Positive correlation between recombination rate and nucleotide diversity is shown under domestication selection in the chicken genome

Positive correlation between recombination rate and nucleoUde diversity has been observed in a wide variety of eukaryotes on megabase scale. On the basis of genome-wide chicken genetic variation map generated by comparing three domestic breeds with wild ancestor and the positions of markers on the genetic linkage map, we found that SNPs rates were similar for all chromosomes while the recombination rates increased in micro chromosomes. In other words no correlation exists in chromosome size. Nevertheless, when we scanned the genome by calculating the values of each characteristic within non-overlapping windows, instead of single value for each chromosomes, the nucleoUde diversity was found to be significantly correlated with the recombination rate （r=0.27, P〈0.0005）. Furthermore, the significant association not only existed between these two features, but also existed between all 6 pairwise combinations of nucleoUde diversity, recombination rate, GC content and average gene length. This co-variation is very meaningful for the studies of sequence evolution.     

Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog

Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), together with a dense map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across breeds. The dog is of particular interest because it provides important evolutionary information and because existing breeds show great phenotypic diversity for morphological, physiological and behavioural traits. We use sequence comparison with the primate and rodent lineages to shed light on the structure and evolution of genomes and genes. Notably, the majority of the most highly conserved non-coding sequences in mammalian genomes are clustered near a small subset of genes with important roles in development. Analysis of SNPs reveals long-range haplotypes across the entire dog genome, and defines the nature of genetic diversity within and across breeds. The current SNP map now makes it possible for genome-wide association studies to identify genes responsible for diseases and traits, with important consequences for human and companion animal health.     

Chicken genomics: feather-pecking and victim pigmentation

Feather-pecking in domestic birds is associated with cannibalism and severe welfare problems. It is a dramatic example of a spiteful behaviour in which the victim's fitness is reduced for no immediate direct benefit to the perpetrator and its evolution is unexplained. Here we show that the plumage pigmentation of a chicken may predispose it to become a victim: birds suffer more drastic feather-pecking when the colour of their plumage is due to the expression of a wild recessive allele at PMEL17, a gene that controls plumage melanization, and when these birds are relatively common in a flock. These findings, obtained using an intercross between a domestic fowl and its wild ancestor, have implications for the welfare of domestic species and offer insight into the genetic changes associated with the evolution of feather-pecking during the early stages of domestication.     

Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution

We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.     

Endogenous viral genes are non-essential in the chicken.

DNA sequences homologous to the genomes of type C retroviruses are widespread among vertebrates. Ten genetic loci containing endogenous viral DNA sequences have been documented in the white Leghorn chicken alone. Six of these genetic loci are associated with the production of virus or of viral proteins in embryonic fibroblasts (refs 2--4, and S.M.A., L, B. Crittenden and E.G.B., in preparation) and one of the loci may be expressed in the erythroblasts of 5-day-old embryos. The abiquitous presence of endogenous viral genes among vertebrate species and the association of their expression with development of the haematopoietic system in the mouse have led to the proposal that these genes are involved in ontogeny. In addition, the genes may be implicated in oncogenesis as in the case of the AKR mouse in which a high incidence of spontaneous leukaemia is associated with the expression of endogenous murine laukaemia virus genomes. We report here the production of a fertile rooster which lacks avian leukosis virus-related endogenous viral genes and which seems to be completely normal and healthy. Thus, endogenous viral genes are apparently not essential for the normal development of the chicken. An endogenous virus-free state has also been reported for three species of jungle fowl and for the B-type viral genes of the mouse.     

禽流感的流行现状、诊断与预防

禽流感是国际上公认的难以防治的鸡传染病之一，在世界各国的家禽和野禽中都有疫情出现，病毒侵入鸡群后，可出现30％～100％的死亡率，对养禽业的发展危害极大．通过对该病的流行病学调查、病毒的分离与鉴定、血清学检测，能够对该病进行准确的诊断，从而采取相应的防治措施，消灭疫情，减少损失．     

9个地方鸡种MHC B-G座位多态性及其分子系统进化分析

以我国9个地方鸡为研究对象,对其MHC B-G座位全基因序列进行测序,以揭示这9个地方鸡种MHC B-G基因的遗传多样性,并构建其系统进化树.结果表明,9个地方鸡种MHC B-G基因序列具有较高的遗传多样性,在9个地方鸡种中共存在666个突变位点,其中单一位点突变554个,简约信息112个,共缺失782 bp.核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.030 79±0.004 39,平均核苷酸差异(K)为182.639.9个地方鸡品种为9个单倍型,单倍型多样度为1.00±0.052.9个鸡种MHC B-G基因Kiumura双参数遗传距离范围为0.010～0.070,鹿苑鸡与新狼山鸡的遗传距离最小,为0.010;茶花鸡与东乡绿壳蛋鸡遗传距离最大,为0.070.根据9个鸡品种MHC B-G基因全序列构建的NJ树和ME树,茶花鸡单独聚为1类,其他8个品种被聚为2大类.Tajima's D值为-1.554 6,且差异不显著(0.10>P>0.05),说明MHC B-G基因为负向选择,不遵循中性进化理论,MHC B-G基因多态性不是遗传漂变的结果,而是自然选择和人工选择的结果.     

The ovalbumin gene region: common features in the organisation of three genes expressed in chicken oviduct under hormonal control.

Two large DNA fragments overlapping the chicken ovalbumin gene have been isolated by molecular cloning. Analysis of these fragments provided a map of a 46,000-base pair region of the chicken genome. This region contains the complete ovalbumin gene (including its mRNA leader-coding sequence) and at least two other genes of unknown function. All three genes are orientated in the same direction and their expression in chicken oviduct is under hormonal control. The three genes share some sequence homologies, suggesting that duplications have occurred in the ovalbumin gene region in the course of evolution.     

中国部分地方牛种mtDNA D-loop区全序列的遗传多样性与系统进化分析

利用PCR测序及生物信息学分析技术,对我国5个地方黄牛品种、5个地方水牛品种及2个地方牦牛品种的mtDNA D-loop区全序列进行PCR扩增以及核苷酸多样度、单倍型多样度分析,发现中国地方黄牛、水牛与牦牛具有丰富的遗传多样性.对试验牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列与牛亚科代表性物种黄牛、水牛、家牦牛、野牦牛、欧洲普通牛、印度瘤牛以及摩拉水牛相应序列进行系统发育分析.结果显示:黄牛与牦牛的亲缘关系较近,它们与水牛的亲缘关系较远;中国水牛属于沼泽型水牛,也有少量江河型水牛渐渗入中国水牛群体;中国黄牛为普通牛和瘤牛的混合母系起源;进化树显示高原牦牛与野牦牛的亲缘关系较近,环湖牦牛与家牦牛的亲缘关系较近.     

An SNP map of the human genome generated by reduced representation shotgun sequencing

Most genomic variation is attributable to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which therefore offer the highest resolution for tracking disease genes and population history. It has been proposed that a dense map of 30,000-500,000 SNPs can be used to scan the human genome for haplotypes associated with common diseases. Here we describe a simple but powerful method, called reduced representation shotgun (RRS) sequencing, for creating SNP maps. RRS re-samples specific subsets of the genome from several individuals, and compares the resulting sequences using a highly accurate SNP detection algorithm. The method can be extended by alignment to available genome sequence, increasing the yield of SNPs and providing map positions. These methods are being used by The SNP Consortium, an international collaboration of academic centres, pharmaceutical companies and a private foundation, to discover and release at least 300,000 human SNPs. We have discovered 47,172 human SNPs by RRS, and in total the Consortium has identified 148,459 SNPs. More broadly, RRS facilitates the rapid, inexpensive construction of SNP maps in biomedically and agriculturally important species. SNPs discovered by RRS also offer unique advantages for large-scale genotyping.     

Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores

Large-scale climatic fluctuations, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), have been shown to affect many ecological processes. Such effects have been typically assumed to be linear. Only one study has reported a nonlinear relation; however, that nonlinear relation was monotonic (that is, no reversal). Here we show that there is a strong nonlinear and non-monotonic (that is, reversed) effect of the NAO on body weight during the subsequent autumn for 23,838 individual wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 139,485 individual domestic sheep (Ovis aries) sampled over several decades on the west coast of Norway. These relationships are, at least in part, explained by comparable nonlinear and non-monotonic relations between the NAO and local climatic variables (temperature, precipitation and snow depth). The similar patterns observed for red deer and sheep, the latter of which live indoors during winter and so experience a stable energy supply in winter, suggest that the (winter) climatic variability (for which the index is a proxy) must influence the summer foraging conditions directly or indirectly.     

我国药用价值地方鸡种的遗传多样性研究

通过选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了9个药用价值地方鸡品种:郧阳白羽乌鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡、盐津乌骨鸡、腾冲雪鸡、余干乌骨鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、石棉草科鸡、沐川乌骨鸡、泸宁鸡的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算各群体平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离(Ds)。结果表明:30个微卫星位点中有24个微卫星位点在9个鸡群体中PIC均为高度多态,可作为有效遗传标记用于各鸡品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析。在9个品种中,杂合度最低的是郧阳白羽乌鸡,为0.640;杂合度最高的是腾冲雪鸡,为0.690。因此药用价值地方品种鸡的H都偏高,据分析可能是这些药用价值地方品种鸡都产于交通闭塞的山区,形成了家禽品种的多种多型,而且杂合度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性;对Ds的计算表明:体格较大的泸宁鸡与萁它品种距离较远;用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果9个鸡品种被聚为3类:郧阳白羽乌鸡、沐川乌骨鸡、盐津乌骨鸡和腾冲雪鸡聚为一类;余干乌骨鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡和石棉草科鸡聚为一类;泸宁鸡独自聚为一类。这与几个鸡品种的来源、分化、选育历史及地理分布是一致的。     

An SNP map of human chromosome 22

The human genome sequence will provide a reference for measuring DNA sequence variation in human populations. Sequence variants are responsible for the genetic component of individuality, including complex characteristics such as disease susceptibility and drug response. Most sequence variants are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), where two alternate bases occur at one position. Comparison of any two genomes reveals around 1 SNP per kilobase. A sufficiently dense map of SNPs would allow the detection of sequence variants responsible for particular characteristics on the basis that they are associated with a specific SNP allele. Here we have evaluated large-scale sequencing approaches to obtaining SNPs, and have constructed a map of 2,730 SNPs on human chromosome 22. Most of the SNPs are within 25 kilobases of a transcribed exon, and are valuable for association studies. We have scaled up the process, detecting over 65,000 SNPs in the genome as part of The SNP Consortium programme, which is on target to build a map of 1 SNP every 5 kilobases that is integrated with the human genome sequence and that is freely available in the public domain.     

A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms

We describe a map of 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed throughout the human genome, providing an average density on available sequence of one SNP every 1.9 kilobases. These SNPs were primarily discovered by two projects: The SNP Consortium and the analysis of clone overlaps by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. The map integrates all publicly available SNPs with described genes and other genomic features. We estimate that 60,000 SNPs fall within exon (coding and untranslated regions), and 85% of exons are within 5 kb of the nearest SNP. Nucleotide diversity varies greatly across the genome, in a manner broadly consistent with a standard population genetic model of human history. This high-density SNP map provides a public resource for defining haplotype variation across the genome, and should help to identify biomedically important genes for diagnosis and therapy.     

玉米淀粉合成相关基因ZmSSIIa 的序列变异分析

 玉米淀粉合成酶ZmSSIIa 在淀粉生物合成途径中主要作用是将支链淀粉的分支链由6~10 个延长至12~25 个, 对于玉米籽粒产量和品质具有重要的影响。本研究在86 个优异玉米自交系中对该基因进行基因序列定点捕获, 并获得该基因全长为4836 bp 的核苷酸序列。基因多态性分析发现, 该基因座位上有78 个SNP 和19 个Indel。玉米ZmSSIIa 基因的编码区具有24个SNP, 将该基因划分成9 种编码区单倍型, 并编码7 种ZmSSIIa 蛋白质。供试材料的群体中, ZmSSIIa 基因至少经历8 次重组, 可能对单倍型的分化和连锁不平衡具有重要作用。中性进化测试表明该基因在供试群体中没有明显的人工选择。     

渭南市野生动物资源现状及保护对策

渭南市位于黄河中游地区,境内有丰富的野生动物资源,其中水生动物6目10科76种,陆生动物中鸟类155种,兽类37种．目前区内有珍禽类动物64种,属国家重点保护的一、二类水禽有 26种．在栖息越冬的水涉禽中,属于《濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约》保护的有丹顶鹤、大鸨、黑鹳、白鹳、灰鹤、红胸黑雁等6种;属于《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》中规定保护的的有11 种;属于《中日候鸟协定保护鸟类》65种．全市现有野生动物驯养繁殖单位28户(处),饲养种类涉及林麝、马鹿、鸵鸟、孔雀、七彩山鸡、野鸭等10余种．本文从社会和群众自觉参与、体系建设、政府支持等方面,探索了野生动物保护管理模式,这对推动渭南野生动物保护事业的持续、快速、健康发展具有重要的意义．     

Large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine.

Rabies infection of domestic and wild animals is a serious problem throughout the world. The major disease vector in Europe is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and rabies control has focused on vaccinating and/or culling foxes. Culling has not been effective, and the distribution of five vaccine baits is the only appropriate method for the vaccination of wild foxes. Although some European countries have conducted field vaccination campaigns using attenuated rabies virus strains, their use has not been extensively approved because they retain pathogenicity for rodents and can revert to virulence. These strains cannot be used in North America because they are pathogenic for the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and are ineffective in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus, VVTGgRAB, expressing the surface glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (ERA strain). The recombinant was a highly effective vaccine in experimental animals, in captive foxes and in raccoons. We report here the results of a large-scale campaign of fox vaccination in a 2,200 km2 region of southern Belgium, an area in which rabies is prevalent. After distribution, 81% of foxes inspected were positive for tetracycline, a biomarker included in the vaccine bait and, other than one rabid fox detected close to the periphery of the treated area, no case of rabies, either in foxes or in domestic livestock, has been reported in the area.     

A physical map of the chicken genome

Strategies for assembling large, complex genomes have evolved to include a combination of whole-genome shotgun sequencing and hierarchal map-assisted sequencing. Whole-genome maps of all types can aid genome assemblies, generally starting with low-resolution cytogenetic maps and ending with the highest resolution of sequence. Fingerprint clone maps are based upon complete restriction enzyme digests of clones representative of the target genome, and ultimately comprise a near-contiguous path of clones across the genome. Such clone-based maps are used to validate sequence assembly order, supply long-range linking information for assembled sequences, anchor sequences to the genetic map and provide templates for closing gaps. Fingerprint maps are also a critical resource for subsequent functional genomic studies, because they provide a redundant and ordered sampling of the genome with clones. In an accompanying paper we describe the draft genome sequence of the chicken, Gallus gallus, the first species sequenced that is both a model organism and a global food source. Here we present a clone-based physical map of the chicken genome at 20-fold coverage, containing 260 contigs of overlapping clones. This map represents approximately 91% of the chicken genome and enables identification of chicken clones aligned to positions in other sequenced genomes.     

应用模糊评判鉴别种蛋性别的研究

通过对种蛋外形指标（蛋壳密度、蛋形指数、蛋重）的测定，应用模糊数学中的模糊识别建立识别种蛋雌雄的数学模型，结合准确测量的指标与较为模糊的感官评定指标，来判别种蛋的性别。并以生产实践为例进行分析，实际预报正确率均在８７％以上，运用于生产可带来较大的经济效率。