Malan ice core from the northern Tibetan Plateau, it was found that dirty ratio in this core might be a good proxy for dust event frequency. The variations in the dirty ratio displayed a decrease trend over the past 200 years, which implies that dust events became less frequent during the study period. The decrease trend in the variations in dust event frequency might be caused mostly by the natural processes, including increasing precipitation and weakening westerly which might be related with global warming. Furthermore, significant negative correlation was found between the dirty ratio and δ^18O in the Malan ice core. This is highly important for studying the effect of atmospheric dust on climate change.     

关于地球受迫章动的简正模表达式

章动序列的计算依赖于受迫章动的简正模表达式，简正模表达式涉及到一些系数，包括简正模的本征频率和某些常数。本文讨论了两种不同简正模表达式以及它们的系数间的关系，指出了某些作者给出的系数数值的缺陷，计算了内核动力学对受迫章动的影响，结果表明其影响已在目前ＶＬＢＩ可检测的量级内。章动序列的理论值可通过选定一个地球模型和其它方法推算出，然后将章动序列的理论值与ＶＬＢＩ观测资料进行比较，从而可改进章动序列并为研究模型地球和实际地球的差异提供有用的信息。     

地球内核的动力学理论及章动效应

 地球固体内核与其其余部分之间的引力和压力的耦合作用将引起一内力矩,内核通过这一力矩影响岩石圈相对惯性空间的定向.讨论了一个弹性无海洋、球形分层的内核地球章动理论,将内核的作用明确地反映在公式中.并依据Mathews et al的内核地球动力学理论,讨论了归一化章动振幅的Mathews形式和Wahr形式的应用;通过PREM地球模型检测了内核对章动振幅的影响,由此发现本文的结果与Mathews et al的结果存在一定的差异,但都在亚毫角秒量级上影响主要的圆章动项.     

Inner-core shear-wave anisotropy and texture from an observation of PKJKP waves

Since the discovery of the Earth's core a century ago, and the subsequent discovery of a solid inner core (postulated to have formed by the freezing of iron) seismologists have striven to understand this most remote part of the deep Earth. The most direct evidence for a solid inner core would be the observation of shear-mode body waves that traverse it, but these phases are extremely difficult to observe. Two reported observations in short-period data have proved controversial. Arguably more successful have been studies of longer-period data, but such averaging limits the usefulness of the observations to reported sightings. We present two observations of an inner-core shear-wave phase at higher frequencies in stacked data from the Japanese High-Sensitivity Array, Hi-Net. From an analysis of timing, amplitude and waveform of the 'PKJKP' phase we derive constraints on inner-core compressional-wave velocity and shear attenuation at about 0.3 Hz which differ from standard isotropic core models. We can explain waveform features and can partially reconcile the otherwise large differences between core wavespeed and attenuation models that our observations apparently suggest if we invoke shear-wave anisotropy in the inner core. A simple model of an inner core composed of hexagonal close-packed iron with its c axis aligned perpendicular to the rotation axis yields anisotropy that is compatible with both the shear-wave anisotropy that we observe and the well-established 3 per cent compressional-wave anisotropy.     

Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth's inner core

The seismological properties of the Earth's inner core have become of particular interest as we understand more about its composition and thermal state. Observations of anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity in the inner core are beginning to reveal how it has grown and whether it convects. The attenuation of seismic waves in the inner core is strong, and studies of seismic body waves have found that this high attenuation is consistent with either scattering or intrinsic attenuation. The outermost portion of the inner core has been inferred to possess layering and to be less anisotropic than at greater depths. Here we present observations of seismic waves scattered in the inner core which follow the expected arrival time of the body-wave reflection from the inner-core boundary. The amplitude of these scattered waves can be explained by stiffness variations of 1.2% with a scale length of 2 kilometres across the outermost 300 km of the inner core. These variations might be caused by variations in composition, by pods of partial melt in a mostly solid matrix or by variations in the orientation or strength of seismic anisotropy.     

Hemispherical variations in seismic velocity at the top of the Earth's inner core

Knowledge of the seismic velocity structure at the top of the Earth's inner core is important for deciphering the physical processes responsible for inner-core growth. Previous global seismic studies have focused on structures found 100 km or deeper within the inner core, with results for the uppermost 100 km available for only isolated regions. Here we present constraints on seismic velocity variations just beneath the inner-core boundary, determined from the difference in travel time between waves reflected at the inner-core boundary and those transmitted through the inner core. We found that these travel-time residuals-observed on both global seismograph stations and several regional seismic networks-are systematically larger, by about 0.8 s, for waves that sample the 'eastern hemisphere' of the inner core (40 degrees E to 180 degrees E) compared to those that sample the 'western hemisphere' (180 degrees W to 40 degrees E). These residuals show no correlation with the angle at which the waves traverse the inner core; this indicates that seismic anisotropy is not strong in this region and that the isotropic seismic velocity of the eastern hemisphere is about 0.8% higher than that of the western hemisphere.     

劈裂灌浆改善土坝坝体应力状态研究

山东黄前水库粘土心墙土坝采用劈裂灌浆技术加固，本文根据Ｂｉｏｔ固结理论，利用有限元方法对坝体的变形和应力状态及坝轴线附近劈裂缝的变形进行了计算分析，并与现场实测资料比较，计算中对坝体土料的应力应变关系采用椭圆－抛物双屈服而弹塑性模型，以反映坝体劈裂灌浆加荷的复杂性。     

Outer-core compositional stratification from observed core wave speed profiles

Light elements must be present in the nearly pure iron core of the Earth to match the remotely observed properties of the outer and inner cores. Crystallization of the inner core excludes light elements from the solid, concentrating them in liquid near the inner-core boundary that potentially rises and collects at the top of the core, and this may have a seismically observable signal. Here we present array-based observations of seismic waves sensitive to this part of the core whose wave speeds require there to be radial compositional variation in the topmost 300?km of the outer core. The velocity profile significantly departs from that of compression of a homogeneous liquid. Total light-element enrichment is up to five weight per cent at the top of the core if modelled in the Fe-O-S system. The stratification suggests the existence of a subadiabatic temperature gradient at the top of the outer core.     

地震波形指示反演在东营凹陷王家岗地区沙四上亚段滩坝砂的应用

以东营凹陷王家岗沙四上亚段滩坝砂为例,在层序地层格架建立的基础上,利用沉积学原理,基于贝叶斯理论将地震、测井和地质统计学信息融合为地层模型参数的后验概率分布,采用Metropolis-Hastings抽样算法对后验概率分布随机抽样,获得反演解,从而预测有利滩坝相带。结果表明:东营凹陷王家岗地区沙四上亚段低位域发育滩坝砂,其中准层序组2沉积时期以坝砂为主,砂体厚且横向分布稳定,而准层序组1和准层序组3沉积时期滩砂和坝砂间互发育,砂体厚度相对较小;湖侵域和高位域主要发育碳酸盐岩滩坝,滩坝砂零星状分布。该方法体现了相控的思想,预测结果更符合地质规律,在东营凹陷沙四上亚段滩坝储层预测中取得了较好的效果,为同类型储层预测提供了有利支持。