羟甲基化对合成木质素改性酚醛胶粘剂性能的影响

采用羟甲基化技术对碱木质素进行活化,对比了羟甲基化前后未质素改性酚醛树脂胶的粘结强度、残留甲醛、贮存稳定性和热稳定性等性能,为木质素的高值应用探讨新的途径.试验结果表明在木质素对笨酚的替代率低于30%务件下,以分离提纯后的木质素可直接应用于酚醛树脂胶粘剂的改性;而当替代率大于50%后,木质素的羟甲基化展示对木质素改性酚醛树脂的胶结强度、热稳定性具有良好的促进作用.但木质素的羟甲基化作用同时也导致木质素改性酚醛树脂中残留甲醛含量增加,进而导致制备的胶粘荆的贮存稳定性降低,可以通过改变合成过程中甲醛和碱的用量来达到降低酚醛树脂中残留甲醛含量.     

新西兰政府科技投资现状概述

近年来新西兰政府大力调整其科技政策，在建设知识社会的蓝图下，建构了科技投资的基本框架，凸显了知识、经济、环境、社会四大目标，另外通过对投资决策、运行和监督的改革，使政府科技投资的机制更为科学有效，本文还给出了新西兰政府近年来科技投资的分配比例状况，阐明了其投资的重点领域。     

Blocking by picrotoxin of nigra-evoked inhibition of neurons of ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus

Summary The transmitter substance released by nigro-thalamic fibres is proposed to be -aminobutyric acid, since picrotoxin blocked nigra-evoked monosynaptic inhibition of thalamic neurons.Supported by grants Nos 212009 and 311410 from Ministry of Education of Japan.The authors wish to thank Dr Marjorie Anderson, University of Washington, Seattle, for improving the English.     

Outline of a dynamical inferential conception of the application of mathematics

We outline a framework for analyzing episodes from the history of science in which the application of mathematics plays a constitutive role in the conceptual development of empirical sciences. Our starting point is the inferential conception of the application of mathematics, recently advanced by Bueno and Colyvan (2011). We identify and discuss some systematic problems of this approach. We propose refinements of the inferential conception based on theoretical considerations and on the basis of a historical case study. We demonstrate the usefulness of the refined, dynamical inferential conception using the well-researched example of the genesis of general relativity. Specifically, we look at the collaboration of the physicist Einstein and the mathematician Grossmann in the years 1912–1913, which resulted in the jointly published “Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and a Theory of Gravitation,” a precursor theory of the final theory of general relativity. In this episode, independently developed mathematical theories, the theory of differential invariants and the absolute differential calculus, were applied in the process of finding a relativistic theory of gravitation. The dynamical inferential conception not only provides a natural framework to describe and analyze this episode, but it also generates new questions and insights. We comment on the mathematical tradition on which Grossmann drew, and on his own contributions to mathematical theorizing. The dynamical inferential conception allows us to identify both the role of heuristics and of mathematical resources as well as the systematic role of problems and mistakes in the reconstruction of episodes of conceptual innovation and theory change.     

Hypotensive activity of histidine-containing analogues of C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P

Four new hexapeptide analogues of C-terminal Substance P fragment with increased solubility in aqueous solutions are described. The peptides contain histidine in positions 6, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. The effect of the structural changes on the hypotensive activity and antigenic properties of analogues was compared. It was found that substitution of amino acid residues in various positions in the C-terminal hexapeptide of Substance P resulted in different effects on the hypotensive and antigenic properties, respectively. Only the [His6] SP6-11 analogue had an unchanged antigenic structure when compared with the C-terminal region of Substance P, but it showed an almost total loss of hypotensive activity. The [His9] SP6-11 analogue retained 50% of the hypotensive activity of the C-terminal hexapeptide but showed a markedly reduced expression of the antigenic epitope localized in this region of Substance P.     

Effect of light adaptation on electrical responses of the retinas of four species of bats

Summary The levels of light adaptation at which the retinas of 4 species of microchiropteran bats became unable to generate electroretinograms were progressively ordered. The order correlated well with light preferences based on activity patterns of the 4 species. These results suggest that the ability of the retina to function in ambient light may govern some natural behaviors of these bats.This work was supported in part by grant No. EY 01228 from the U.S.P.H.S. and was facilitated by equipment provided by Bob Hope Fight for Sight Award No. G522 and a grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc. Portions of this work were presented at the Fifth International Bat Research Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August, 1978.     

Hypotensive activity of histidine-containing analogues of C-terminal hexapeptide of Substance P

Summary Four new hexapeptide analogues of C-terminal Substance P fragment with increased solubility in aqueous solutions are described. The peptides contain histidine in positions 6, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. The effect of the structural changes on the hypotensive activity and antigenic properties of analogues was compared. It was found that substitution of amino acid residues in various positions in the C-terminal hexapeptide of Substance P resulted in different effects on the hypotensive and antigenic properties, respectively. Only the [His⁶] SP_6-11 analogue had an unchanged antigenic structure when compared with the C-terminal region of Substance P, but it showed an almost total loss of hypotensive activity. The [His⁹] SP_6-11 analogue retained 50% of the hypotensive activity of the C-terminal hexapeptide but showed a markedly reduced expression of the antigenic epitope localized in this region of Substance P.     

超高频RFID物联网前端感知系统的设计

介绍了一种基于超高频RFID的物联网前端感知系统的设计和实现,以及主要模块的功能,然后分别从硬件结构,工作流程和软件设计三个方面进行了详细阐述.本系统的工作频率在860～960 MHz可调节,能支持EPC Gen2和ISO/IEC 18000-6B/6C标准.它的射频前端是以射频芯片AS3992为核心,使用内部集成的功放,外加一系列外围电路实现.其优点是体积小、重量轻、集成度高和功耗低.实验结果表明,该系统的读写距离能达到2.5m,能够满足实际应用的需要.     

Effects of fluoride on glycosaminoglycan of cancellous and cortical bone of rabbits

Summary The present report deals with the effect of excessive ingestion of fluoride on glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Increase in fluoride deposition in bone, and in circulating levels of fluoride in serum, are also reported. Among the 3 constituents of GAG investigated; hexosamine, uronic acid and sulphate, the content remained unaltered except for sulphate.Acknowledgment. The authors wish to acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for the financial aid. One of us (M.J.) acknowledges the receipt of a Junior Research Fellowship from DST, during the tenure of which the investigations were carried out.     

A periodization of research technologies and of the emergency of genericity

According to the historian and sociologist of science Terry Shinn, the creator of the concept of ‘research technologies’: “Research technologies may sometimes generate promising packets of instrumentation for yet undefined ends. They may offer technological answers to questions that have hardly been raised. Research technologists׳s instruments are then generic in the sense that they are base-line apparatus which can subsequently be transformed by experimenters into products tailored to specific economic ends or adapted by experimenters to further cognitive ends in academic research.”¹ Genericity thus manifests one of three fundamental characteristics of research technologies. At the same time, however, each research technology emerges out of the specific disciplinary context in which it is initially developed with entirely concrete aims. Consequently, genericity does not exist from the outset but first has to form, along a path that remains to be clarified. It is produced or constructed by the actors on two levels: as an instrument in the laboratory and as a way of speaking at the representational level. This issue yields the structure of this paper. Three options for the transition of a specific technique into a generic research technology are compared. One of them proves to be the most frequent pattern of this dynamic. This is explored further, taking as paradigmatic examples ‘computed tomography’ (CT), ‘nuclear magnetic resonance׳ (NMR) and its application known as ‘magnetic resonance imaging’ (MRI), together with several additional examples.     

Quantitative determination of the activity of acid peptidases of industrial origin]

Reagent ninhydrine-Cd++, reacts with free alpha and epsilon amino groups of proteins. Horse-heart apomyoglobin was subjected to exhaustive succinylation, rendering the product non reactive to ninhydrine. The succinylglobin was submitted to enzyme digestion at pH 2.0, 4.0, 4.7 and 6.0. The commercially available enzymes contain mainly pepsin-like and chymosin-like enzymes. The enzymatic digests of succinyl-globin contain new free alpha-amino groups reacting with ninhydrin. Enzymatic digestion was performed under various condition (ratio E/S, pH). The results were compared to those obtained with synthetic substrate: PRO-HIS-LEU-SER-PHE(NO2)-NLEU-ALA-LEU-OME. The price of the synthetic substrate used, was more than 100 times the cost of succinyl-globin, thus the use of this substrate is a valuable tool for the quantitative estimation of peptidase activity in commercially available (pepsin, chymosin-like) enzymes.     

Influence of a mixture of radioprotectors on the mucosa of the small intestine of mice irradiated with 2000 R of X-rays

Our results on the number of nuclei, pycnoses, karyorrhexis and mitoses in protected irradiated mice demonstrate that mixtures of chemical protectors largely diminish the lesions produced in the stem cells of the duodenum of mice irradiated with 2000 R of X-rays, but a delay of about 30 days is nevertheless needed to allow complete recovery of the duodenal mucosa.

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Résumé Nos résultats sur le nombre de noyaux, de pycnoses, de caryorrexis et de mitoses, chez les souris protégées et irradiées, montrent que des associations de substances radioprotectrices diminuent fortement les lésions produites dans les cellules souches du duodénum de souris irradiées avec une dose de 2000 R de rayons X; un délai d'au moins 30 jours est néanmoins nécessaire avant que la muqueuse duodénale ait retrouvé un aspect entièrement normal.

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This work was supported in part by research contract A.I.E.A. No. 347/RB and by grants from the Fonds de la Recherche scientifique fondamentale collective.     

解聚复肾宁对糖尿病大鼠肾脏HGF表达的影响

目的观察解聚复肾宁（JJFSN）对糖尿病大鼠肾HGF表达的影响及肾保护作用。方法SD大鼠腹腔注射链尿佐菌素法建立糖尿病模型,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、解聚复肾宁治疗组、依那普利治疗组、JJFSN＋依那普利治疗组。12周后,检测各组空腹血糖（FBG）、尿素（BU）、24h尿β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）、肌酐清除率（Ccr）;免疫组化法检测肾组织HGF表达,放射免疫法测定大鼠血清胰岛素（Ins）含量,透射电镜观察肾脏超微结构。结果与模型组比较,各治疗组大鼠FBG、BU、β2-MG明显降低,Ccr明显升高,血清Ins含量增加,肾组织HGF表达明显上调,肾组织病理变化减轻,其中以J＋Y组改善最显著（P〈0．05）。结论JJFSN对DM大鼠肾脏形态争功能有明显保护作用,其机制可能与其上调肾脏HGF表达、保护胰岛β细胞、延缓肾脏纤维化进程有关。     

Possibility of metabolic control of membrane excitation

In the guinea pig taenia coli, when glycogen is depleted by repeating Ca-induced contracture in excess K solution containing no glucose, the tension cannot be maintained. The decrease in tension is accompanied by reduction of high energy phosphate compounds and oxygen consumption. When substrate is readmitted to the glycogen-depleted preparation in the presence of 2.4 mM Ca and 20 mM K, the first response is hyperpolarization of the membrane and relaxation, and this is followed by depolarization and development of contracture. The latter response is blocked by verapamil, suggesting that energy supply increases the Ca conductance of the plasma membrane. The early response is considered to be due to activation of electrogenic Ca pump, since this is not affected by ouabain as well as removal of Na and K. ATP produced by substrate readmission is probably preferentially utilized for Ca pump activation to reduce the intracellular Ca. The recovery of tension is likely to be brought about by ATP supply not only to the contractile machinery but also to the plasma membrane to remove inactivation of Ca conductance. It is postulated that as the energy source is depleted, energy consumption is automatically limited by suppressing Ca influx, as a self-defence mechanism. Since beta HB is as effective as glucose in the recovery of these processes, and also in the activation of electrogenic Na pump, the metabolic pathway of oxidative phosphorylation alone can support these functions without a contribution of the glycolytic pathway.     

The Confirmation of Black's Theory of Lime

In 1756 Joseph Black published a new theory of the nature of lime, one that is now viewed as essentially correct. Black's theory was not immediately accepted, and a competing theory, published in 1764 by Johann Meyer, was widely preferred to Black's for some years. In this paper, probability theory is used to show that, and why, some of Black's evidence made his theory more probable than Meyer's.     

Antimicrobial activity of metal derivatives of sulfonamides

Summary Antimicrobial activities of a series of metal derivatives of some sulfa drugs were examined. Such metal derivatives showed higher antimicrobial activity than the parent sulfa drugs, and among the metals, gold derivatives are seen to be the most effective.We wish to thank for the material supplied by the Central Research Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd, for antimicrobial assay.     

小鼠皮肤局部缺血模型的建立

目的研究建立稳定的昆明小鼠皮肤局部缺血模型。方法取40只雌性昆明小鼠，随机分为A／B两组，每组20只。分别在小鼠背部建立深达皮下筋膜层的u型皮瓣。A组为3．3×1．5cm皮瓣组．B组为2．5×1．5CITI皮瓣组。皮瓣游离缘垫以医用橡胶，缝合切口，造成皮肤缺血模型，术后观察皮瓣发绀水肿及坏死情况，并用散斑全景实时血流成像仪（MoorFLH）检测皮瓣血流。结果肉眼观察，3．3×1．5cm皮瓣组在术后第2天，50％小鼠皮瓣末端坏死，坏死面积达皮瓣面积的（37．20±4．83）％。术后第3天100％小鼠皮瓣末端坏死。并随时间的延长，坏死面积逐渐扩大。2．5×1．5皮瓣组在术后第1天皮瓣出现发绀，水肿，发绀水肿面积占（77．46±4．51）％，术后第3，第5天发绀水肿区面积逐渐减小，至术后第7天，发绀、水肿完全消退。散斑全景实时血流成像仪（MoorFLPI）检测皮肤血流显示，术后第1天皮瓣显著性缺血（P〈0．05），术后第7天血流基本恢复到术前水平。结论成功建立了昆明小鼠皮肤局部缺血模型，为进一步研究组织微血管再生的机理和策略提供简单而稳定的动物模型。     

Mitogenicity of autolysates of Trypanosoma congolense

Autolysates of Trypanosoma congolense, in subcytotoxic amounts, were found to be highly mitogenic in vitro for the spleen cells of normal mice. Significant amounts of [3H]-thymidine were also incorporated by the responding spleen cells of nu/nu (athymic) mice. In contrast, the spleen cells of cyclophosphamide-treated mice were unresponsive. The findings suggest that a potent B-cell-mitogen is generated by the autolysing T. congolense organism.     

巷道布置对围岩稳定性影响的数值模拟

采用理论分析不同应力场下巷道轴线与最大水平主应力方向夹角的最佳角度,利用数值模拟不同夹角情况下,巷道围岩应力分布、正前方应力分布及变形特征。得出：1）最大水平主应力σH〉最小水平主应力σh〉垂直主应力σr时,最佳角度为0°;σt〉σH〉σh时,最佳角度为90°;σH〉σa〉σA时,最佳夹角为α0.2）巷道开挖后,水平应力在两帮出现应力降低区,在顸、底板出现应力集中区;垂直应力在两帮出现应力集中区,在顶、底板出现应力降低区;随角度变化,应力变化区均有明显变化,正前方断面的最大主应力变化明显。3）巷道达到最佳角度时,围岩变形相对较小,最大主应力围绕在巷道周边,呈环状或类环状分布;其它角度时,围岩变形相对较大,最大主应力逐渐向顶、底板的四角或两帮发展。     

Implication of GABA in the spatial organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglia cells of frogs]

An histoautoradiographic study of the Chicken and Frog retinae was made following an intravitreal injection if tritiated GABA. This amino acid was especially fixed at the amacrine and horizontal cell level. It has been suggested (Werblin, 1974) that horizontal cells might be responsible for the spatial organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells. GABA could thus be involved in bringing about of the centre-surround arrangement of the latter receptive fields. We have shown that picrotoxin, a specific GABA-antagonist, does indeed provoke marked changes in the activity of retinal ganglion cells. It provokes a decrease in the response threshold, a facilitation of spontaneous activities, and a marked increase in the receptive field area of the ON-OFF ganglion cells: from 12 at the start, it reaches 24 under the effect of picrotoxin.