稀土复合固体超强酸催化合成乙酸龙脑酯

该文首次对稀土复合固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-La2O3的制备及其催化合成乙酸龙脑酯进行了研究．研究表明：当La2O3在载体ZrO2-La2O3中的质量分数为2％,(NH4)2SO4浸渍液的浓度为1 mol/L,焙烧温度为600℃时,所制得的催化剂SO4^2-／ZrO2-La2O3对乙酸龙脑酯的合成表现出高效的催化活性．在反应温度为120℃,催化剂用量为天然龙脑质量的6％,天然龙脑与乙酸的摩尔比为1：6,反应时间为8h时,反应的酯化率和选择性可达到93．14％和99．8％,研究发现,该催化剂可重复使用,并能活化再生。     

复合型固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3催化合成马来酸三丁酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型无机固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3,并把它作为催化剂用于马来酸二丁酯的令成．考察了影响反应的因素．结果表明：固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3，的制备以0．05mol／L的H2SO4淋洗SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3固体酸基体，焙烧温度为500℃，催化剂用量以每摩尔酸酐0．5g为宜，酸酐／醇=1：4，反应时间为4h，酯化率可达99％以上．     

固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-Al2O3的制备及催化酯化反应性能研究

制备了固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-Al2O3,并将其作为催化剂应用于乙酸正丙酯的合成．结果表明,SO4^2-／ZrO2-Al2O3对乙酸正丙酯的合成有较好的催化活性,酯化率可以达到98％以上．     

SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3-Al固体酸催化合成乙酸己酯

采用铝阳极氧化法制备了Al2O3-Al一体型载体,通过浸渍的方法将固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2引入到Al2O3-Al上,得到一种新型的固体酸催化剂SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3-Al,用XRD和NH3-TPD等技术对其结构和表面酸性进行了表征,并研究了反应条件等因素对催化合成乙酸己酯催化性能的影响。结果表明,SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3-Al固体酸对乙酸己酯合成反应具有很好的催化活性和选择性,催化剂不经处理,可循环使用多次,与一些常见的催化剂相比,具有明显的优点。     

纳米级固体超强酸的制备与表征

用溶胶一凝胶法并采用溶剂替代干燥法制备纳米Zn，用纳米Zn制取纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2。通过TEM，IR，X-ray和XPS对纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2的结构进行了表征，并用流动指示剂法对纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2的酸强度进行了表征。通过松油醇的乙酰化反应描述了纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2。的催化性能，松油醇的转化率达到99．6％，乙酸松油酯的质量分数为81．23％。     

SO4^2—／ZrO2—Al2O3催化合成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）

采用把ZrO2附载在AL2O3表面较共沉淀能制得的SO4^2-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂具有更好的催化活性，经催化合成DOP实验，酯化率在99％以上，选择性为96－98％，SEM、XRD及IR分析表明，SO4^2-/ZrO2-Al2O3具有固体超强酸的光谱特征，呈一定晶态的催化剂较无定形催化剂催化活性更好。     

复合型固体酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-MoO3催化合成反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3并把它作为催化剂用于反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的合成,考察了影响反应的因素．结果表明：用固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3作催化剂,以马来酸酐和甲醇为原料,直接合成反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的最佳工艺条件为：n（甲醇）：n（酸酐）=6：1,催化剂用量为1．5％（总质量）,反应温度95～100℃,反应时间为3h,反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的产率达93％以上．     

纳米固体超酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂的研究

采用改性技术合成了新型的纳米固体超酸催化剂SO4^2-/ZrO2-SiO2，对醋酸和脂肪醇的酯化反应有很好的催化作用．该催化剂具有耐水性强．稳定性好，再生容易，可重复使用．不腐蚀设备．不污染环境，是对环境友好的很有应用前景的绿色工业催化剂．用XRD、XPS、TEM、IR和化学分析等手段分析了SO4^2-/ZrO2-SiO2的晶化过程．比表面积含硫量．结果表明浸渍液H2SO4浓度、陈化温度、焙烧温度、沉淀条件，比表面积和含硫量均明显影响SO4^2-/ZrO2-SiO2的酸强度及催化活性．SO4^2-/ZrO2-SiO2最佳制备条件：陈化温度-15℃，浸渍液H2SO4浓度为0．5mol／L，焙烧温度为650℃，焙烧时间为3h．     

复合型固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-MoO3催化合成马来酸二丁酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型无机固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-MoO3,并把它作为催化剂用于马来酸二丁酯的合成,考察了影响反应的因素.结果表明:固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-MoO3的制备以0.05 mol/L的H2SO4淋洗ZrO2-MoO3固体酸基体,焙烧温度为500℃,催化剂用量以每摩尔酸酐0.5 g为宜,酸酐/醇=1:4,反应时间为4 h,酯化率可达99%以上.     

SO42-/MxOy型纳米固体超强酸的制备及催化合成乙酸丁酯的研究

制备了纳米级固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2以及SO4^2-/Fe2O3催化剂,考察了其对乙酸和正丁醇的酯化活性,实验结果表明,SO4^2-/ZrO2的活性优于SO4^2-/Fe2O3.实验优化条件为：醇酸摩尔比为1.24：1,催化剂用量为0.6 g（冰乙酸0.087 mol）,反应时间为6 h,乙酸转化率可达99.62%.并用XRD、IR、流动Hammett指示剂法以及原子力显微镜（AFM）对催化剂进行表征,该催化剂的酸强度为-12.70＜H0≤-11.99.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that