Reconstructed index of summer monsoon dry-wet modes in East Asia for the last millennium

Monthly precipitation datasets collected at 160 stations in China as well as the monthly winds and humidity data derived from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were used to construct the relationship between six summer dry-wet modes in eastern China and the summer monsoon airflow northward advance in East Asia. A millennial series of the monsoon dry-wet index (MDWI) was reconstructed based on Wang’s six summer dry-wet modes in eastern China since 950 AD. A high (low) index indicate...     

Natural interdecadal weakening of East Asian summer monsoon in the late 20th century

Based on the reanalysis data throughout 1948-2002 as derived from the United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research, it is revealed that East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） intensity weakens on an interdecadal timescale since the mid-1960s, and twice interdecadal jumps are recorded in the EASM intensity index series in the late 20th century, respectively occurring in the mid-1960s and mid- to late 1970s. Six globally coupled atmosphere-ocean models＇ outputs under the SRES A2 greenhouse gas and aerosol emission scenario, provided by the IPCC Data Distribution Center and the Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research, are then systematically examined. It follows that the above EASM weakening is not closely related to synchro- nizing anthropogenic global warming, and, therefore, it should be qualitatively natural change process. Over the 21st century, the EASM intensity is likely increased slightly by continually intensified greenhouse effect relative to the late 20th century.     

大气环流年代际变化对东亚北部冬季气温异常的影响

 利用NCEP资料1949～1999年间的地表气温(SAT)进行经验正交函数分解(EOF).得到的前2个模态均表明,20世纪70年代中期以后,东亚北部地区冬季气温增暖明显,发生了显著的年代际变化.这种气温的异常变化主要受到东亚冬季风的直接影响.近20多年来,北极涛动维持在正位相并持续增强,其对东亚冬季风的影响也越来越显著,东亚冬季风持续减弱,使得东亚北部地区冬季气温增暖.通过对SAT和SLP进行奇异值分解(SVD),结果表明北极涛动的持续增强可能是东亚北部地区冬季增暖的重要原因之一.     

南盘江流域主汛期降雨量年(代)际变率研究及趋势预测

利用二次多项式平滑和Morlet小波分析,研究了南盘江流域主汛期降雨量的年(代)际周期变化;并挑选了相关性较好的预测因子,利用最优子集回归方法对主汛期降雨量建立预测模型.结果显示:①从线性趋势来看,19612014年南盘江流域主汛期降雨量是逐步减少的,减少幅度为每年2.7mm;②南盘江流域主汛期降雨量在年代际尺度上以准14a和准18a周期为主,而在年际尺度上则以准3a、准6a和准9a为主,并且显示出年际变化的年代际差异;③最优子集回归模型回归值和实况值距平百分率符号一致率为70%,回归准确率为87.5%;而试预报值与实况值的距平百分率符号一致率为71.4%,预报准确率为85.7%,显示出较好的趋势预测效果.     

Relationship between the zonal displacement of the western Pacific subtropical high and the dominant modes of low-tropospheric circulation in summer

The zonal displacement of the western Pacific subtropical high remarkably influences the climate anomalies in China. In this paper, a new zonal index of the subtropical high is defined by modifying previous indices, and is used to investigate the relationship between the zonal displacement of the subtropical high and the dominant modes of 850-hPa circulations. It is found that the zonal displacement of the subtropical high is significantly correlated with the first two leading modes of circulations. In particular, the correlation coefficient between the index and the time series associated with the second mode is as high as 0.78 in 1958-2003 (46 years). Since the second mode is not associated with significant anomalies of sea surface temperatures, the above results imply the difficulty in seasonal forecasting of the zonal displacement for the subtropical high. In addition, the interannual variability in the zonal displacement of the subtropical high is considerably enhanced since 1978, due to the effects of both dominant modes, especially the second mode. This is likely to account for the frequent occurrence of anomalous climate in China during the recent two decades.     

兰州市霾日的气候特征

利用1961-2006年的常规气象资料分析了兰州市霾日的气候特征.研究表明20世纪70,80年代兰州市霾日发生较频繁,但整体呈减少趋势,尤其90年代开始大幅下降;兰州的霾日一年内各季均有发生,但主要发生在秋末和冬季,12月份最多,强度最强的霾日也集中在冬季;时次分布上春、夏季8:00出现霾日最多,而秋、冬季14:00最多;一年中霾日数成U型分布,与地表气温呈负相关,气温越低,霾日出现的概率越高;风速小于2m/s和日平均相对湿度低于70%也是霾发生的主要气象条件之一.     

The pathway of the interdecadal variability in the Pacific Ocean

Cases of the interdecadal variability in the Pacific Ocean and their evolution were examined in the paper with the statistic methods (CEOF and composite analysis) over the period of 1950–1993. Observations of oceanic temperatures in the upper 400 m revealed an obvious region of the interdecadal signals in the central North Pacific. Such signals propagated southwestward, then subducted to the subtropics. The hypothesized link for interdecadal oceanic variability between the subtropics and the tropics, especially with the western tropical Pacific was unraveled in order to detect the cause of decadal signals in the tropics. The thermal anomalies subducted in the central North Pacific east to the dateline only reach 18°N. There has been no further southward propagation since then due to a certain barrier. The origin of the interdecadal signals in the western tropical Pacific was traced to the southern tropical Pacific. There is a meridional pathway around the dateline where the signals were loaded. These variabilities were in the nature of the thermocline circulation.     

CO2 background concentra-tion in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland

Based on the long-term monitoring data on CO2 concentration, variation trend and characteristics of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland are analyzed. Results show that the increasing trend of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland has appeared during the period of 1991-2000. The average annual CO2 growth increment is 1.59 μL/L, and the average annual CO2 growth rate is 0.44%. Distinct seasonal variations of CO2 background concentration are observed, and the averaged amplitude of CO2 seasonal variations is 10.35 μL/L. Regional variation characteristics of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere and possible impact of human activities on these variations over the Chinese mainland are discussed as well.     

国外城市气候特征的研究进展

国外对于城市气候特征的研究主要集中于城市风环境的变化与热岛效应2个方面,尤其对热岛效应特征以及街道风场的研究比较多。研究表明,城市风与热岛效应均表现出受城市建设影响而形成的多样化特征,同时,城市风与热岛效应的特性也是影响城市环境的重要因素。     

中国不同时段气候变暖速率的时空分异研究(1961—2014)

基于多种统计方法,采用534个站点数据诊断中国1961-2014年年均气温变化.结果表明:在时间序列上,中国年均气温整体呈现出增加趋势,但是各时段变化趋势却又各不相同,分别表现出“减-增-增-增-减”的动态变化特征,并且在不同时间尺度上表现出2~6、20、40和60a左右的波动特征,在1998年左右中国年均气温发生突变,气温变暖出现停滞.在空间分布上,中国年均气温1961-2014年近100%的站点均呈增加趋势,且此时段各年代相对整个研究段呈增加趋势的站点比例依次是2.6%、32.9%、78.8%、86.0%和11.2%.尤其是1960时段和2000年以后是大面积气温趋势下降显著的时段,而1971-2000年是中国大面积显著增加的时段.不论是气温趋势增加或减少,青藏高原和东北地区均在空间分异格局中率先表现出十分显著的变化特征.尤其是2000年以来中国年均气温变化出现了明显的停滞现象,与此时段的二氧化碳急剧上升形成了十分鲜明的对比.对于气候变暖停滞的原因,仍存在诸多不确定的认识,亟待进行深入系统的研究.      

An virtual numerical experiment to understand the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the summer climate and environmental conditions in East Asia

By applying a regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS), a virtual numerical experiment is implemented to study the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the regional climate and environmental conditions. The results show that recovering the natural vegetation in large scale could have significant influence on summer climate in East Asia. Not only would it be able to change the surface climate, but also to modify to certain extent the intensity of monsoon circulation. Although this is a virtual experiment at an extremely ideal condition, the implication of the simulating results is that the on-going nation-wide activities to recover the crop land for forest and pasture must be managed according to the local natural climate, hydrological and soil conditions. Only under such a condition, would the recovering of natural vegetation bring about significant climate and environmental benefits at regional scale.     

冬季中东急流时空变化特征及其与中国气候的关系

采用1968—2009年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和1968—2008年月平均中国160站降水和气温资料,使用EOF分析等方法,研究了冬季中东急流的时空变化特征及其与中国气候的关系。结果表明:中东急流存在3个主要EOF空间模态(其方差贡献率分别为26.9%、20.9%和17.0%),第1模态反映了急流核下游的急流变化特征,第2模态反映了急流区域的南北反相变化特征,第3模态反映了急流核上游的急流变化特征;冬季中东急流指数具有明显的年际变化特征,主要存在2~4年和准8年的周期振荡。冬季中东急流与中国西南地区气温(华南地区降水)呈显著负(正)相关关系;中东急流偏强、偏弱年的中国气温及降水差值显著区域分别位于西南地区(最大差值达3°C)和华南大范围地区(最大差值达180 mm)。     

荒漠化扩展对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM3研究了西北沙漠面积变化对我国区域气候变化的影响．共设计了3组试验：控制试验A、沙漠面积扩展试验B、在试验B基础上增大粗糙高度的试验C．分析表明：中国西北沙漠区扩展后对中国夏季降雨量和中国夏季风有明显影响．结果表明：植被退化、荒漠化加剧会导致季风减弱,降水量减少,增大地面粗糙高度后的影响更为显著．     

Multiscale characteristics of the rainy season rainfall and interdecadal decaying of summer monsoon in North China

This paper focuses on the rainfall spectrum and its evolution of North China in rainy season with summer monsoon decaying in interdecadal time scale. The interannual component of the rainfall is the dominant part, accounting for 85% of the total variance, and has been changed significantly during the last 30 years. According to wavelet analysis its 5a periodic spectrum suddenly disappeared in the late 1960s, and its biennial oscillation gradually become weaker and weaker since 1970, accompanied by the summer monsoon decaying. Contrarily, the interdecadal component is principal in the summer monsoon over North China and is very similar to the counterpart of the rainfall. Their interdecadal parts are significantly correlated, and the correlation coefficient is nearly equal to the one of the original sequences.Besides, the dry and wet climate alternated with the monsoon abrupt changes in the 1960s and the 1970s over East Asia, apart from North China, climate drifted from a light drought to a severe drought during the past 30 years.     

Northern China maximum temperature in the summer of 1743： A historical event of burning summer in a relatively warm climate background

In the context of historical climate records of China and early meteorological measurements of Beijing discovered recently in Europe, a study is undertaken on the 1743 hottest summer of north China over the last 700 a, covering Beijing, Tianjin, and the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, with the highest temperature reaching 44.4℃ in July 1743 in Beijing, in excess of the maximum climate record in the 20th century. Results show that the related weather/climate features of the 1743 heat wave, e.g., flood/drought distribution and Meiyu activity and the external forcings, such as solar activity and equatorial Pacific SST condition are the same as those of the 1942 and 1999 heat events. It is noted that the 1743 burning summer event occurs in a relatively warm climate background prior to the Industrial Revolution, with a lower level of CO2 release.     

西北太平洋打转台风的时空规律

以西北太平洋打转台风(分为顺时针与逆时针两类)为例,研究了1949～2011年期间打转台风的时空规律.结果表明:打转台风主要发生在洋面,主要分布在110°E～150°E、10°N～30°N区域范围内.台风打转后的发展方向以偏北为主,也有一部分打转后西行,绝大多数顺时针打转台风的打转中心位置随纬度的增加而偏东.打转台风生成的高发期为7～10月,占总数的73.7%,8月份生成次数最多,2月份生成次数最少.我国的南海区域和菲律宾以东洋面是生成打转台风的两个高频区,夏季和秋季是打转台风活动的高发期,夏季的打转台风生成次数稍低于秋季,但是其深入内陆的范围广于秋季,并且台风打转中心位置在夏季达到最北.     

回转状态下导管螺旋桨水动力特性实用数值模拟方法

以数值模拟手段研究作为水下机器人主要姿态与轨迹控制机构的导管螺旋桨在回转状态下的水动力特性。首先根据所要计算的导管螺旋桨的几何要素构造导管和螺旋桨的三维几何模型,在此基础上采用动网格技术以计算流体力学方法借助计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用有限体积法在导管和螺旋桨所在的流域内求解其N-S方程以此对在作回转运动的水下机器人流场作用下导管螺旋桨以一定转速和一定来流方向下所产生的推力特性进行数值模拟分析,观察在水下机器人主体流场干扰下螺旋桨推进器的水动力现象。为验证所采用的预测导管螺旋桨水动力特性数值方法的有效性,在Ka 4-70/19A标准导管螺旋桨已有实验数据的基础上,将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行比较,对比结果表明本文所采用的数值方法是可靠的。     

Estimation of provincial forest carbon sink capacities in Chinese mainland

Estimation of the capacity of provincial forest carbon sinks in Chinese mainland using the CO2FIX model provides data support for the effective management of provincial regions. According to China’s Sixth National Forest Inventory, we estimate the capacities of original and new afforestation carbon sinks under the assumption of using the country’s non-forest land for afforestation and reforestation to achieve a new forested area of 57323200 ha. The carbon absorption capacity of China’s forest ecosystems est...