2014年1月济南市空气污染气象条件分析

为研究大气环流背景及气象条件对山东中西部PM2.5污染的影响,利用气象及PM2.5浓度资料,选取济南市作为典型代表城市,诊断分析了大气环流背景及气象演变过程对2014年1月济南市PM2.5浓度的影响,建立济南静稳指数公式。结果表明：2014年1月华东北部至华北南部地面至对流层中层风速均为负距平,水平方向污染扩散能力差,偏南风异常加强了南方水汽的输送,有利于气态污染物向颗粒态转化,推高了PM2.5浓度;对流层低层东亚冬季风异常偏弱,逆温增多,垂直方向污染扩散能力差;500 hPa异常高压,抑制了东亚大槽的发展,更加有利于污染物在底层的累积。天气演变过程分析表明：地面水平方向及高空垂直方向气象条件对PM2.5浓度均有影响,地面风速偏弱（偏强）,高（低）湿度,风场辐合（辐散）时,PM2.5污染偏高（偏低）;边界层高度降低（升高）,垂直方向气流下沉（上升）,对流层中低层大气层结不稳定增强（减弱）时,PM2.5污染升高（降低）。静稳指数对于空气质量及重污染过程具有较好的预报能力。     

Methane drizzle on Titan

Saturn's moon Titan shows landscapes with fluvial features suggestive of hydrology based on liquid methane. Recent efforts in understanding Titan's methane hydrological cycle have focused on occasional cloud outbursts near the south pole or cloud streaks at southern mid-latitudes and the mechanisms of their formation. It is not known, however, if the clouds produce rain or if there are also non-convective clouds, as predicted by several models. Here we show that the in situ data on the methane concentration and temperature profile in Titan's troposphere point to the presence of layered optically thin stratiform clouds. The data indicate an upper methane ice cloud and a lower, barely visible, liquid methane-nitrogen cloud, with a gap in between. The lower, liquid, cloud produces drizzle that reaches the surface. These non-convective methane clouds are quasi-permanent features supported by the global atmospheric circulation, indicating that methane precipitation occurs wherever there is slow upward motion. This drizzle is a persistent component of Titan's methane hydrological cycle and, by wetting the surface on a global scale, plays an active role in the surface geology of Titan.     

Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles

The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nm has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid, but in certain locations--particularly those within the marine boundary layer and at continental sites--observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation, but are sufficient for ternary nucleation (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nm in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a detectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal site support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.     

兰州市区大气污染与气象条件的关系

本文利用１９８９年１２月１－１５日兰州大气边界层和大扩散监测试验期间的气象和污染浓度资料，分析了此段时间内兰州市区大气污染现状和相应的天气环流形势，并计算了有关空气污染气象参数。结果表明，该试验期间高空５００ｈＰａ等压面上欧亚范围的主要环流形势为两槽一脊型；地面天气图上分别在５日和１０日有两次冷锋经过兰州，当冷锋来临之前污染浓度逐渐增高，冷锋过境后污染浓度有很大差异，空气污染浓度的变化与气象条件有     

Reversed flow of Atlantic deep water during the Last Glacial Maximum

The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the Atlantic Ocean is considered to be one of the most important components of the climate system. This is because its warm surface currents, such as the Gulf Stream, redistribute huge amounts of energy from tropical to high latitudes and influence regional weather and climate patterns, whereas its lower limb ventilates the deep ocean and affects the storage of carbon in the abyss, away from the atmosphere. Despite its significance for future climate, the operation of the MOC under contrasting climates of the past remains controversial. Nutrient-based proxies and recent model simulations indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum the convective activity in the North Atlantic Ocean was much weaker than at present. In contrast, rate-sensitive radiogenic (231)Pa/(230)Th isotope ratios from the North Atlantic have been interpreted to indicate only minor changes in MOC strength. Here we show that the basin-scale abyssal circulation of the Atlantic Ocean was probably reversed during the Last Glacial Maximum and was dominated by northward water flow from the Southern Ocean. These conclusions are based on new high-resolution data from the South Atlantic Ocean that establish the basin-scale north to south gradient in (231)Pa/(230)Th, and thus the direction of the deep ocean circulation. Our findings are consistent with nutrient-based proxies and argue that further analysis of (231)Pa/(230)Th outside the North Atlantic basin will enhance our understanding of past ocean circulation, provided that spatial gradients are carefully considered. This broader perspective suggests that the modern pattern of the Atlantic MOC-with a prominent southerly flow of deep waters originating in the North Atlantic-arose only during the Holocene epoch.     

Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions

The formation of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei--from which marine clouds originate--depends ultimately on the availability of new, nanometre-scale particles in the marine boundary layer. Because marine aerosols and clouds scatter incoming radiation and contribute a cooling effect to the Earth's radiation budget, new particle production is important in climate regulation. It has been suggested that sulphuric acid derived from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide is responsible for the production of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. It was accordingly proposed that algae producing dimethyl sulphide play a role in climate regulation, but this has been difficult to prove and, consequently, the processes controlling marine particle formation remains largely undetermined. Here, using smog chamber experiments under coastal atmospheric conditions, we demonstrate that new particles can form from condensable iodine-containing vapours, which are the photolysis products of biogenic iodocarbons emitted from marine algae. Moreover, we illustrate, using aerosol formation models, that concentrations of condensable iodine-containing vapours over the open ocean are sufficient to influence marine particle formation. We suggest therefore that marine iodocarbon emissions have a potentially significant effect on global radiative forcing.     

珠江三角洲地区边界层气象特征研究

根据珠江三角洲地区9个气象台站1995-2000年地面气象资料和部分地区的探空资料,分析研究区域气候与天气背景,风、温、混合层厚度、大气稳定度等大气边界层特征.结果表明:珠江三角洲地区受季风影响显著,还受海陆风、城市热岛环流、越南岭下沉气流等的复合影响;逆温频率很高,混合层高度较低,大气层结比较稳定;复杂的下垫面对珠江三角洲地区大气边界层有重要影响.     

2015年冬季南京一次污染过程个例分析

城市大气污染在本地排放源稳定的前提下,不仅和局地气象要素相关,还与污染物输送有密切联系。利用大气污染物浓度资料、ECMWF资料以及2015年1月逐日探空观测和地面资料,通过分析天气形势及大气边界层要素在对污染物浓度的影响;同时利用区域风场相关与HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式模拟分析南京地区的污染物来源。结果表明：中高层形势平稳、地面弱高压场或均压场控制下,相对湿度高以及逆温层是污染物积累的重要条件。南京市污染物的主要源地为长三角地区的局地污染、湖南-湖北-安徽和江西-安徽的远距离输送。     

Thermal adaptation of the large-scale circulation to the summer heating over the Tibetan Plateau

The potential vorticity equation is employed to diagnose the variation in the large-scale atmospheric circulation in July by using the NCAR/NCEP daily reanalysis data from 1986 to 1995. Based on the theogy of thermal adaptation, the schematic diagram of the formation and maintenance of the circulation over the Tibetan Plateau is revealed in this paper. The result shows that near the surface of ground is the positive potential vorticity source produced by the increasing diabatic heating with height, which maintains the cyclonic circulation, and that the positive Ertel potential vorticitv (PV) source is balanced by friction dissipation. On the other hand, in the upper troposphere the negative PV produced by the decreasing diabatic heating with height maintains the anticyclone, and it is balanced by the divergence of the negative PV. The Gauss' theorem has been applied to analyze the Ertel potential vorticity flux crossing each of the lateral boundaries of the area over the Tibetan Plateau. The result shows that the negative PV flux is transferred through the eastern and northern boundaries of the area from the Tibetan Plateau region to the outer world. It is evident that the Tibetan Plateau region is an important source of negative vorticity of the atmosphere.     

大气对星载盐度计辐射传输特性及盐度反演的影响研究

利用MPM93模型, 根据微波辐射传输方程, 仿真不同天气情况下的L波段大气辐射参数及盐度计观测亮温, 并用最大似然估计法反演海表盐度, 研究不同天气情况对海表盐度反演值的影响。仿真结果表明: 考虑了悬浮液滴影响的云、雾及霾情形的大气辐射参数与晴空时差别不大, 可以忽略天气的影响。然而, 降雨对大气辐射参数的影响不可忽略, 并且随着降雨率的增加, 盐度反演误差明显增大。在降雨率不变的情况下, 盐度反演误差随着海表温度增加而减小, 在盐度低值时误差较小。盐度反演误差随海表气温的升高呈现先变大后变小的趋势, 受海面风速、海面气压以及海面水汽密度的影响极小。     

6S模式对EOS/MODIS数据进行大气校正的方法

探讨了运用6S模式对EOS/MODIS的可见光与近红外通道数据进行大气校正的方法和步骤,对模式中的大气模式参数和廓线的计算方法提出了改进,应用研究目标地的气象探空资料计算包括气压、温度、水汽密度和臭氧密度等大气参数和廓线,并根据海拔高度对大气廓线进行订正.实验表明:校正后的象元反射率普遍增大,反射率区间明显拉宽,表现在图像上亮度有所提高,对比度明显增加,图像层次更加丰富,图像质量得到较大改善.     

Sea surface temperature east of Australia： A predictor of tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific？

The relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) east of Australia and tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific (WNPTCF) is analyzed by use of observation data.The WNPTCF from June to October is correlated negatively to spring SST east of Australia.When the spring SST is in the positive phase,a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere and an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere prevail over the western North Pacific from June to October,concurrent with an anomalous atmospheric subsidence and an enlarged vertical zonal wind shear.These conditions are unfavorable for tropical cyclone genesis,and thus WNPTCF decreases.The negative phase of the spring SST east of Australia leads to more tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific.The spring SST east of Australia may give rise to simultaneous change in tropical atmospheric circulation via the teleconnection wave train,and then subsequently affect atmospheric circulation variation over the western North Pacific.     

Gulf Stream density structure and transport during the past millennium

The Gulf Stream transports approximately 31 Sv (1 Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) of water and 1.3 x 10(15) W of heat into the North Atlantic ocean. The possibility of abrupt changes in Gulf Stream heat transport is one of the key uncertainties in predictions of climate change for the coming centuries. Given the limited length of the instrumental record, our knowledge of Gulf Stream behaviour on long timescales must rely heavily on information from geologic archives. Here we use foraminifera from a suite of high-resolution sediment cores in the Florida Straits to show that the cross-current density gradient and vertical current shear of the Gulf Stream were systematically lower during the Little Ice Age (ad approximately 1200 to 1850). We also estimate that Little Ice Age volume transport was ten per cent weaker than today's. The timing of reduced flow is consistent with temperature minima in several palaeoclimate records, implying that diminished oceanic heat transport may have contributed to Little Ice Age cooling in the North Atlantic. The interval of low flow also coincides with anomalously high Gulf Stream surface salinity, suggesting a tight linkage between the Atlantic Ocean circulation and hydrologic cycle during the past millennium.     

The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions

More than twenty years ago, a biological regulation of climate was proposed whereby emissions of dimethyl sulphide from oceanic phytoplankton resulted in the formation of aerosol particles that acted as cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer. In this hypothesis--referred to as CLAW--the increase in cloud condensation nuclei led to an increase in cloud albedo with the resulting changes in temperature and radiation initiating a climate feedback altering dimethyl sulphide emissions from phytoplankton. Over the past two decades, observations in the marine boundary layer, laboratory studies and modelling efforts have been conducted seeking evidence for the CLAW hypothesis. The results indicate that a dimethyl sulphide biological control over cloud condensation nuclei probably does not exist and that sources of these nuclei to the marine boundary layer and the response of clouds to changes in aerosol are much more complex than was recognized twenty years ago. These results indicate that it is time to retire the CLAW hypothesis.     

Global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a central role in the chemistry of the atmosphere, especially in key processes relating to ozone, hydroxyl-radical (OH) and acid formation. High reactivity of NOx (lifetime of 0.5-2 days) precludes hemispheric-scale transport and it has been proposed that non-methane hydrocarbons present in the troposphere can transform NOx into its organic forms principally as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). PAN is highly stable in the colder regions of the middle and upper troposphere and can provide a mechanism for NOx storage and transport. Once transported, PAN and its homologues can easily release free NOx in warmer atmospheric conditions. PAN is probably ubiquitous and its concentrations could exceed those of NOx in clean tropospheric conditions. Here we present the first view of the global distribution of PAN based on extensive shipboard and aircraft measurements. PAN is more abundant in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere and in the continental than in the marine troposphere. In contrast to its behaviour in polluted atmospheres, PAN mixing ratios in winter greatly exceed those in summer. These measurements provide a basis for assessing the significance of PAN as a reservoir of NOx and for extending and validating reactive nitrogen chemistry theory in the troposphere.     

用NCEP资料分析华北暖季对流性天气的气候背景

由于华北地区（北京、天津、河北）对流天气临近预报的需要,利用2000?2005年5?8月每日4次1°×1°NCEP最终分析资料的平均场分析了该地区暖季对流性天气的气候背景。分析内容包括：高、低空平均环流,湿度、温度、假相当位温、对流有效位能（CAPE）、对流抑制能量（CIN）等多年各月各时次的平均场和气候日较差分析。结果表明,华北地区5、6月与7、8月的对流天气是发生在两种不同的气候背景下。5、6月份北方冷空气比较活跃,华北地区受中纬度西风带扰动影响为主;7、8月华北地区受中纬度扰动和低纬度扰动的共同作用,从而造成5、6月份和7、8月份对流的性质有显著差异,前者的对流发生在变性的大陆冷气团中,常出现冰雹和雷雨大风天气,后者的对流发生在锋前热带季风气团中,易出现暴雨天气。因此,5、6月份和7、8月份的对流天气临近预报应该采用不同的预报思路。00 UTC和06 UTC近地面层?975 hPa相对湿度场的差异表明,午后华北地区容易出现干线（或露点锋）的气候特点。00 UTC和06 UTC的850 hPa平均流场对比还表明,在北京地区的北侧存在热力作用下产生的地形性边界层辐合线的气候特点。上述两点为华北地区初始对流的临近预报提供了气候背景。     

西南涡大气边界层结构的数值模拟Ⅰ:Ekman层流场特征分析

本文利用大气边界层模式,对1979年7月24～25日的一次西南涡进行了Ekman层流场分析。在理论计算的前提下,通过加入有限的实测风资料进行动力学调整,不仅在Ekman层中能较好地表现出西南涡的气旋性环流特征,而且发现西南涡在大气边界层中具有中尺度扰动的特征,在整个气旋环流的形势中有局部的反气旋环流出现,这是850hPa、700hPa大尺度天气图上所不能得到的。     

The structure of Venus' middle atmosphere and ionosphere

The atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus have been studied in the past by spacecraft with remote sensing or in situ techniques. These early missions, however, have left us with questions about, for example, the atmospheric structure in the transition region from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere (50-90 km) and the remarkably variable structure of the ionosphere. Observations become increasingly difficult within and below the global cloud deck (<50 km altitude), where strong absorption greatly limits the available investigative spectrum to a few infrared windows and the radio range. Here we report radio-sounding results from the first Venus Express Radio Science (VeRa) occultation season. We determine the fine structure in temperatures at upper cloud-deck altitudes, detect a distinct day-night temperature difference in the southern middle atmosphere, and track day-to-day changes in Venus' ionosphere.     

Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 degrees N

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation carries warm upper waters into far-northern latitudes and returns cold deep waters southward across the Equator. Its heat transport makes a substantial contribution to the moderate climate of maritime and continental Europe, and any slowdown in the overturning circulation would have profound implications for climate change. A transatlantic section along latitude 25 degrees N has been used as a baseline for estimating the overturning circulation and associated heat transport. Here we analyse a new 25 degrees N transatlantic section and compare it with four previous sections taken over the past five decades. The comparison suggests that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has slowed by about 30 per cent between 1957 and 2004. Whereas the northward transport in the Gulf Stream across 25 degrees N has remained nearly constant, the slowing is evident both in a 50 per cent larger southward-moving mid-ocean recirculation of thermocline waters, and also in a 50 per cent decrease in the southward transport of lower North Atlantic Deep Water between 3,000 and 5,000 m in depth. In 2004, more of the northward Gulf Stream flow was recirculating back southward in the thermocline within the subtropical gyre, and less was returning southward at depth.     

Stochastic modeling the effect of wind gust on dust entrainment during sand storm

After the passage of a cold front,spring in northern China the outbreak of strong wind is often accompanied by dust emissions.Owing to the coherent structure of wind gust,dust particles can effectively overcome the systematic descending air motion and penetrate into the middle and upper levels of the atmospheric boundary layer,and then propagate further and diffuse into the troposphere where ascending air motion prevails.Here,we consider the coherent structure of wind gust in LS models,and construct a model suitable for the dust entrainment under the dust-storm canopy.With the parameter of gust,we simulate the dust entrainment during dust storms,and test that the coherent structures of wind gust make the sand particles to reach the upper of the boundary layer.