高积善在近代吉林传教活动探察

英国基督教长老会传教士高积善,在近代吉林地区传教几十年。此间,他也像在当时西方列强侵华日益加深背景下入华的其他传教士一样,遭到当地人民的强烈反抗。他为了排除阻力,传播基督教,采取了创办施医院、开办医助培训班等办法辅助传教。这些活动在帮助他成功地把基督教传入吉林地区的同时,也把西方医学知识和技术输入此地,在一定程度上促进了该地区西医事业的发展。     

近代川东地区的基督教传播

18世纪中叶,天主教开始在川东地区广泛传播。19世纪中后期,基督新教开始在这里传播。本文在分析地方志文献的基础上,从传播过程、传教方式和传教效果三个方面介绍了近代西方基督教传教士在川东地区的活动情况。     

晚清传教士在近代中西文化交流中的作用

晚清时期,中国进入半殖民地半封建社会,西方传教士栈山航海来到中国传教,基督教与中国儒家思想互争雄长。为了顺利传教,传教士推行文化改造路线:首先对儒家思想与基督教教义的伦理观异同进行比较与会通,力求基督教教义能被中国人所接受;其次进行"学术传教",通过翻译、编著中文期刊和书籍等介绍西学,同时向欧美国家传播中国文化及儒家思想经典;最后通过推行"以学辅教"策略兴办教会学校,意图通过教育手段促进基督教在华传播。传教士的活动造就了晚清中西文化交流的独特性,既融入了殖民主义的宗教文化,又渗透了西方科学和人文思想,对近代中西文化交流起到了推进作用。     

基督教在西藏传播举步维艰原因之刍议

文章依照文化传播论的相关理论和方法,以近代西方传教士在西藏传教活动的情况为切入口,从藏传佛教和基督教教义差异、西藏社会环境、藏民族的文化心理结构及传教士自身等因素入手,对近代西方诸国在西藏传播基督教受阻的成因进行了分析。     

基督教新教在北京的传播及其演进历程

基督教新教是１６世纪初期在宗教改革运动中脱离天主教而形成的派别,是基督教三大派别之一。其创始人是德国维登堡大学神学教授马丁．路德。１９世纪初期基督教新新教传教士开始到中国传教,１８４０年鸦片战争以后,新教传教士凭借着不平等条约所赋予的特权纷纷进入我国内地传教。１８６１年,亲行政雒魏林在伦敦布道会的派遣下,首先来到北京创了传教事业。从此,基督教新教在北京传播开来。     

1900年以前基督教对近代中国的影响

西方的基督教传教士是近代中国社会的一股特殊势力,对近代中国的政治、经济、文化产生了深远的影响。无可否认,近代的基督教传教活动,具有很大的侵略性和隐蔽性,给近代的中国社会造成了严重的危害,但是在另一方面,基督教对近代中国的影响也有积极的一面,本文主要介绍的是1900年以前基督教对近代中国思想文化、社会生活和政治方面的影响。     

基督教传人中国东北历史原因考述

第二次鸦片战争以后，营口被开辟为商埠，基督教也开始向东北传播。传教之初，基督教遭到民众的强烈排斥，但最终得以在东北立足并取得一定的发展。传教士开展的社会事业在客观上推动了基督教在东北的发展，而中国东北地区的文化特点则是其得以融入本地的深层原因。     

基督教在中国近代传教权的攫取

鸦片战争以后，基督教三大教派尤其是新教和天主教依附列强通过不平等条约获得在华传教的合法权利。西方教会利用政治手段来达到传教目的的事实和传教士在华的种种劣迹行为，引起中国人民的极大反感，成为近代教案频繁发生和义和团运动的基本原因之一。     

近代中国东北基督教教会学校评析

伴随着中国东北的营口开港,西方列强势力的侵入,基督教传教士也纷至沓来,遍布了中国东北的城镇和乡村,传教布道,创办学校。从十九世纪末到二十世纪中叶,基督教会在中国东北创办了从幼稚园、小学、中学、女学到大学等体制完备、制度健全的不同类别的学校。其目的在于传播宗教,以“基督征服中国”。同时教会学校对中国东北教育事业的发展,在客观上也起到了不可忽视的借鉴和促进作用。     

近代中国东北基督教教会学校评析

伴随着中国东北的营口开港,西方列强势力的侵入,基督教传教士也纷至沓来,遍布了中国东北的城镇和乡村,传教布道,创办学校。从十九世纪末到二十世纪中叶,基督教会在中国东北创办了从幼稚园、小学、中学、女学到大学等体制完备、制度健全的不同类别的学校。其目的在于传播宗教,以“基督征服中国”。同时教会学校对中国东北教育事业的发展,在客观上也起到了不可忽视的借鉴和促进作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the