用三氯化铁水合物催化合成环烷酸丁酯

在以三氯化铁水合物催化合成环烷酸丁酯的反应中,考察了酸醇比值、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对该酯化反应的影响,并给出了适宜的反应条件。酸醇比为１：３,三氯化铁水合物的质量分数为０．０６,反应时间为２ｈ的条件下,环烷酸的转化率大于９２％,采用先酯化后减压蒸馏的方法,工艺简单,产品色泽浅、无异味,可以替代部分邻苯二甲酸二辛酯作为辅助增塑剂。     

FeCl_3·xH_2O催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的研究

研究了带有x个结晶水的三氯化铁(FeCl3.xH2O)作为催化剂,由苯甲酸和乙醇为原料合成苯甲酸乙酯的反应条件,重点讨论了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度以及不同的带水剂对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明,FeCl3.xH2O是催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂,且可以重复使用。当酯化率最大是的最佳反应条件为:酸醇摩尔比为1∶6,催化剂用量与苯甲酸用量的摩尔比为1∶3.3,反应时间为4.0h,反应温度为80℃,带水剂为环己烷。     

FeCl3·xH2O催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的研究

研究了带有x个结晶水的三氯化铁(FeCl3·xH2O)作为催化剂,由苯甲酸和乙醇为原料合成苯甲酸乙酯的反应条件,重点讨论了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度以及不同的带水剂对酯化率的影响.实验结果表明,FeCl3·xH 2O是催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂,且可以重复使用.当酯化率最大是的最佳反应条件为:酸醇摩尔比为1∶6,催化剂用量与苯甲酸用量的摩尔比为1∶3.3,反应时间为4.0h,反应温度为80℃,带水剂为环己烷.     

微波辐射氯化铁催化合成乙酸乙酯

在微波辐射下以六水合氯化铁为催化剂合成了乙酸乙酯.探讨了酸醇物质的量比、氯化铁用量、微波辐射时间和微波功率对酯化率的影响.结果表明最佳反应条件为：酸醇物质的量比3∶1,氯化铁用量为酸醇总质量的4.0%~5.5%(1.2 g),微波功率280 W,微波辐射时间8 min.反应酯化率可达89.2%.     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丁酸丁酯

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化正丁酸和正丁醇进行酯化反应合成了丁酸丁酯，讨论了反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比等因素对酯化率的影响，确定了最佳反应条件：酸醇摩尔比1：1．1，催化剂用量0．1g，反应时间60min，反应温度120－140℃，酯化率达98．8％。     

微波辐射下氯化铁催化合成柠檬酸三正丁酯

以柠檬酸与正丁醇为原料，氯化铁（Ⅲ）作催化剂，采用微波辐射法合成了柠檬酸三正丁酯．考察了微波辐射功率，辐射时间，催化剂的用量以及酸醇摩尔比等对酯化率的影响，确定了最佳反应条件，酸醇摩尔比1：6，氯化铁用量为3％（以酸的摩尔量计），微波功率140w，辐射时间5min，酯化率可达95．5％。     

氯化铁催化氯乙酸的酯化作用

考察了氯化铁催化剂在氯乙酸的酯化反应中的催化作用．结果表明氯化铁具有良好的催化效果,醇的酯化率可达７０％以上．不同的醇酯化时,酯化率的大小顺序是：高碳醇＞低碳醇,伯醇＞仲醇＞叔醇．计算了酯化反应的活化能,并对氯化铁的催化机理进行了初步探讨．     

四氯化锡催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的研究

本文研究了以四氯化锡水合物作催化剂催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯,确定了酯化优化条件。实验结果表明,醇酸摩尔比为4：1,柠檬酸用量为0．2mol的情况下,催化剂用量为反应物质量的2．5％,带水剂甲苯15ml,反应时间80min,反应温度为108－148℃是最佳反应条件,酸的酯化率达到96．23％。     

新型酸功能化离子液体中合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的研究

以新型Brqbnsted酸功能化[Hmim]HSO4为催化荆,由对羟基苯甲酸和无水乙醇合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯．考察了反应时间、醇酸摩尔比和离子液体用量对酯产率的影响,得到最佳反应条件为：酯化反应时间为2．5h,酸醇摩尔比为1：1．5。离子液体用量为3mL．在此反应条件下,酯化率可达81．5％．并且离子液体可重复使用5次,其催化性能基本保持不变．     

脱氢枞酸乙二醇双酯的合成

以歧化松香为原料,经过胺化法提纯得到脱氢枞酸,继而与乙二醇进行双酯化反应,制备了脱氢枞酸乙二醇双酯．在单因素实验的基础上,利用正交实验、响应面软件对合成工艺条件进行研究,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、酸醇比、催化剂种类及用量,带水剂二甲苯用量等诸因素对反应酯化率的影响,得出最佳反应条件：n（脱氢枞酸）：n（乙二醇）=2．37：1,对甲苯磺酸5％,二甲苯20ml,反应温度250℃,反应时间8．0h,酯化率达到99％左右．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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