Effect of the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio and FeO content on the viscosity of CaO-SiO2-“FeO”-12wt%ZnO-3wt%Al2O3 slags

An effective process for recycling lead from hazardous waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) funnel glass through traditional lead smelting has been presented previously. The viscous behavior of the molten high lead slag, which is affected by the addition of funnel glass, plays a critical role in determining the production efficiency. Therefore, the viscosities of the CaO-SiO₂-"FeO"-12wt%ZnO-3wt%Al₂O₃ slags were measured in the current study using the rotating spindle method. The slag viscosity decreases as the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio is increased from 0.8 to 1.2 and also as the FeO content is increased from 8wt% to 20wt%. The breaking temperature of the slag is lowered substantially by the addition of FeO, whereas the influence of the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio on the breaking temperature is complex. The structural analysis of quenched slags using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the silicate network structure is depolymerized with increasing CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio or increasing FeO content. The[FeO₆]-octahedra in the slag melt increase as the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio or the FeO content increases. This increase can further decrease the degree of polymerization (DOP) of the slag. Furthermore, the activation energy for viscous flow decreases both with increasing CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio and increasing FeO content.     

Investigation of the kinetic mechanism of the demanganization reaction between carbon-saturated liquid iron and CaF2-CaO-SiO2-based slags

The demanganization reaction kinetics of carbon-saturated liquid iron with an eight-component slag consisting of CaO-SiO₂-MgO-FeO-MnO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂-CaF₂ was investigated at 1553, 1623, and 1673 K in this study. The rate-controlling step (RCS) for the demanganization reaction with regard to the hot metal pretreatment conditions was studied via kinetics analysis based on the fundamental equation of heterogeneous reaction kinetics. From the temperature dependence of the mass transfer coefficient of a transition-metal oxide (MnO), the apparent activation energy of the demanganization reaction was estimated to be 189.46 kJ·mol-1 in the current study, which indicated that the mass transfer of MnO in the molten slag controlled the overall rate of the demanganization reaction. The calculated apparent activation energy was slightly lower than the values reported in the literature for mass transfer in a slag phase. This difference was attributed to an increase in the "specific reaction interface" (SRI) value, either as a result of turbulence at the reaction interface or a decrease of the absolute amount of slag phase during sampling, and to the addition of calcium fluoride to the slag.     

Effect of Yb2O3 doping on the grain boundary of NiFe2O4–10NiO-based cermets after sintering

xYb2O3–15(20Ni–Cu)/(85?x)(NiFe2O4–10NiO) (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, and 10.0) cermets for aluminum electrolysis were prepared to investigate the effect of Yb2O3 doping on the grain boundary of the cermets after sintering. The results showed that each interface was very clear and that with increasing Yb2O3 content, most of the Yb was evenly distributed at the grain boundary. Moreover, according to the phase composition and microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), YbFeO3 was produced along the grain boundary. The YbFeO3 was concluded to not only have formed from the interaction between the NiFe2O4 or Fe2O3 component and Yb2O3 at the grain boundary of the cermets, but also from the decomposition of NiFe2O4 into NiO and Fe2O3 and the subsequent reaction of Fe2O3 with Yb2O3. Thus, the pro-duction of YbFeO3 resulted in a cermet with high relative density, good electrical conductivity, and good corrosion resistance.     

Effect of Al_2O_3 on the viscosity of CaO–SiO_2–Al_2O_3–MgO–Cr_2O_3 slags

We investigated the effect of Al_2O_3 content on the viscosity of CaO–SiO_2–Al_2O_3–8wt%MgO–1wt%Cr_2O_3 (mass ratio of CaO/SiO_2is 1.0,and Al_2O_3 content is 17wt%–29wt%) slags.The results show that the viscosity of the slag increases gradually with increases in the Al_2O_3content in the range of 17wt%to 29wt%due to the role of Al_2O_3 as a network former in the polymerization of the aluminosilicate structure of the slag.With increases in the Al_2O_3 content from 17wt%to 29wt%,the apparent activation energy of the slags also increases from 180.85 to 210.23 k J/mol,which is consistent with the variation in the critical temperature.The Fourier-transform infrared spectra indicate that the degree of polymerization of this slag is increased by the addition of Al_2O_3.The application of Iida’s model for predicting the slag viscosity in the presence of Cr_2O_3 indicates that the calculated viscosity values fit well with the measured values when both the temperature and Al_2O_3 content are at relatively low levels,i.e.,the temperature range of 1673 to 1803 K and the Al_2O_3 content range of 17wt%–29wt%in CaO–SiO_2–Al_2O_3–8wt%MgO–1wt%Cr_2O_3 slag.     

How the “Folding Funnel” Depends on Size and Structure of Proteins？A View from the Scoring Function Perspective

It has been well accepted that the folding energy landscape may resemble a funnel according to the theory of protein folding. This theory of "folding funnel" has been extensively studied and thought to play an important role in guiding the sampling process of the protein folding and refinement in protein structure prediction. Here, we have investigated the relationship between the "funnel likeness" of protein folding and the size/structure of the proteins based on a set of non-homologous proteins we have recently evaluated using a statistical mechanicsbased scoring function ITScorePro. It was found that larger proteins that consist of more helix/sheet structures tend to have a higher score-Root Mean Square Deviation(RMSD) correlation(or a more funnel like energy landscape).Another measurement in protein folding, Z-score, has also shown some correlation with the size of the proteins.As expected, proteins with a better "olding funnel likeness"(or score-RMSD correlation) tend to have a betterpredicted conformation with a lower RMSD from their native structures. These findings can be extremely valuable for the development and improvement of sampling and scoring algorithms for protein structure prediction.     

Effect of the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio and FeO content on the viscosity of CaO–SiO2–"FeO"–12wt%ZnO–3wt%Al2O3 slags

An effective process for recycling lead from hazardous waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) funnel glass through traditional lead smelting has been presented previously. The viscous behavior of the molten high lead slag, which is affected by the addition of funnel glass, plays a critical role in determining the production efficiency. Therefore, the viscosities of the CaO–SiO2–"FeO"–12wt%ZnO–3wt%Al2O3 slags were measured in the current study using the rotating spindle method. The slag viscosity decreases as the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio is in-creased from 0.8 to 1.2 and also as the FeO content is increased from 8wt% to 20wt%. The breaking temperature of the slag is lowered sub-stantially by the addition of FeO, whereas the influence of the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio on the breaking temperature is complex. The structural analysis of quenched slags using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the silicate network structure is depolymerized with increasing CaO/SiO2 mass ratio or increasing FeO content. The [FeO6]-octahedra in the slag melt increase as the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio or the FeO content increases. This increase can further decrease the degree of polymerization (DOP) of the slag. Furthermore, the activation energy for viscous flow decreases both with increasing CaO/SiO2 mass ratio and increasing FeO content.     

CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2钢渣体系熔化性能

采用热力学计算软件FactSage的PhaseDiagram模块和Equilib模块对含钛钢渣熔点进行理论研究,并通过熔点实验对研究结果进行验证.研究发现:对于碱度R<1.5的渣系,当TiO2质量分数小于13%时,TiO2对熔点影响较小;当TiO2质量分数大于13%时,TiO2提高熔点.对于R>1.5的渣系,Al2O3质量分数为25%～35%时,TiO2的质量分数超过1%可显著提高渣系熔点.     

CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MnO系低熔点区域控制

通过热力学计算软件FactSage计算分析了CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MnO四元系夹杂物低熔点区域的控制范围. 从控制夹杂物成分的角度,指出随着Al2O3含量和CaO含量的增加,夹杂物低熔点区域大小都是先增大后减小;随着SiO2含量和MnO含量的增加,夹杂物低熔点区域增大. 为了得到低熔点夹杂物,应控制SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MnO系中Al2O3质量分数为20%左右,CaO质量分数在25%～30%之间;同时控制CaO/SiO2比值为0.8～1,SiO2质量分数应为30%左右.     

Effect of defect on the energy distribution inside the left-handed metamaterials

The electromagnetic field energy distribution inside the left-handed metamaterials (LHMs) with or without blank and line defects is firstly investigated. The LHMs consist of an array of periodic unit cells of copper hexagon split ring resonators (SRRs) and wires. The internal energy distribution of the LHMs is measured in a microwave measuring line device at X-band frequencies. It is found that the LHMs only respond to the electromagnetic field around the resonance frequency. The electromagnetic field amplitude inside the LHMs generally decreases with the introduction of defects. It is suggested that the electromagnetic field energy reduction may arise from the symmetry breaking in the LHMs.     

Electrical conductivity optimization of the Na3AlF6-Al2O3-Sm2O3 molten salts system for Al-Sm intermediate binary alloy production

Metal Sm has been widely used in making Al-Sm magnet alloy materials. Conventional distillation technology to produce Sm has the disadvantages of low productivity, high costs, and pollution generation. The objective of this study was to develop a molten salt electrolyte system to produce Al-Sm alloy directly, with focus on the electrical conductivity and optimal operating conditions to minimize the energy consumption. The continuously varying cell constant (CVCC) technique was used to measure the conductivity for the Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-LiF-MgF₂-Al₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ electrolysis medium in the temperature range from 905 to 1055℃. The temperature (t) and the addition of Al₂O₃ (W(Al₂O₃)), Sm₂O₃ (W(Sm₂O₃)), and a combination of Al₂O₃ and Sm₂O₃ into the basic fluoride system were examined with respect to their effects on the conductivity (κ) and activation energy. The experimental results showed that the molten electrolyte conductivity increases with increasing temperature (t) and decreases with the addition of Al₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ or both. We concluded that the optimal operation conditions for Al-Sm intermediate alloy production in the Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-LiF-MgF₂-Al₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ system are W(Al₂O₃) + W(Sm₂O₃)=3wt%, W(Al₂O₃):W(Sm₂O₃)=7:3, and a temperature of 965 to 995℃, which results in satisfactory conductivity, low fluoride evaporation losses, and low energy consumption.     

Effects of basicity and MgO content on the viscosity of the SiO2-CaO-MgO-9wt%Al2O3 slag system

The effects of basicity and MgO content on the viscosity of SiO2-CaO-MgO-9wt%Al2O3 slags with basicity from 0.4 to 1.0 and MgO content from 13wt%to 19wt%were investigated using the rotating cylinder method. A correlation between the viscosity and the slag structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy. It is indicated that the complex network structure of the slag melt is depolymerized into simpler network units with increasing basicity or MgO content, resulting in a continuous decrease in viscosity of the slag. The viscosity is strongly dependent on the combined action of basic oxide components in the slag. Under the present experimental conditions, increasing the basicity is found to be more effective than increasing the MgO content in decreasing the viscosity of the slag. At higher temperatures, the increase of basicity or MgO content does not appreciably decrease the viscosity of the slag, as it does at lower tem-peratures. The calculated activation energy of viscous flow is between 154 and 200 kJ＆#183;mol-1, which decreases with an increase in basicity from 0.4 to 1.0 at a fixed MgO content in the range of 13wt%to 19wt%.     

MgO含量对CaO-Al2O3-MgO-FexO-SiO2-K2O系熔体性质的影响

研究了MgO含量变化对CaO-Al2O3-MgO-FexO-SiO2-K2O系熔体黏度和熔化特性的影响,结合X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析熔渣冷却过程中的物相析出,并通过FactSage软件计算了该体系的黏度、熔点和冷却过程中析出相的含量与温度的关系,并与实验结果进行了对比和分析.结果表明,MgO含量的增多会造成熔渣熔化温度的升高,黏度随温度变化时会出现黏度骤增的转折点,高于转折点温度时,熔渣黏度随MgO含量变化不大,同时该转折点温度随MgO含量的增加而升高.在熔渣冷却过程中析出相主要为固溶的橄榄石相和Fe3O4尖晶石相,MgO含量的增大可以促进橄榄石相的析出,熔体黏度骤增主要由于橄榄石相的析出造成的.     

蒙脱石中Al2O3的盐酸溶出过程动力学研究

酸溶法是目前对蒙脱石进行活化处理的主要方法之一。文章首先分析了影响酸溶速率的主要因素,并在得出的最佳溶出条件下对Al2O3的溶出速率进行研究;结果表明,蒙脱石结构中Al2O3的盐酸溶出过程适用平板-内扩散控制模型,其浸出率X对反应时间t的关系可表示为(1-X)2=-kt;其表观活化能约为24.3 kJ/mol。     

CaOMgOFe_2O_3Al_2O_3SiO_2玻璃分相与计算机模拟

采用分形理论和不稳分解模型结合ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ 方法对ＣａＯＭｇＯＦｅ２Ｏ３Ａｌ２Ｏ３ＳｉＯ２ 系玻璃的分相进行了计算机模拟,应用分维数作定性描述,探讨了玻璃分相的机理·ＣＭＦＡＳ系玻璃在７１０ ℃保温２ ｈ 后产生分相,分相形貌具有分形特征·用图像分析仪测得其分维数为１－７５·模拟所得分相微观形貌的分维数为１－８７,与实验结果相近,分相微观形貌也相似,分相属于不稳分解机理·     

TiC颗粒对CaO-SiO_2-MgO-Al_2O_3-TiO_2炉渣电导率的影响

采用交流阻抗谱法测定了含有不同的TiC颗粒含量和粒度的CaO SiO2 MgO Al2O3 TiO2拟五元炉渣在1633K时的表观电导率·根据炉渣的交流阻抗谱,提出了合理的等效电路;根据表观电导率随温度变化的关系,估算了1633～1693K温度范围内TiC含量和粒度不同的炉渣的表观活化能·结果表明:炉渣体系的表观活化能随TiC颗粒的含量增高及粒度减小而增大,而对TiC质量分数为0 5%的炉渣其表观活化能随TiC颗粒粒度减小而稍有减小;在1633K时,炉渣体系的表观电导率随TiC颗粒的含量增高及粒度减小而减小,而对TiC质量分数为0 5%的炉渣其表观电导率随TiC颗粒粒度减小而稍有增大;在163...     

CaO-Al2O3-CaF2-SiO2渣系的黏度

采用内旋转圆柱法测量了不同组成的CaO-Al2O3-CaF2-SiO2渣系的黏度,采用XRD分析技术对高温熔炼渣的物相进行分析,并计算了各渣样的黏流活化能.结果表明:当w(CaO)/w(Al2O3)一定,配渣中SiO2质量分数低于8%时,对渣样的高温黏度并没有明显的影响,在1 490℃以上时,熔渣黏度都低于0.5Pa.s;当SiO2质量分数增加到10%,渣样的高温黏度开始显著降低,温度高于1 440℃时,黏度值低于0.2Pa.s.随着SiO2含量的增加,熔渣的碱度逐渐降低,破坏了原来熔渣的大网状结构,熔渣的黏度明显降低.渣系的黏流活化能变化趋势与渣样的黏度值变化趋势一致.     

（Al2O3＋TiB2）／Al复合陶瓷与Al连接的研究

（Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋ＴｉＢ２）／Ａｌ复合陶瓷与Ａｌ连接的研究赵金龙董国峰高钦（大连理工大学铸造工程研究中心１１６０２４）关键词：铝；界面／自蔓延高温合成；（Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋ＴｉＢ２）分类号：ＴＢ３３２利用自蔓延高温合成（Ｓｅｌｆ－ＰｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｎｇＨｉｇ...     

含氧化钛高炉型渣中氧化镁对氧化钙活度的影响

在1500℃,用碳还原锡吸收法测定了含氧化钛高炉型渣中氧化钙的活度α_(cao),确定了渣中 MgO 对α_(cao)的影响,在碱度不变的条件下α_(cao)随 MgO 含量的增加而增加,α_(cao)达到极大值后随 MgO 增加而降低.α_(cao)为极大值时,%MgO=8.1～8.6.     

MgO细粉对Al2O3-尖晶石系浇注料性能的影响

研究了MgO细粉的加入对Al2O3-尖晶石系浇注料性能的影响.在110℃×24h烘干,1 500℃×3h烧成制度下,通过改变基质中MgO细粉的加入量,对材料物理性能和力学性能进行测试.结果表明3%～5%MgO细粉的加入能显著改善Al2O3-尖晶石系浇注料的综合烧结性能如显气孔率15%～17%;体积密度3.01～3.03 g/cm3,;耐压强度和抗折强度分别高达104～115 MPa和12.5～14.5 MPa;当MgO细粉的加入量大于5%时,由于材料线变化率和显气孔率的过度增大,引起材料结构的松散,导致材料强度的降低和抗渣性能的下降如显气孔率大于20%;体积密度小于2.90 g/cm3,;耐压强度和抗折强度则分别小于100 MPa和11MPa.     

湘钢高Al2O3高炉渣粘度研究

对湘钢高AlO3高炉渣的粘度进行了测试。通过改变二元碱度R和MgO的含量，探讨在高Al2O3情况下高炉渣的最优配比。实验表明，在高Al2O3下，保持高MgO，较低碱度是可行的。实验中，R=0．95，WMgO=12％的炉渣流动性最好。