新型脱氮工艺及其可控因素的分析

简要的回顾了传统的生物脱氮工艺。介绍了基于亚硝化及其厌氧氨氧化的新型微生物脱氮工艺SHARON工艺、ANAMMOX工艺、SHARON和ANAMMOX组合工艺、CANON工艺,并对过程的原理及其影响因素进行了探讨，为高浓度的氨氮废水提供了可操作性发展前景。     

厌氧氨氧化微生物学机制及其在污水脱氮工艺中的应用进展

厌氧氨氧化反应(Anammox)是指将NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N直接转变为N_2去除的生物氧化过程,近年来成为新型生物脱氮技术研究的热点。在厌氧氨氧化反应中起关键作用的厌氧氨氧化细菌是一类对生态环境要求极为苛刻的微生物类群。目前,对于厌氧氨氧化生物转化过程的生物学理论与机制研究虽取得一定的突破,但有关厌氧氨氧化微生物代谢与调控机制的关键科学问题研究还不够深入,严重制约了该技术的工程化应用与推广。本文着重阐述了厌氧氨氧化菌的微生物学原理、生理特性,以及参与中心代谢途径的关键酶基因等,进而讨论了典型的厌氧氨氧化反应的化学与生化反应模型、影响厌氧氨氧化生物代谢过程的主要生态因子。最后,针对厌氧氨氧化技术在国内外典型的污水脱氮工艺中的应用现状与运行效果,深入剖析了产业化工程应用与推广的瓶颈,并对厌氧氨氧化技术未来的理论机制研究与产业化工程应用进行了前景展望。     

城镇生活污水处理技术研究进展

随着城市化的发展和人民生活水平的提高，城镇生活污水排放数量大，呈逐年增长趋势，且污水成分日趋复杂，是导致水体环境恶化的重要污染源，城镇生活污水迫切需要治理，本文在对实施城镇生活污水处理难点进行概述的基础上，就近年来采用生物法、膜分离技术和强化一级处理工艺处理城镇生活污水的研究进展、优势和局限性进行了较为系统的分析，探讨了城镇生活污水处理技术的发展方向。     

我国农村生活污水分散式处理技术的研究进展

随着我国农村经济社会的发展和农民生活水平的提高,农村生活污水排放量逐年增长,导致水体环境严重恶化,迫切需要治理。本文对近年来我国已研究应用的农村生活污水处理技术进行了概括与分类,系统的分析了5类(生物法、生态法、物化法、组合工艺和一体化设备)农村生活污水分散式处理技术的原理、研究进展和难点,讨论了农村生活污水分散式处理技术发展的方向与思路。     

污水消毒面临的技术挑战及其对策

本文在系统阐述污水消毒原水水质特点的基础上,分析了污水消毒面临的技术挑战和污水消毒可能带来的生态风险,并初步提出了污水消毒的安全保障措施。提出如何处理好卫生学安全和生态安全的关系是污水消毒处理中面临的主要矛盾,也是保障处理水和再生水水质安全的关键环节。强调了污水安全消毒技术研究与消毒前的污水处理技术和工艺研究相结合的重要性以及研究开发“水质安全化”综合技术和工艺的必要性。     

序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)研究现状与前景分析

本文简要介绍了SBBR的优点和基本形式;具体陈述了SBBR国内外的研究现状,其中包括影响SBBR处理效率的因素,SBBR目前对不同废水的处理．SBBR生物膜生物特性,SBBR脱氯除磷效能。同时指出,遗过在线测定过程参数以实现动态控制设施运行和投加优势茵种以加强SBBR处理效能将是未来SBBR研究的主要方向。     

微生物细胞金属化工艺研究

为生物约束成形加工制备单体, 对微生物材料固囊酵母菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌细胞的化学镀镍磷工艺、细胞形态、镀层成分和相结构进行了研究. 结果表明细胞壁厚的固囊酵母菌金属化后不破裂、不变形；蜡状芽孢杆菌在适当镀层厚度下仍能保持原来形状；镍磷镀层成分及厚度均匀, 为非晶态结构. 还探讨了菌体金属化工艺过程的化学反应机理.     

一种处理高浓度渗滤液的新工艺研究

为了提高矿化垃圾生物反应床对渗滤液有机物和氮类污染物的处理能力,在充分结合准好氧结构优势和矿化垃圾生物反应床特点的基础上,提出了准好氧矿化垃圾生物反应床处理渗滤液的工艺。单周期渗滤液处理实验和按L9（3^4）运行的正交实验结果表明：在矿化垃圾有效高度为900mm,温度为20—35℃,运行周期为1—3d,水力负荷为5～32L／（m^3·d）,COD负荷为210-1280g/（m^3·d）的条件下,COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别能达到98％、94％和80％以上;渗滤液回灌后,水质和水量分剐在9h和24h后趋于稳定;随着运行时间的延长,渗滤液优先流会增加;在保温状态下,冬季的处理效果优于夏季。该技术不但解决了其他类型矿化垃圾生物反应床总氮去除效率不高的难题,还具有较好是渗滤液减量化效果。     

膜生物反应器(MBR)在污泥膨胀情况下的运行状况分析

在膜生物反应器处理盥洗废水的工程实践中,由于进水中缺乏氮元素而常发生污泥的非丝状菌膨胀,对反应器的稳定运行产生了很大的影响.本文利用正交试验方法,针对污泥非丝状菌膨胀情况下膜生物反应器的运行状况进行了分析比较.     

纤维素类生物质热解研究进展

从热解的机理、工艺、反应器等方面综述了国内外对纤维素类生物质热解研究的现状,讨论了生物质热解产物的组成及其理化特性,重点介绍了热解制备生物油技术。生物油既可以作为燃料油直接燃烧又可以进一步通过加氢或者裂解制备其它精细化学品,还可以从中提取有用的化学原材料。因此,纤维素类生物质热解制取生物油技术被看作是最有发展前景的生物质利用技术。     

微生物燃料电池与常规污水处理技术结合的研究进展

通过总结近年来微生物燃料电池(MFC)与常规污水处理技术的结合案例,发现与MFC结合的污水处理技术主要集中在物理化学法、生物法及高级氧化法三类。与物理化学法的结合侧重于利用MFC的产电特性,如电吸附法和电渗析法;与生物法的结合分为好氧和厌氧法两种方式,主要利用MFC的多重系统特性,大大提升除污性能:与高级氧化法的结合体现在光催化法、电化学法和电Fenton法三方面,其中,与电benton法的结合是研究的热点。将MFC与常规污水处理技术从产能和净化的双重角度进行结合,既为节能型污水处理技术的发展奠定基础,同时也扩大了MFC的应用范围,为今后MFC与其他技术的结合研究提供了借鉴和依据。     

Fenton试剂的发展及在废水处理中的应用

Fenton在废水处理中具有独特的优势，是一种很有应用前景的废水处理技术。文章介绍了该技术的发展过程、主要类型，尤其介绍了和其它方法联合的优势，以及应用情况，并对各类型的优势、问题、发展趋势作出评述。     

Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms

Summary Bacteria, and other microorganisms, exhibit a number of metabolism-dependent and-independent processes or the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides. The removal of such harmful substances from effluents and waste waters by microbe-based technologies may provide an alternative or additional means of metal/radionuclide recovery for economic reasons and/or environmental protection. Both living and dead cells as well as products derived from or produced by microorganisms can be effective metal accumulators and there is evidence that some biomass-based clean-up processes are economically viable. However, many aspects of metal-microbe interactions remain unexploited in biotechnology and further development and application is necessary, particularly to the problem of radionuclide release into the environment.     

苯酚在氨氮体系中的氧化降解研究

研究了氨氮存在下次氯酸钠处理苯酚模拟废水的氧化特性,探讨了苯酚在氨氯体系中的反应途径。实验结果表明:在含氨氮的苯酚废水中加入次氯酸钠,氨氮将与苯酚发生竞争反应。折点加氯曲线表现为当氯与氨氮质量比由5.35上升到27.67时,氨氮去除率的变化趋势滞后;而余氯量则不断减小,没有折点出现。随着氨氮浓度增加,苯酚的氧化降解受到抑制:一方面,苯酚的去除率不断下降;另一方面,体系中检测到一系列氯酚中间产物,其生成量和种类先增加后减少。HPLC分析结果显示体系中生成的氯酚中间产物至少有2种(2-氯酚和4-氯酚),至多有5种(2-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,6-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚)。其中,2-氯酚和4-氯酚是导致三卤甲烷产生的最有效前体物质,而2,6-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚则是生成卤乙酸的高活性物质。实验结果对次氯酸钠处理含氨氮的难生化或有毒有机废水具有一定的参考价值。     

Autophagy: molecular mechanisms,physiological functions and relevance in human pathology

Autophagy is a degradative mechanism mainly involved in the recycling and turnover of cytoplasmic constituents from eukaryotic cells. Over the last years, yeast genetic screens have considerably increased our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of autophagy, and a number of genes involved in fundamental steps of the autophagic pathway have been identified. Most of these autophagy genes are present in higher eukaryotes indicating that this process has been evolutionarily conserved. In yeast, autophagy is mainly involved in adaptation to starvation, but in multicellular organisms this route has emerged as a multifunctional pathway involved in a variety of additional processes such as programmed cell death, removal of damaged organelles and development of different tissue-specific functions. Furthermore, autophagy is associated with a growing number of pathological conditions, including cancer, myopathies and neurodegenerative disorders. The physiological and pathological roles of autophagy, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this multifunctional pathway, are discussed in this review.Received 12 January 2004; received after revision 29 January 2004; accepted 4 February 2004     

Nonseparable processes and causal explanation

If physical reality is nonseparable, as quantum mechanics suggests, then it may contain processes of a quite novel kind. Such nonseparable processes could connect spacelike separated events without violating relativity theory or any defensible locality condition. Appeal to nonseparable processes could ground theoretical explanations of such otherwise puzzling phenomena as the two-slit experiment, and EPR-type correlations. We find such phenomena puzzling because they threaten cherished conceptions of how causes operate to produce their effects. But nonseparable processes offer us an alternative deal of natural order, conformity to which makes such phenomena seem quite normal and not at all unexpected. Attempts to answer the further question, as to whether an appeal to a nonseparable process provides a genuine causal explanation, have something to teach us about our concept of causation, but do not threaten to undermine the value of the explanation itself.     

VEGF ligands and receptors: implications in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration

Intensive research in the last decade shows that the prototypic angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can have direct effects in neurons and modulate processes such as neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, axon guidance and neuronal survival. Depending on the neuronal cell type and the process, VEGF seems to exert these effects by signaling via different receptors. It is also becoming clear that other VEGF ligands such as VEGF-B, -C and -D can act in various neuronal cell types as well. Moreover, apart from playing a role in physiological conditions, VEGF and VEGF-B have been related to different neurological disorders. We give an update on how VEGF controls different processes during neurodevelopment as well as on its role in several neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss recent findings demonstrating that other VEGF ligands influence processes such as neurogenesis and dendrite arborization and participate in neurodegeneration.     

Mitochondrial network remodeling: an important feature of myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration

The remodeling of the mitochondrial network is a critical process in maintaining cellular homeostasis and is intimately related to mitochondrial function. The interplay between the formation of new mitochondria (biogenesis) and the removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) provide a means for the repopulation of the mitochondrial network. Additionally, mitochondrial fission and fusion serve as a bridge between biogenesis and mitophagy. In recent years, the importance of these processes has been characterised in multiple tissue- and cell-types, and under various conditions. In skeletal muscle, the robust remodeling of the mitochondrial network is observed, particularly after injury where large portions of the tissue/cell structures are damaged. The significance of mitochondrial remodeling in regulating skeletal muscle regeneration has been widely studied, with alterations in mitochondrial remodeling processes leading to incomplete regeneration and impaired skeletal muscle function. Needless to say, important questions related to mitochondrial remodeling and skeletal muscle regeneration still remain unanswered and require further investigation. Therefore, this review will discuss the known molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial network remodeling, as well as integrate these mechanisms and discuss their relevance in myogenesis and regenerating skeletal muscle.

     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究

土壤生态过程是川西亚高山针叶林生态系统过程研究中最具挑战性的研究领域，也是森林生态系统功能和过程研究中不可或缺的研究重点。土壤生态过程研究将有助于深入了解森林生态系统功能。目前。有关土壤生态过程的研究主要集中在土壤生物对土壤物理、化学和生物过程的影响以及人类活动干扰对土壤生态过程的影响等方面。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究还处于空白。因此，建议在开展川西针叶林生态过程研究时，应加强以下研究领域的工作：土壤生物多样性的功能重要性及其对土壤过程的影响、土壤与植被的互动、土壤生态过程对气候变化的响应、土壤生态过程中土壤酶系统分异以及土壤过程与针叶林生态系统地上过程的关系等。