Comparison of fatigue property between friction stir and TIG welds

The alloy 5052 was welded by friction stir welding (FSW) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. The effect of welding processes (FSW and TIG) on the fatigue properties of 5052 aluminum-welded joints was analyzed based on fatigue testing, and the S-N curve of the joints were established. The results show that the fatigue properties of FSW welded joints are better than those of TIG welded joints. The fatigue strength is determined as 65 MPa under 106 cycling of fatigue life. The microstructure of joints is fine grains and narrow HAZ zone in FSW welds, which inhibit the growth of cracks and produce high fatigue life compared with that of TIG welds. Fracture morphologies also show that the fatigue fracture results from weld defects.     

搅拌摩擦法和搅拌摩擦振动法制备镁表面纳米复合材料的对比研究

Friction stir processing (FSP) can be used to improve surface composites. In this study, a modified method of FSP called friction stir vibration processing (FSVP) was applied to develop a surface composite on AZ91 magnesium alloy. In this technique, the workpiece is vibrated normal to the processing direction. The results illustrated that compared with the FSP method, the FSVP caused a better homogeneous distribution of SiC particles in the microstructure. The results also showed that matrix grains of friction stir vibration processed (FSV-processed) samples ((26.43 ± 2.00) μm) were finer than those of friction stir processed (FS-processed) specimens ((39.43 ± 2.00) μm). The results indicated that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of FSV-processed specimens (361.82 MPa) was higher than that of FS-processed specimens (324.97 MPa). The higher plastic strain in the material during FSVP, due to workpiece vibration, resulted in higher dynamic recrystallization, and consequently, finer grains were developed. The elongation and formability index of the FSV-processed specimen (16.88% and 6107.52 MPa·%, respectively) were higher than those of the FS-processed sample (15.24% and 4952.54 MPa·%, respectively). Moreover, the effects of FSVP were also found to intensify as the vibration frequency increased.     

Effect of welding process on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar weld joints between low alloy steel and duplex stainless steel

To obtain high-quality dissimilar weld joints, the processes of metal inert gas (MIG) welding and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding for duplex stainless steel (DSS) and low alloy steel were compared in this paper. The microstructure and corrosion morphology of dissimilar weld joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the chemical compositions in different zones were detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); the mechanical properties were measured by microhardness test, tensile test, and impact test; the corrosion behavior was evaluated by polarization curves. Obvious concentration gradients of Ni and Cr exist between the fusion boundary and the type II boundary, where the hardness is much higher. The impact toughness of weld metal by MIG welding is higher than that by TIG welding. The corrosion current density of TIG weld metal is higher than that of MIG weld metal in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Galvanic corrosion happens between low alloy steel and weld metal, revealing the weakness of low alloy steel in industrial service. The quality of joints produced by MIG welding is better than that by TIG welding in mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. MIG welding with the filler metal ER2009 is the suitable welding process for dissimilar metals jointing between UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel in practical application.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and formability of friction stir welded dissimilar materials of IF-steel and 6061 Al alloy

AA 6061 alloy and interstitial-free(IF)steel plates were joined by the friction stir welding(FSW)method,and the microstructure,mechanical properties,and biaxial stretch formability of the friction stir welded(FSWed)parts were investigated.The results indicate that the FSWed parts showed optimum tensile strength during FSW with the 0.4-mm offset position of the tool.The Fe4Al13 intermetallic compound formed in the defect-free intersection of AA 6061 and IF-steel plates during FSW.The hardness of the IF-steel part of the FSWed region increased almost 90%relative to its initial hardness of HV0.2 105.The tensile and yield strengths of FSWed regions were approximately 170 MPa and 145 MPa,respectively.According to the formability tests,the Erichsen Index(EI)of the IF-steel,AA 6061,and the FSWed samples were determined to be 2.9 mm,1.9 mm,and 2.1 mm,respectively.The EI of the FSWed sample was almost the same as that of the AA 6061 alloy.However,it decreased compared with that of the IF-steel.The force at EI(FEI)was approximately 1180 N for the FSWed condition.This value is approximately 70%higher than that of AA 6061 alloy.     

A comparative study between friction stir processing and friction stir vibration processing to develop magnesium surface nanocomposites

Friction stir processing(FSP) can be used to improve surface composites. In this study, a modified method of FSP called friction stir vibration processing(FSVP) was applied to develop a surface composite on AZ91 magnesium alloy. In this technique, the workpiece is vibrated normal to the processing direction. The results illustrated that compared with the FSP method, the FSVP caused a better homogeneous distribution of SiC particles in the microstructure. The results also showed that matrix grains of friction stir vibration processed(FSV-processed) samples((26.43 ± 2.00) μm) were finer than those of friction stir processed(FS-processed) specimens((39.43 ± 2.00) μm). The results indicated that the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) of FSV-processed specimens(361.82 MPa) was higher than that of FS-processed specimens(324.97 MPa). The higher plastic strain in the material during FSVP, due to workpiece vibration, resulted in higher dynamic recrystallization,and consequently, finer grains were developed. The elongation and formability index of the FSV-processed specimen(16.88% and 6107.52 MPa·%, respectively) were higher than those of the FS-processed sample(15.24% and 4952.54 MPa·%, respectively). Moreover, the effects of FSVP were also found to intensify as the vibration frequency increased.     

AA2198-T34合金搅拌摩擦焊的应力腐蚀行为及其特征

To better understand the stress-corrosion behavior of friction stir welding (FSW), the effects of the microstructure on the stress-corrosion behavior of the FSW in a 2198-T34 aluminum alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the low-angle grain boundary (LABs) of the stir zone (SZ) of FSW is significantly less than that of heated affected zone (HAZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and parent materials (PM), but the grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) T1 (Al₂CuLi) were less, which has a slight effect on the stress corrosion. The dislocation density in SZ was greater than that in other regions. The residual stress in SZ was +67 MPa, which is greater than that in the TMAZ. The residual stress in the HAZ and PM is ?8 MPa and ?32 MPa, respectively, and both compressive stresses. The corrosion potential in SZ is obviously less than that in other regions. However, micro-cracks were formed in the SZ at low strain rate, which indicates that the grain boundary characters and GBPs have no significant effect on the crack initiation in the stress-corrosion process of the AA2198-T34. Nevertheless, the residual tensile stress has significant effect on the crack initiation during the stress-corrosion process.     

Surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW steel cross joints by ultrasonic impact treatment

Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a postweld technique for improving the fatigue strength of welded joints. This technique makes use of ultrasonic vibration to impact and plastically deform a weld toe and can achieve surface grain refinement of the weld toe, which is considered as the main reason for the improvement of fatigue strength. In this paper, the microstructure of the surface of a treated weld toe was observed by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that UIT could produce severe plastic deformation on the surface layer of the weld toe and the maximum depth of plastic deformation extended to approximately 260 μm beneath the treated surface. Repeated processing could exacerbate the plastic deformation on the surface layer, resulting in finer grains. We can conclude that the surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW welded joints is related to the high density of dislocation tangles and dislocation walls.     

Effects of different friction stir welding conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper plates

Friction stir welding is a new and innovative welding method used to fuse materials. In this welding method, the heat generated by friction and plastic flow causes significant changes in the microstructure of the material, which leads to local changes in the mechanical properties of the weld. In this study, the effects of various welding parameters such as the rotational and traverse speeds of the tool on the microstructural and mechanical properties of copper plates were investigated; additionally, Charpy tests were performed on copper plates for the first time. Also, the effect of the number of welding passes on the aforementioned properties has not been investigated in previous studies. The results indicated that better welds with superior properties are produced when less heat is transferred to the workpiece during the welding process. It was also found that although the properties of the stir zone improved with an increasing number of weld passes, the properties of its weakest zone, the heat-affected zone, deteriorated.     

焊接速度对自适应双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接Al–Mg合金接头微观组织和机械性能的影响

The butt welds of 4-mm thick 5A06 aluminum alloy plates were produced by adjustable-gap bobbin-tool friction stir travel with travel speeds of 200, 300, and 400 mm/min in this study. The microstructure was studied using optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Tensile tests and microhardness measurements were performed to identify the effect of the travel speed on the joint mechanical properties. Sound joints were obtained at 200 mm/min while voids were present at different positions of the joints as the travel speed increased. The EBSD results show that the grain size, high angle grain boundaries, and density of geometrically necessary dislocations in different regions of the joint vary depending on the recovery and recrystallization behavior. Specific attention was given to the relationship between the local microstructure and mechanical properties. Microhardness measurements show that the average hardness of the stir zone (SZ) was greater than that of the base material, which was only affected slightly by the travel speed. The tensile strength of the joint decreased with increasing travel speed and the maximal strength efficiency reached 99%.     

Development of liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding for AZ31 magnesium alloy joints

A liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding (C-FSSW) technology was developed for welding AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. The liquid-nitrogen cooling degraded the deformability of the welded materials such that the width of interfacial cracks increased with increasing cooling time. The grain size of the stirred zone (SZ) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the C-FSSW-welded joints decreased, whereas that of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) increased with increasing cooling time. The maximum tensile shear load of the C-FSSW-welded joints welded with a cooling time of 5 or 7 s was larger than that of the friction stir spot welding (FSSW)-welded joint, and the tensile shear load decreased with increasing cooling time. The microhardness of the C-FSSW-welded joints was greater than that of the FSSW-welded joint. Moreover, the microhardness of the SZ and the HAZ of the C-FSSW-welded joints increased, whereas that of the TMAZ decreased, with increasing cooling time.     

Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced by friction stir welding,friction stir vibration welding and tungsten inert gas welding: A comparative study

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding(FSW), friction stir vibration welding(FSVW), and tungsten inert gas welding(TIG). FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW. The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG. In addition, the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW.Results also showed that the strength, hardness, and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG. The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization, which led to the development of finer grains.The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%, whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74% and 67%, respectively.     

紫铜的搅拌摩擦焊工艺与接头性能分析

搅拌摩擦焊是一种新型固相塑性连接方法,它的出现为铜的焊接提供了一种新的工艺.对紫铜的搅拌摩擦焊工艺进行了研究,通过工艺试验,对其焊缝成形、接头组织形态及其力学性能进行了分析.研究结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接紫铜时应选用搅拌头旋转速度在400~700 r/min,焊接速度为35~60 mm/min;从显微组织角度,由于接头主要发生了动态再结晶,焊接接头没有热力影响区,而是三个区,即焊核区、热影响区、母材区.研究还发现用搅拌摩擦焊得到的铜接头出现了明显的软化现象,接头的机械性能比母材低,但比熔化焊得到的接头性能要高,其平均抗拉强度可达到母材的80%.     

Al-Li合金搅拌摩擦焊技术的研究进展

Al-Li合金因其低密度、高比强度、高比刚度等优点,在航空航天领域得到了广泛的应用。作为新型的固态焊接技术,搅拌摩擦焊（friction stir welding,FSW）技术为Al-Li合金的工业化应用带来了新的发展前景。综述了近年来主要Al-Li合金（包括Al-Li-Cu、Al-Cu-Li、Al-Mg-Li）FSW技术的大致研究进展,总结了FSW工艺参数及后热处理工艺参数对焊接接头显微组织及力学性能的影响规律,并展望了未来的发展方向。     

搅拌摩擦焊机控制器的研制

搅拌摩擦焊机控制器的研制是研究FSW技术的关键之一.针对不同材料、不同规格工件时,必须使用不同的规范进行焊接,并且能在一定范围内调节摩擦功率,这也是该焊机所必须具备的性能.论述了以电流限值作为力矩自适应调节的方法,以变频调速技术为基础的主轴转速调节手段,从而保证了摩擦头在较大转速范围内改变且运行稳定,满足了不同板厚时的热量需求.同时利用MCGS软件实现了对焊接参数的控制、读取和显示.实际运行表明,该焊机控制器完全满足了设计要求.     

7075-T6合金超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌区组织与力学性能

搅拌区的金属流动不充分容易导致轴肩影响区与搅拌针影响区之间的过渡区出现疏松缺陷并恶化接头的力学性能.在不同焊接参数条件下,对7075-T6铝合金分别进行常规搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)和超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接(UAFSW),研究了超声振动对接头搅拌区的金属流动行为、微观组织特征和力学性能的影响.结果表明:相同焊接参数下,UAFSW接头搅拌区的力学性能均优于FSW接头.焊接参数为1000r/min-110mm/min 的UAFSW接头搅拌区的抗拉强度和延伸率最高,分别达到515MPa和17.3%.在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中施加轴向超声振动可以显著降低搅拌区金属的屈服应力和流变应力,促进塑化金属沿板厚方向的流动.消除搅拌区中过渡区的疏松缺陷,并细化微观组织,是接头力学性能提高的主要原因.     

Temperature distribution study during the friction stir welding process of Al2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Heat flux characteristics are critical to good quality welding obtained in the important engineering alloy Al2024-T3 by the friction stir welding (FSW) process. In the present study, thermocouples in three different configurations were affixed on the welding samples to measure the temperatures: in the first configuration, four thermocouples were placed at equivalent positions along one side of the welding direction; the second configuration involved two equivalent thermocouple locations on either side of the welding path; while the third configuration had all the thermocouples on one side of the layout but with unequal gaps from the welding line. A three-dimensional, non-linear ANSYS computational model, based on an approach applied to Al2024-T3 for the first time, was used to simulate the welding temperature profiles obtained experimentally. The experimental thermal profiles on the whole were found to be in agreement with those calculated by the ANSYS model. The broad agreement between the two kinds of profiles validates the basis for derivation of the simulation model and provides an approach for the FSW simulation in Al2024-T3 and is potentially more useful than models derived previously.     

LF21铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对厚度为1.4 mm的LF21铝合金薄板进行单道对接焊实验。实验结果表明:在旋转速度为1 500 r/min,焊接速度为100~180 mm/min时,均可获得较好的焊接性能,焊缝的抗拉强度在125~134 MPa之间,焊接强度系数为基材强度的78%~83%,说明该铝合金薄板采用搅拌摩擦焊方法的焊接适应性好。硬度测试结果表明焊缝发生了软化,其软化区宽度约为25 mm。在焊接热循环的作用下,锰在焊缝区沿轧制方向析出并聚集成较粗大的脆性MnAl6化合物,降低了焊缝的抗拉强度。     

搅拌摩擦焊技术应用与研究

 在搅拌摩擦焊技术发展的10余年间,从最初的铝合金焊接发展到多种金属轻合金和非金属材料的焊接,因其固相连接的技术优势得以迅速推广。文中对搅拌摩擦焊技术研究的成果与主要研究方向予以阐述,总结了焊接材料、搅拌头结构与材料、金相组织结构与力学性能、运动学和动力学模拟,以及焊接工艺与设备研究现状与应用前景。对于焊接材料研究,已经涉及具有高温流动塑性的金属和非金属材料;各类焊接材料与搅拌头结构及焊接工艺参数的工艺数值优化也在不断规范;金相组织结构与力学性能的研究则为焊接机制研究及搅拌摩擦焊的推广应用提供理论依据;运动学和动力学模拟作为焊接工艺参数优化手段得以广泛使用;搅拌摩擦焊设备的研制国内已经起步,并由单一的固定式搅拌摩擦焊机向多种类型、智能虚拟化方向发展,为搅拌摩擦焊的推广奠定基础。随着搅拌摩擦焊技术研究和应用的深入,对连接技术的发展产生巨大的冲击和推动,特别是航天航空领域的应用,必将带动搅拌摩擦焊技术在国民经济各行业装备制造过程中的迅速发展,具有非常光明的应用前景。