A stability limit for the atmospheres of giant extrasolar planets

Recent observations of the planet HD209458b indicate that it is surrounded by an expanded atmosphere of atomic hydrogen that is escaping hydrodynamically. Theoretically, it has been shown that such escape is possible at least inside an orbit of 0.1 au (refs 4 and 5), and also that H3+ ions play a crucial role in cooling the upper atmosphere. Jupiter's atmosphere is stable, so somewhere between 5 and 0.1 au there must be a crossover between stability and instability. Here we show that there is a sharp breakdown in atmospheric stability between 0.14 and 0.16 au for a Jupiter-like planet orbiting a solar-type star. These results are in contrast to earlier modelling that implied much higher thermospheric temperatures and more significant evaporation farther from the star. (We use a three-dimensional, time-dependent coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model and properly include cooling by H3+ ions, allowing us to model globally the redistribution of heat and changes in molecular composition.) Between 0.2 and 0.16 au cooling by H3+ ions balances heating by the star, but inside 0.16 au molecular hydrogen dissociates thermally, suppressing the formation of H3+ and effectively shutting down that mode of cooling.     

类氢离子基态,激发态的电子碰撞电离截面及系统学规律研究

利用扭典波玻恩交换（ＤＷＢＥ）近似方法对类氢离子Ｈｅ＾＋，Ｃ＾５＋，Ｏ＾７＋。Ｎａ＾１０＋，Ａｌ＾１２＋，Ｃｌ＾１６＋，Ｆｅ＾２５＋，Ｃｕ２８＋等离子的基态及激发态的电子碰撞电离截面进行了计算。在此基础上研究了电离截面随入射电子能量和靶电荷变化的系统学规律，首次对类氢等电子系离子给出了精度较高的电离截面拟合公式和相应的拟合参数，对于快速获得大量电离截面以满足一些高技术项目的需要有重要的实用意义。     

过渡金属离子对废纸浆H2O2漂白的影响

研究了过渡金属离子对废纸浆H2O2漂白的影响.研究结果表明,经较强的螯合处理之后重新加Cu2 ,Fe2 和Mn2 ,漂后纸浆的白度降低,残余H2O2减少,漂白效率降低.     

电解质对铁铬氧化还原电池正负极性能的影响

本文提出了用氯化铵取代电池体系中常用的盐酸介质.实验结果表明,以氯化铵作为电解质,可提高Cr~(3+)/Cr~(2+)电对的氧化还原可逆性,特别是电解液不会产生老化现象.而添动少量盐酸作为活性添加剂,对Cr~(3+)/Cr~(2+)电对则具有很好的活化作用.我们还研究了Pb~(2+)离子对Cr~(+3)还原反应的催化作用.最后,对Fe~(+3)/Fe~(2+)电对在氯化铵介质中的氧化还原可逆性进行了研究.     

6—30keV单电荷离子与H2分子碰撞的单电子剥离截面的测量

用增长率方法测量了６－３０ｋｅＶＨｅ＾＋，Ｎｅ＾＋，Ａｒ＾＋，Ｋｒ＾＋，Ｘｅ＾＋及Ｃｌ＾＋离子与Ｈ２分子碰撞的单电子剥截面，Ｈｅ＾＋的截面数量与他人数据一致，其他的截面数据在此之前未见报道。     

乙二胺N,N-二(4-乙酰胺苯甲酸)-二乙酸配合物合成、表征与性能研究

通过乙二胺四乙酸二酐与对氨基苯甲酸的酰化反应合成了乙二胺N,N-二(4-乙酰胺苯甲酸)二乙酸(H4L),并以此为配体分别与稀土离子Sm3+、Gd3+、Eu3+和过渡金属离子Mn2+、Fe3+组装得到系列配合物.用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、元素分析及热重-差热分析对配合物进行了组成与结构的表征,配合物的组成可表示为M(HL)?3H2O（M=Sm3+, Eu3+,Gd3+,Fe3+）或者M(H2L)?3H2O（M=Mn2+）.配合物Gd(HL) ?3H2O的荧光发射光谱中没有离子特征谱图,而配合物Eu(HL)?3H2O在618nm处5D07F3跃迁的发射峰最强.配合物Gd(HL)?3H2O的弛豫率为7.43mmol/(L?s),体外弛豫性能明显提高.     

Little or no solar wind enters Venus' atmosphere at solar minimum

Venus has no significant internal magnetic field, which allows the solar wind to interact directly with its atmosphere. A field is induced in this interaction, which partially shields the atmosphere, but we have no knowledge of how effective that shield is at solar minimum. (Our current knowledge of the solar wind interaction with Venus is derived from measurements at solar maximum.) The bow shock is close to the planet, meaning that it is possible that some solar wind could be absorbed by the atmosphere and contribute to the evolution of the atmosphere. Here we report magnetic field measurements from the Venus Express spacecraft in the plasma environment surrounding Venus. The bow shock under low solar activity conditions seems to be in the position that would be expected from a complete deflection by a magnetized ionosphere. Therefore little solar wind enters the Venus ionosphere even at solar minimum.     

NaCl（A^＋,OH^—）：（F2^＋）HA色心激光晶体系列

本文报道NaCl(A~+,OH~-):(F_2~+)_(HA)(A~+=Li~+,K~+,Rb~+)色心激光晶体系列的研究结果,证实了许承晃等人提出的掺杂离子扰动效应的理论见解,澄清了NaCl晶体中K~+的作用在NaCl晶体中首次报道了三种(F_2~+)_(HA)色心晶体。     

硫酸铵-溴化四丁基铵水体系液液萃取分离铅

研究了硫酸铵-溴化四丁基铵(TBAB)-水体系萃取分离铅的行为及其与常见离子的分离条件.试验表明,TBAB的水溶液在硫酸铵的作用下盐析,形成了液-液两相,在pH3～5的克拉克-鲁布斯缓冲溶液中,Pb2+与Br-形成的络阴离子PbBr42-能与溴化四丁基铵TBA+形成疏水性的三元离子缔合物(TBA+)2(PbBr42-)而被萃取到上层TBAB相,其他共存离子:Zn2+,Cu2+,Ni2+,Co2+,Mn2+,Fe3+不被萃取.控制溶液的酸度,该体系能够使Pb2+与常见金属离子Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Mn2+,Fe3+等完全分离.对合成水样进行了萃取分离测定,结果满意.     

ICP-MS的仪器参数对稀土元素离子信号强度的影响

研究了电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP－MS）的仪器主要参数（射频功率、雾化气流量、离子透镜电压）对15种稀土元素的离子、氧化物离子、氢氧化物离子和氢化物离子信号强度及各多原子离子产率的影响,并对各稀土元素多原子离子产率与各稀土元素性质的关系进行了探讨．研究结果有助于在测定单一高纯稀土中的其他稀土杂质时,选择仪器参数．     

新型红色长余辉发光材料Gd2O2S:EU3+,Si4+,Ti4+的合成及性能表征

采用高温固相反应法首次合成了新型红色长余辉发光材料Gd2O2S:Eu3+,Si4+,Ti4+.用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、分光光度计等对合成产物进行了分析与表征.结果表明:Gd2O2S:Eu3+,Si4+,Ti4+的晶体结构与Gd2O2S相同,为六方晶系.颗粒的形貌为类球形.Gd2O2S:Eu3+,Si4+,Ti4+的激发光谱呈250～400 nm宽带状,激发光谱主峰位于365 nm;发射光谱为线状光谱,归属于Eu3+的5DJ(J=0,1)→7FJ(K=0,1,2,4)跃迁.最强的发射峰为627 nm和617 nm,均属于5D0→7F2跃迁,且627 nm的发射峰明显远强于617nm,显示出纯正的红色发光;并且Si4+和Ti4+离子的共掺杂可显著延长样品Cd2O2S:Eu3+的余辉时间.     

双氮桥联菲咯啉大环化合物的均相配位反应

通过难溶双氮桥联菲咯啉大环化合物H2HAPP的三氟醋酸盐在混合溶剂中的去质子化反应制备了该大环化合物的均相溶液,并且获得了该大环化合物的高分辨率紫外-可见光谱．利用pH滴定法研究了H2HAPP在二氯甲烷／甲醇(体积比为1：1)混合溶剂中的质子化反应．结果表明,该大环化合物环外的两个氮原子可以在不同pH值下分别被质子化．光谱滴定实验结果显示,在二氯甲烷／甲醇溶液体系中,Co^2 、Cu^2 和Zn^2 均容易与双氮桥联菲咯啉大环化合物进行均相配位反应．     

稀土水杨醛缩苯丙氨酸盐邻菲咯啉配合物的合成、表征及抗菌活性

以稀土氯化物、席夫碱水杨醛缩苯丙氨酸和邻菲咯啉为配体,在无水乙醇溶液中反应,制备了一类新型稀土三元配合物,通过元素分析、摩尔电导、红外光谱、紫外光谱和热重一差热分析,确定了该配合物的化学组成：RE（L）（Phen）Cl（H2O）（RE=Pr^3＋,Nd^3＋,Er^3＋;L=席夫碱水杨醛缩苯丙氨酸）．通过抗菌实验对其抑菌效果进行研究,结果表明配合物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑制作用,抗菌谱广．     

铕、铽—8—羟基喹啉—邻菲罗啉三元固体配合物的合成和表征

以8－羟基喹啉（Hoxine),邻菲罗啉（Phen)为配体,在无水乙醇中合成了稀土（Eu3 ,Tb3 ),三元固态配合物,经元素分析,红外光谱和摩尔电导率等实验,确定稀土配合物的组成为RE（Phen)(Oxine)2Cl.H2O(RE=Eu3 ,Tb3 ),红外光谱表明配合物中存在RE－O和REN配位键。     

Tm~(3+)和Ln~(3+)(Ln~(3+)=Yb~(3+),Er~(3+),Pr~(3+),Ho~(3+),Eu~(3+))共掺氟化物纳米晶体的光谱学性质

应用激光光谱学及发光学的理论和方法研究了Tm3+/Ln3+(Ln3+=Yb3+,Er3+,Pr3+,Ho3+,Eu3+)离子在LaF3和LaOF纳米颗粒中的发光特性,探讨了获得蓝绿光发射的方式,分析了Tm3+离子的荧光发射对基质构成和共掺杂离子的依赖性质.研究结果表明,在氟化物纳米晶体中进行Tm3+和Ln3+(Ln3+=Ho3+,Pr3+,Er3+,Eu3+)的共掺杂,能有效地获得可见光发射,显著提高荧光量子产率,在太阳能光伏电池中具有很大的应用潜力.     

A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO

Venus has thick clouds of H2SO4 aerosol particles extending from altitudes of 40 to 60 km. The 60-100 km region (the mesosphere) is a transition region between the 4 day retrograde superrotation at the top of the thick clouds and the solar-antisolar circulation in the thermosphere (above 100 km), which has upwelling over the subsolar point and transport to the nightside. The mesosphere has a light haze of variable optical thickness, with CO, SO2, HCl, HF, H2O and HDO as the most important minor gaseous constituents, but the vertical distribution of the haze and molecules is poorly known because previous descent probes began their measurements at or below 60 km. Here we report the detection of an extensive layer of warm air at altitudes 90-120 km on the night side that we interpret as the result of adiabatic heating during air subsidence. Such a strong temperature inversion was not expected, because the night side of Venus was otherwise so cold that it was named the 'cryosphere' above 100 km. We also measured the mesospheric distributions of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO. HCl is less abundant than reported 40 years ago. HDO/H2O is enhanced by a factor of approximately 2.5 with respect to the lower atmosphere, and there is a general depletion of H2O around 80-90 km for which we have no explanation.     

Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars

Models that trace the origin of noble gases in the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) to the 'planetary component' in chondritic meteorites confront several problems. The 'missing' xenon in the atmospheres of Mars and Earth is one of the most obvious; this gas is not hidden or trapped in surface materials. On Venus, the absolute abundances of neon and argon per gram of rock are higher even than those in carbonaceous chondrites, whereas the relative abundances of argon and krypton are closer to solar than to chondritic values (there is only an upper limit on xenon). Pepin has developed a model that emphasizes hydrodynamic escape of early, massive hydrogen atmospheres to explain the abundances and isotope ratios of noble gases on all three planets. We have previously suggested that the unusual abundances of heavy noble gases on Venus might be explained by the impact of a low-temperature comet. Further consideration of the probable history of the martian atmosphere, the noble-gas data from the (Mars-derived) SNC meteorites and laboratory experiments on the trapping of noble gases in ice lead us to propose here that the noble gases in the atmospheres of all of the terrestrial planets are dominated by a mixture of an internal component and contribution from impacting icy planetesimals (comets). If true, this hypothesis illustrates the importance of impacts in determining the volatile inventories of these planets.     

壳聚糖螯合铬(Ⅵ)的稳定常数测定及螯合效果分析

为了考察壳聚糖（CTS）对重金属离子铬(VI)的螯合性能,利用紫外分光光度法对壳聚糖螯合铬(VI)的机理进行了研究,测定了不同c(Cr6+)/c(-NH3+)浓度比下壳聚糖-铬(Ⅵ)螯合物的紫外吸收光谱,确定了螯合物的配位比并计算了稳定常数。结果表明：壳聚糖对铬(VI)具有螯合作用,在不同壳聚糖氨根配体浓度下,当c(Cr6+)/c(-NH3+)≥0.5时,螯合反应达到平衡;壳聚糖中主要配体-NH2基团与铬(VI)按物质的量比2:1形成螯合物,壳聚糖铬(VI)螯合物的稳定常数为1.212×108。通过实验考察了壳聚糖用量、体系pH值对壳聚糖螯合铬(Ⅵ)离子效果的影响。结果表明：壳聚糖用量为0.15 g·L-1,反应酸碱度为pH=4的弱酸环境时,铬(VI)离子去除率可达到87.5%。     

Depletion of intracellular calcium stores activates a calcium current in mast cells.

In many cell types, receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores is followed by Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. The sustained entry of Ca2+ is thought to result partly from the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools. Most investigations have characterized Ca2+ influx indirectly by measuring Ca(2+)-activated currents or using Fura-2 quenching by Mn2+, which in some cells enters the cells by the same influx pathway. But only a few studies have investigated this Ca2+ entry pathway more directly. We have combined patch-clamp and Fura-2 measurements to monitor membrane currents in mast cells under conditions where intracellular Ca2+ stores were emptied by either inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionomycin, or excess of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. The depletion of Ca2+ pools by these independent mechanisms commonly induced activation of a sustained calcium inward current that was highly selective for Ca2+ ions over Ba2+, Sr2+ and Mn2+. This Ca2+ current, which we term ICRAC (calcium release-activated calcium), is not voltage-activated and shows a characteristic inward rectification. It may be the mechanism by which electrically nonexcitable cells maintain raised intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and replenish their empty Ca2+ stores after receptor stimulation.     

碱金属离子对掺铒磷酸盐玻璃除水性质的影响

根据OH^-对Er^3 荧光寿命的影响，研究了掺铒磷酸盐玻璃中碱金属离子类型和含量对OH^-含量的影响．结果表明，采用通干燥O2和CCl4除水的工艺可有效降低玻璃中OH^-的含量．除水效果在通气的最初阶段最为明显，OH^-含量的降低速率随通气时间的延长而减慢，最终趋于动态平衡．比较含不同碱金属离子(Li^ 、Na^ 和K^ )的掺铒磷酸盐玻璃的Er^3 荧光寿命，发现其随碱金属离子半径的增大、玻璃中氧离子体积的上升而缩短；而碱金属离子含量的增加会降低Er^3 的荧光寿命，并且熔体重新吸水的能力变大．