Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency

Water availability limits plant growth and production in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. However, biomes differ substantially in sensitivity of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) to between-year variation in precipitation. Average rain-use efficiency (RUE; ANPP/precipitation) also varies between biomes, supposedly because of differences in vegetation structure and/or biogeochemical constraints. Here we show that RUE decreases across biomes as mean annual precipitation increases. However, during the driest years at each site, there is convergence to a common maximum RUE (RUE(max)) that is typical of arid ecosystems. RUE(max) was also identified by experimentally altering the degree of limitation by water and other resources. Thus, in years when water is most limiting, deserts, grasslands and forests all exhibit the same rate of biomass production per unit rainfall, despite differences in physiognomy and site-level RUE. Global climate models predict increased between-year variability in precipitation, more frequent extreme drought events, and changes in temperature. Forecasts of future ecosystem behaviour should take into account this convergent feature of terrestrial biomes.     

负载硝酸铵水凝胶的合成、表征及释放研究

以硝酸铵水溶液为介质,以丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、丙烯酸羟丙酯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯为原料,通过自由基聚合制得高负载硝酸铵水凝胶.研究了负载硝酸铵水凝胶的缓释效果,结果表明,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯用量和负载率对硝酸铵释放速率具有较大的影响.用红外光谱(IR)和电子扫描电镜(SEM)对负载硝酸铵水凝胶的结构进行了表征.     

水平瞬态荷载下基桩的动力响应分析

文章建立了基桩桩顶受到水平瞬态荷载的动力学模型和数学模型;通过Laplace变换解析地求出频率域内桩土系统的传递函数,引入δ矩阵表示传递函数解决了高频部分精度损失的问题,得到了桩顶横向振动速度和位移的频域表达式,再进一步通过快速Fourier逆变换得到时域内速度和位移的表达式;绘制出不同参数下频域内的速度导纳曲线和时域内速度、位移曲线,并分析了曲线的特性以及各参数对曲线的影响。     

Dynamic response of jetting and cementing bucket platform to wave and current loading

The jetting and cementing bucket platform （JCBP） is a new type offshore oil-drilling platform. This paper aims to establish an analysis method for calculating the dynamic response of this platform. Based on the theory of elastic half space, the dynamic stiffness and damping of the platform＇ s foundation were obtained and attached to the end of the platform＇ s main jackets as a boundary condition. Then using finite element method （FEM）, the dynamic response of the platform due to wave and current loading was calculated. Furthermore, the whole platform＇ s finite element model was established and the dynamic response of the platform was calculated. The numerical results demonstrate that the present method by the usage of elastic half space theory and FEM is simple and it is reliable and efficient to calculate dynamic behavior of the platform in response to wave and current loading.     

Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change

Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of these changes are in the direction expected with warming temperature. Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. Given the conclusions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.     

间隔装药爆破方法的试验研究与应用

针对我国许多露天矿炸药消耗大、矿石成本高、爆破效果不十分理想的问题,以本钢南芬露天矿为对象,通过改善装药结构,进行气体间隔器在中深孔干孔的间隔试验应用和中深孔水孔的间隔实验研究.结果表明:间隔装药爆破法不仅可以提高爆破质量和铲装效率,还能降低炸药单耗,从而降低矿石生产成本,若采用中间间隔装药,效果会更好.该成果对其它类似矿山具有一定的参考价值和工程实践意义.     

Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability

Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric concentration has nearly tripled since pre-industrial times. The growth rate of atmospheric methane is determined by the balance between surface emissions and photochemical destruction by the hydroxyl radical, the major atmospheric oxidant. Remarkably, this growth rate has decreased markedly since the early 1990s, and the level of methane has remained relatively constant since 1999, leading to a downward revision of its projected influence on global temperatures. Large fluctuations in the growth rate of atmospheric methane are also observed from one year to the next, but their causes remain uncertain. Here we quantify the processes that controlled variations in methane emissions between 1984 and 2003 using an inversion model of atmospheric transport and chemistry. Our results indicate that wetland emissions dominated the inter-annual variability of methane sources, whereas fire emissions played a smaller role, except during the 1997-1998 El Ni?o event. These top-down estimates of changes in wetland and fire emissions are in good agreement with independent estimates based on remote sensing information and biogeochemical models. On longer timescales, our results show that the decrease in atmospheric methane growth during the 1990s was caused by a decline in anthropogenic emissions. Since 1999, however, they indicate that anthropogenic emissions of methane have risen again. The effect of this increase on the growth rate of atmospheric methane has been masked by a coincident decrease in wetland emissions, but atmospheric methane levels may increase in the near future if wetland emissions return to their mean 1990s levels.     

稀土元素钐对小鼠学习记忆的影响及其脑内机制

采用行为观察和生化检测相结合的方法,研究了小鼠长期饮用不同剂量的硝酸钐溶液对其学习记忆力、脑内单胺类神经递质含量及一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活力的影响.结果表明:随着硝酸钐浓度的增高,小鼠的学习记忆能力下降,脑内多巴胺(DA)和5-羟基色胺(5-HT)含量减少,NOS活性降低.提示饮用50 mg/L的硝酸钐溶液对小鼠的学习记忆能力有明显的损伤作用,而且这种作用可能与脑内单胺类神经递质含量的降低和一氧化氮合成酶活力的降低有关.     

Lake eutrophication and its ecosystem response

China is a country with many lakes, about one-third of which are freshwater mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Currently most of the lakes are mesotrophic or eutrophic. Lake eutrophication has become one of the major ecological and environmental problems faced by lakes in China and can lead to a series of abnormal ecosystem responses, including extinction of submerged plants, frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, increased microbial biomass and productivity, decreased biodiversity, accelerated cycles, and a change in the efficient use of nutrients. With development of eutrophication, the whole lake ecosystem suffers decreased biodiversity, simplification of biotic community structure, instability of the ecosystem, and ultimately the clear-water, macrophyte-dominated ecosystem gradually shifts to a turbid-water, algae-dominated ecosystem. This ecosystem succession mechanism is speculated to be caused by different nutrient utilization efficiencies of macrophytes and phytoplankton. The ultimate ecosystem succession trend of seriously eutrophic lakes is that a phytoplankton-dominated autotrophic lake shifts to a heterotrophic lake dominated by micro-organisms, protozoans.     

广义翁氏旋回模型及其在河川径流预测中的应用

将广义翁氏旋回模型（GWCM）应用于河川径流的中长期预测中,采用变维分形法求解模型;以黄河上游贵德站的径流预测为实例计算,将GWCM与WCM、BP神经网络模型的预测结果进行对比,结果表明,采用GWCM预测的径流过程与天然径流过程具有良好的同一性,且精度有较大的提高,为河川的年径流量预测提供了有效途径。     

Mapping anthropogenic emissions in China at 1 km spatial resolution and its application in air quality modeling

New challenges are emerging in fine-scale air quality modeling in China due to a lack of high-resolution emission maps.Currently,only a few emission sources hav...     

Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere

FEW (if any) recent studies on the atmospheric cycle of trace metals have considered the flux of the metals into the atmosphere on a global scale. Information on worldwide emissions is needed to assess the transboundary movement of pollutant metals and to validate models of the global atmospheric circulation patterns. The worldwide inventories of the natural and anthropogenic sources and emissions of airborne cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc are presented here. The data summarised here are taken from very detailed studies published elsehwere(1-5).     

重型载重车辆加载安全区域与极限载荷分析

重型载重车辆的加载重心位置是重型载重车辆安全行驶的关键因素.文章结合相关项目,对重型载重车辆的加载重心安全区域进行了详细的分析和计算,突破了项目的一个技术关口,同时也给出了加载重心安全区域一种研究方法和思路,为后续相关的研究和车辆开发奠定基础.     

波浪作用下海床动力反应有限元数值模拟与液化分析

基于二维广义动力Biot固结理论,提出了线性波浪作用下饱和弹性多孔介质海床动力反应的有限元数值解法。静力平衡条件和Biot固结方程组成的边值问题控制方程组可视为其特例。提出的数值模拟方法能够模拟多层非均质海床等复杂土质和地层条件,这是一般解析法难以处理的。讨论了波浪诱发海床液化机理与液化判断准则,对比计算表明驻波造成的最大液化深度往往是推进波导致液化深度的数倍。     

校园空气微生物时空分布特征及与人群活动的关系

对空气微生物含量及其变化规律进行研究在空气环境质量监测上具有重要意义。将实验教学内容与实际环境问题相结合,指导学生进行全年校园空气微生物质量监测并对空气微生物与人群活动关系及时空分布特征进行了分析评价。研究表明,人群活动是对空气微生物影响较大的环境因子(p0.001),季节变化没有显著性差异(p0.05)。校园空气微生物主要以细菌为主(73.27%),其次为真菌(26.73%)。校园中78%的功能区属于清洁和较清洁,22%属于轻微污染,说明校园的总体环境质量相对较好。     

基于分级加载工况的沉降曲线拟合法及工程运用

为评估分级堆载预压法处理下地基的沉降,提出了适用于分级大面积加载工况的沉降预测方法.基于指数曲线法,将传统的单级加载预测模型拓展为多级预测模型,结合某填海机场地基处理工程实例,通过对实测沉降的拟合、预测,分析了多级预测方法的实际应用效果.研究结果表明:在分级加载工况下,与单级方法相比,多级方法能较好地预测后期继续加载且...     

硝酸钆丙氨酸配合物的合成及其配离子的标准生成焓

合成了硝酸钆与丙氨酸的稀土氨基酸配合物Gd(Ala) 4(NO3 ) 3 ·H2 O(s) .采用具有恒温环境的反应热量计 ,测定了Gd(Ala) 4(NO3 ) 3 ·H2 O(s)在水中的溶解焓 ,并计算出配离子Gd(Ala) 3 +4 在 2 98.2K时的标准生成焓ΔfHθm [Gd(Ala) 3 +4 ,aq ,2 98.2K]=- 2 95 6 .1kJ·mol- 1 .     

载铜13X的制备及其对噻吩的吸附动力学

研究了载铜13X的制备以及吸附噻吩的动力学性能.实验考察了负载溶液、还原时间、还原温度以及预处理等方面对吸附剂制备的影响,得到了制备载铜13X吸附剂所需要的最优化条件.采用Crank单孔模型对测定的吸附动力学数据进行拟合,确定了不同温度下的噻吩在载铜13X上的扩散系数.实验结果表明,Crank单孔模型可很好地描述噻吩在载铜13X分子筛上的吸附过程.