热循环离子渗氮的快渗机制

根据热循环离子渗氮（ＩＮＴＣ）过程渗层生长动力学特性和表面相组分的变化规律,分析了辉光放电等离子体对热循环渗氮的增强作用,提出了循环变温过程相的脱溶和离子轰击形成的表面γ’相导致内扩散速度加快的机制,指出ＩＮＴＣ的深层快渗效果系集离子渗氮与热循环渗氮二者之长所致．     

钢的快速渗氮技术研究现状

综述各种钢快速渗氮技术的研究进展，分析了渗氯工艺参数优化、稀土催渗与表面处理三方面对渗氮层深度的影响及快渗的原理。     

新型合金工具钢软氮化特性的初步探索

对一种新型合金工具钢的渗氮特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,该钢经过软氮化,渗层硬度梯度平缓,表面硬度达HV1100-1300,心部硬度为HV800-900.渗层显微组织是以γ′相为主的扩散层,与传统的高速钢比较,在相同工艺条件下渗速较快,渗层脉状氮化物级别低,脆性小,耐磨性更佳。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢真空渗氮处理

采用真空渗氮方法对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行表面强化处理。利用金相显微镜、XRD、显微硬度计及耐磨试验机研究了表面渗氮硬化层的显微组织、相组成、显微硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明:真空渗氮处理后,渗氮硬化层主要由γ-Fe、γ'-Fe_4N和CrN相组成;渗氮层厚度达200μm以上,表面硬度为1100-1200 HV,比基体硬度提高了4倍左右;在相同条件下,磨损质量损失约为未渗氮试样的1/8,磨痕宽度明显降低,真空渗氮可显著提高不锈钢的耐磨性。     

20钢渗氮表面500℃盐浴渗铬层微观组织结构研究

20钢经离子渗氮后在500℃下进行盐浴渗铬,采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及高分辨透射电镜研究渗铬层的组织结构,并选取1 h,5 h和12 h不同渗铬保温时间的样品来探讨渗铬时间对渗铬层的组织结构的影响.结果表明,在500℃下盐浴渗铬能获得铬的化合物层,其表面相主要为CrN,β-(Cr,Fe)2(N,C)1-x相,且随着渗铬时间的延长β相增多且出现Cr7C3相.在500℃下粒径复合盐浴渗铬12 h得到的化合物层晶粒细小并存在纳米晶.化合物层中CrN晶粒较完美可长大至几百个纳米,而Cr7C3相晶粒内出现许多孪晶或层错.     

冷却方式及时效处理对580℃气体渗氮层的影响

工业纯铁(厚度为1mm)经580℃气体渗氮4h后进行不同方式(油淬,炉冷)的冷却,然后对油淬的试样进行自然时效和100~220℃的人工时效.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、维氏显微硬度计和拉伸疲劳实验机等研究了不同热处理条件下渗氮层的微观组织结构和力学性能.结果表明:渗氮试样完全由化合物层和扩散层组成,冷却方式不改变化合物层的厚度和最外层的相结构,却显著影响扩散层的微观组织和力学性能.油淬试样的扩散层在自然时效过程中形成大量的氮原子团簇从而产生了自然时效强化;人工时效可以控制油淬试样扩散层中析出相的种类和数量,低温时效的析出相主要为α′′-Fe16N2相,较高温度时效的析出相主要为γ′-Fe4N相;自然时效样品具有很高的硬度和强度,人工时效样品的硬度和强度随时效温度的升高而降低,较高温度时效有助于提高延伸率;化合物层对渗氮层的强度没有很大影响,但却显著降低了渗氮层的拉伸疲劳强度.     

中合金铬钼渗氮轴承钢旋转弯曲疲劳性能研究

为了研究化学热处理对大型轴承疲劳性能的影响规律,对中合金铬钼轴承钢进行离子渗氮处理和旋转弯曲疲劳(RBF)试验。以双真空熔炼(VIM+VAR)的中合金铬钼轴承钢作为实验材料,分析经调质处理(930℃+550℃)后的组织和经离子渗氮后的相组成,分析经过旋转弯曲疲劳试验后断口形貌及裂纹萌生机理,构建表面缺陷与疲劳断裂机理之间的关系。实验结果表明:实验钢经过调质处理后组织为回火索氏体,主要析出M2C型和M3C型碳化物;渗氮后渗氮层中化合物层主要由CrN和Fe4N(γ′相)组成,厚度约为16μm,其不利于基体的疲劳性能提升;实验钢渗氮后的RBF极限为947MPa,较未渗氮试样旋转弯曲疲劳极限提升19.4%;渗氮层中化合物层始裂及非金属夹杂物始裂为主要的两种起裂方式,化合物层和表层粗糙度对渗氮后实验钢的疲劳寿命影响较大。研究结果可为提高中合金铬钼轴承钢的疲劳性能提供实验及理论依据。     

低温盐浴渗氮对Custom 465钢耐蚀及耐磨性的影响

为了提高Custom 465马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的耐磨性,分别在440、480和520℃对580℃时效后的样品进行了2 h的盐浴渗氮,使用显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站、球盘式摩擦磨损仪、表面轮廓仪、扫描电镜等设备,研究渗氮温度对Custom 465钢表面物相、硬度、渗层显微形貌、耐蚀性及耐磨性的影响. 随着渗氮温度升高,耐蚀性逐渐降低,但表面硬度增加,520℃处理后表面硬度增大到1240 HV,较未处理试样的400 HV明显上升,渗层厚度达到22μm. 440℃渗氮后表面物相为氮在马氏体基体中过饱和的α'N ,点蚀电位降低约60 mV;480℃时有少量CrN相析出,引起点蚀电位降低约180 mV,同时磨损体积下降约43%;520℃时CrN相的含量明显升高,自腐蚀电位降低约70 mV,无明显的稳态钝化区,磨损体积降低82%,减磨效果明显.     

新型Cr-Mo-V渗氮钢的力学性能及渗氮特性

开发一种新型含铌无铝渗氮钢,并对其力学性能和渗氮特性进行研究.结果表明,试验钢具有较高的强度、塑性及韧性;在相同渗氮条件下,试验钢渗层深度大,且硬度梯度缓和,具有优良的渗氮性能.     

罐装法氯化铵催化40Cr钢渗氮组织与耐磨性能

为实现渗氮工艺的低成本、快速性,以NH4Cl为催化剂,采用罐装法对40Cr钢表面进行渗氮处理。利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损实验机对渗氮层的显微组织、显微硬度和耐磨性能进行研究。结果表明：渗氮层组织主要由Fe相和Fe3N相组成。随着NH4Cl加入比例的增大,渗氮层厚度、显微硬度和耐磨性能也呈增大趋势。当NH4Cl的质量分数为4.5%时,白亮层厚度达2.5μm,硬度为8.89 GPa,失重量为6.91 mg。氯化氨能明显增加渗氮层厚度,改善渗层耐磨性能,是一种优良的催渗剂。     

Microstructure evolution of Ti–6Al–4V under cold rolling + low temperature nitriding process

A new nitriding process modifying both the surface and the matrix is proposed to improve the poor wear resistance and low hardness of the titanium alloy surface. The treatment of solid solution treatment, cold rolling and low temperature nitriding was used for surface modification. The results showed that the microstructure of the Ti–6Al–4V(TC4) titanium alloy sample changed from the original α+β phase to the residual α phase, metastable β phase and martensite α′ phase after solution treatment. The results of cold rolling experiments indicated that with the increase of rolling amount, many defects generated, and the grains were first elongated and then partially broken. During the process of low-temperature nitriding the recrystallization occurred, which effectively avoided the problem of coarse matrix structure. It has been found that after low-temperature nitriding, thin strip-like α-phase with dispersed distribution, which is a typical aging structure, formed. The XRD test results indicate that steady state nitrides Ti₂N formed on the surface of the sample, but the content of Ti₂N was relatively low. Based on the morphology of content of the surface and cross-section it is believed that a special type of nitriding layerformed after low-temperature nitriding. The mechanical performance test results indicate that the wear resistance and hardness of the alloy increased significantly.     

Experimental and numerical study on plasma nitriding of AISI P20 mold steel

In this study, plasma nitriding was used to fabricate a hard protective layer on AISI P20 steel, at three process temperatures (450°C, 500°C, and 550°C) and over a range of time periods (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h), and at a fixed gas N₂:H₂ ratio of 75vol%:25vol%. The morphology of samples was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the formed phase of each sample was determined by X-ray diffraction. The elemental depth profile was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and glow dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness profile of the samples was identified, and the microhardness profile from the surface to the sample center was recorded. The results show that ε-nitride is the dominant species after carrying out plasma nitriding in all strategies and that the plasma nitriding process improves the hardness up to more than three times. It is found that as the time and temperature of the process increase, the hardness and hardness depth of the diffusion zone considerably increase. Furthermore, artificial neural networks were used to predict the effects of operational parameters on the mechanical properties of plastic mold steel. The plasma temperature, running time of imposition, and target distance to the sample surface were all used as network inputs; Vickers hardness measurements were given as the output of the model. The model accurately reproduced the experimental outcomes under different operational conditions; therefore, it can be used in the effective simulation of the plasma nitriding process in AISI P20 steel.     

高温渗氮工艺对无镍不锈钢模拟体液环境下耐蚀性的影响

文章采用高温渗氮工艺得到高氮无镍不锈钢,以提高医用不锈钢的安全性和耐蚀性。实验结果表明:渗氮层氮质量分数可达1.0%,与原材料相比氮质量分数增加了2倍;在0.9%NaCl生理盐水和模拟血浆溶液中具有优异的耐蚀性,在加热温度1 200℃、氮气压力0.3MPa、保温时间24h条件下得到的高氮奥氏体不锈钢在0.9%NaCl生理盐水中的点蚀电位约1 200mV,大大高于渗氮前(约320mV)的水平。     

锰球制备条件对氮化反应的影响

利用自制的密闭氮化系统研究不同制备条件的锰球的氮化反应.考察锰粉粒度、成球压力和黏结剂添加量对氮化反应的影响,并测量锰球氮化过程中实时增重和温度曲线.实验结果表明:锰粉粒度由16 ～40目变成60 ～ 80目时,球心温度到达峰值的时间由164 s缩短为101s,球心最大温升由147℃增至233℃,氮化1h的转化率由90.81％增至93.64％;成球压力由266 MPa增至443 MPa,球心峰值温度将提前89 s到达,球心最大温升将提高22℃,氮化1h的转化率由91.59％增至94.92％;黏结剂添加量由1 g增至3 g,氮化1h的转化率由92.90％降至89.80％;正态对数分布的概率密度函数可用来近似拟合转化速率与时间的关系.     

等离子氮化处理改善铁的耐腐蚀性能研究

通过电化学测试方法对等离子氮化处理前后铁的耐腐蚀性进行研究.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对极化试验后样品表面的腐蚀形貌进行观察.结果表明,等离子氮化处理后的样品的蚀孔数量少,其腐蚀程度明显优于未经处理的样品.应用X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析其腐蚀机理.结果证实,等离子氮化处理后铁的耐腐蚀性能得以改善,归因于材料表面形成的铁氮及铁氧结合层.     

Q235钢密封罐法稀土催渗氮化层的组织与耐蚀性能

针对常规气体渗氮工艺氮原子扩散速度慢的问题,采用密封罐法,以尿素为渗氮剂、稀土做催渗剂,对Q235钢进行570 ℃×4 h渗氮实验.利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和电化学工作站,研究分别加入1、3和5 mL稀土时,渗氮层的组织和耐蚀性能.结果表明：稀土催渗能增加渗氮层中白亮层厚度,并明显改善氮化层的耐蚀性能.但稀土加入较多达5 mL时,组织开始疏松,加3 mL稀土时白亮层组织致密,耐蚀性能较佳.Q235钢渗氮层主要由ε-Fe3N相和γ ＇-Fe4N相组成,与常规氮化相比,加稀土催渗后,氮化层中ε相数量增加.密封罐法可以实现Q235钢的快速渗氮,在尿素渗剂中加入稀土后能明显增加渗氮层厚度,并改善耐蚀性能.     

35CrMo钢罐装法多段渗氮渗层组织与耐蚀性能

为确定合理的多段渗氮工艺,以尿素为渗氮剂,采用密封罐法对35CrMo钢进行多段渗氮处理,并利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和化学工作站研究了由不同阶段渗氮工艺制备的氮化层的显微组织、显微硬度和耐蚀性能。结果表明:采用三段渗氮工艺(520℃×3 h+600℃×2 h+520℃×1 h)制备的渗氮层最厚,其氮化层组织主要由Fe-Cr相和Fe3N相组成,表面硬度较高,耐蚀性最好。该三段渗氮工艺符合氮化规律,增加了渗氮层厚度,提高了硬度和耐蚀性能。     

脉冲等离子渗氮预处理后对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢疲劳行为的综合分析

This study aims to draw an exact boundary for microstructural and mechanical behaviors in terms of pulsed plasma nitriding conditions. The pulsed plasma nitriding treatment was applied to AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel at different temperatures and durations. Results reveal that nitriding depth increased as process temperature and duration increase. The nitriding depth remarkably increased at 475°C for 8 h and at 550°C for 4 h. An austenite structure was transformed into a metastable nitrogen-oversaturated body-centered tetragonal expanded austenite (S-phase) during low-temperature plasma nitriding. The S-phase was converted to CrN precipitation at 475°C for 8 h and at 550°C for 4 h. Surface hardness and fatigue limit increased through plasma nitriding regardless of process conditions. The best surface hardness and fatigue limit were obtained at 550°C for 4 h because of the occurrence of CrN precipitation.