解决青藏铁路建设中冻土工程问题的思路与思考

围绕青藏铁路冻土工程地质、气候变化对冻土及铁路路基稳定性、生态环境变化与保护问题,分析了青藏铁路工程建设中存在的冻土工程技术问题,提出了青藏铁路建设中应对这些问题的新思路,采取积极保护多年冻土的主动冷却路基的思路和动态设计思路,并给出了青藏铁路建设中下一步应思考和研究的问题。     

青藏铁路运营以来冻土路基变形特征及其来源探讨

路基变形是路基稳定性的外在表现形式。基于青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形与温度监测资料,分析了铁路路基变形总体特征,并探讨了路基变形的来源。该研究为青藏铁路路基稳定性判断及病害预警提供数据支持,为铁路工程的维修养护提供依据,也为变形理论分析提供必要的科学依据。研究结果表明:青藏铁路自通车运营以来路基变形总体上趋于平稳,仅有2个断面的变形超出规范要求,但仍有部分监测断面的沉降变形处于发展之中。(部分路基断面不均匀变形明显,表现为路肩纵向变形和路基横向变形差异较大。路基变形较大的断面,其变形主要来自路基下部因多年冻土人为上限下降而引起的高含冰量冻土的融沉变形、融土的压密变形以及下部多年冻土的压缩变形。路基变形较小的断面,其变形主要来自路基下部多年冻土与残余冻土的压缩变形。)     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基温度场的模拟与预测

在多年冻土区修建铁路站场路基,打破了原来天然地表与外界的热力平衡,地下温度场将重新分布.根据此特征可推断多年冻土的发展演化趋势以及评定路基的稳定状况.结合青藏铁路某段站场路基实际监测数据,利用ANSYS软件对2002年～2030年地下温度场进行有限元数值模拟.模拟计算结果表明:路基下冻土上限发生上移,多年冻土得到了保护;在年平均气温增长0.02 ℃的条件下,试验段内冻土人为上限和未受路基影响的冻土天然上限均逐年下降;同时,路基阳坡、阴坡两侧地下温度场分布特征的差异构成了路基不均匀变形和路面裂缝的潜在威胁.     

青藏铁路路基工程可靠性分析思路浅析

青藏铁路沿线多年冻土具有强烈的时空变异性,多年冻土变异性受到了许多不确定因素的影响。气候变化不确定性、工程影响本身的不确定性、冻土工程性质变化的不确定性以及多年冻土变化的不确定性等,必须依靠不确定性的研究方法来实现,因此,必须引进可靠性评价的思路来分析路基稳定性变化。主要分析了青藏铁路多年冻土空间变异性和多年冻土工程性质变异性,论述了工程可靠性分析在青藏铁路冻土路基工程稳定性分析中应用的必要性;结合冻土路基工程稳定性特点给出了冻土路基工程可能的失效模式;结合多年冻土区路基设计原则,对冻土路基工程稳定性进行了可靠性设计和评价。     

青藏铁路中的科技之光

“世界冻土工程博物馆” 青藏铁路格尔木至拉萨段,是目前全球穿越永久性冻土地带最长的高原铁路,这条铁路处于多年冻土区的线路就长达550公里.而冻土对温度极为敏感,随着温度的变化,它会“发胖”或“变瘦”.     

多年冻土区聚苯乙烯隔热公路路基温度场数值分析

为了研究随外界环境条件改变聚苯乙烯(EPS)冻土路基温度场变化特征,运用ABAQUS有限元分析方法,对多年冻土区EPS隔热路基的温度场进行了数值模拟.计算时采用改变EPS铺设位置,模拟路面下多年冻土季节最大融深在路基修筑完工后8a内随时间的变化.通过对计算结果分析得出,在多年冻土区路基中铺设保温材料对路面下多年冻土具有明显的保护作用.当EPS铺设在路堤底部时,路堤温度场分布比较均匀,路堤内部都为正温,在EPS板下,路基温度都为负温,说明EPS有效阻止了边坡和路面传入的热量.因此,如果要修筑EPS隔热路基,应将EPS板铺设于路堤底部.     

不同路面和幅宽条件下冻土路基传热过程研究

随着我国多年冻土区高速和高等级公路建设的发展，冻土路基稳定性成为工程建设的关键科学问题. 应用有限元计算分析发现，沥青路面下路堤底面的年均热流量为砂砾路面下的3倍；高等级公路在路面宽度较普通公路增加1倍的时候，底面年平均热流量增加60％，且增加的热流主要集中在路堤底面的中心部位，并产生“聚热效应”，导致多年冻土的退化进程加快0.6倍；这种关系不会因路堤高度增加而减弱. 因此，在多年冻土区修建高等级公路，会带来更为严重的工程病害，在工程建设中必须充分重视，并采取积极的防治措施，才能确保工程的长期稳定.     

片石通风在青藏铁路多年冻土区路基的应用

青藏铁路是世界上海拔最高、线路最长的高原铁路。高寒缺氧、多年冻土、生态脆弱是建设青藏铁路的三大难题。因此多年冻土区设计和施工是建设青藏铁路的关键之关键。文章根据青藏铁路多年冻土区建设的体会,重点介绍片石通风路基在青藏铁路多年冻土区设计原理、施工工艺和如何保护多年冻土。     

青藏铁路运营期间冻土路基裂缝问题研究

运营期青藏铁路冻土区路基工程最值得关注的变化是不同部位裂缝的发生和发展以及对线路安全运行的影响.通过对不同时期青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程裂缝发生发展影响因素的分析,认为冻土区路基工程基底地温场的不对称以及基底土体冻融过程不同步是路基工程变形裂缝发生的主要原因,路基坡脚和周围冻土水热环境变化是裂缝发展的拉动力,路基填料性质也是不容忽略的因素;根据运营期间冻土路基热状态和工程状态分析,对运营期青藏铁路冻土路基工程状态进行了初步评价,并提出了减少或消除地温场的不对称及保护路基坡脚冻土环境,从而抑制冻土路基裂缝的工程对策.     

柴木铁路高原多年冻土区路基施工技术

介绍了柴木铁路多年冻土区路基的施工工艺,包括填方路基、挖方路基、石质冻土路堑的施工方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-