Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

Predictor-based error correction method in short-term climate prediction

In terms of the basic idea of combining dynamical and statistical methods in short-term climate prediction, a new prediction method of predictor-based error correction （PREC） is put forward in order to effectively use statistical experiences in dynamical prediction. Analyses show that the PREC can reasonably utilize the significant correlations between predictors and model prediction errors and correct prediction errors by establishing statistical prediction model. Besides, the PREC is further applied to the cross-validation experiments of dynamical seasonal prediction on the operational atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model of China Meteorological Administration/National Climate Center by selecting the sea surface temperature index in Nifio3 region as the physical predictor that represents the prevailing ENSO-cycle mode of interannual variability in climate system. It is shown from the prediction results of summer mean circulation and total precipitation that the PREC can improve predictive skills to some extent. Thus the PREC provides a new approach for improving short-term climate prediction.     

Predictor-based error correction method in short-term climate prediction

In terms of the basic idea of combining dynamical and statistical methods in short-term climate prediction, a new prediction method of predictor-based error correction (PREC) is put forward in order to effectively use statistical experiences in dynamical prediction. Analyses show that the PREC can reasonably utilize the significant correlations between predictors and model prediction errors and correct prediction errors by establishing statistical prediction model. Besides, the PREC is further applied to the cross-validation experiments of dynamical seasonal prediction on the operational atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model of China Meteorological Administration/ National Climate Center by selecting the sea surface temperature index in Niño3 region as the physical predictor that represents the prevailing ENSO-cycle mode of interannual variability in climate system. It is shown from the prediction results of summer mean circulation and total precipitation that the PREC can improve predictive skills to some extent. Thus the PREC provides a new approach for improving short-term climate prediction.     

Observations of passenger flow and verification of a crowd dynamics model

This paper reports observations of passenger flow in the Wuchang railway station in Wuhan, China during the Chinese Traditional Spring Festival in 2006. The data collected are used to verify a crowd dynamics model previously developed. The crowd dynamics model is based on simulating the global movement of each individual under the influence of the surrounding crowd, and the good agreement between the predictions and observations validates the prediction model. The crowd dynamics model suggests that the crowd movement speed is dominated by two factors： the front-back inter-person effect, and the pedestrian＇s self-motive. The first effect gives logarithmic relationship between the crowd speed and crowd density. The second factor depends on the individual motive driven with which people try to divorce themselves from the control of the crowd movement. The prediction model are helpful to guide the design of public traffic systems for effective crowd dispersal.     

SARS epidemical forecast research in mathematical model

The SLJR model, simplified from the SEIJR model, is adopted to analyze the important parameters of the model of SARS epidemic such as the transmission rate, basic reproductive number. And some important parameters are obtained such as the transmission rate by applying this model to analyzing the situation in Hong Kong, Singapore and Canada at the outbreak of SARS. Then forecast of the transmission of SARS is drawn out here by the adjustment of parameters (such as quarantined rate) in the model. It is obvious that inflexion lies on the crunode of the graph, which indicates the big difference in transmission characteristics between the epidemic under control and not under control.This model can also be used in the comparison of the control effectiveness among different regions. The results from this model match well with the actual data in Hong Kong, Singapore and Canada and as a by-product, the index of the effectiveness of control in the later period can be acquired. It offers some quantitative indexes, which may help the further research in epidemic diseases.     

Constitutive modeling for unsaturated soils considering gas hardening effect

The influence of gases on unsaturated soils is discussed in the paper.First,the selection of stress state variables is discussed.It is shown that gas pressure as well as generalized effective stress and modified suction are required to construct a constitutive model of an unsaturated soil.The deformation mechanisms of solid,liquid and gas phases in soils are then investigated.It is realized that the deformation of gas phase interacts with the deformations of the other two phases in soils.Gas laws are used to describe the gas behavior.Similar to the other two phases in soil,the change of gas volume can be divided into an elastic part and a plastic part, and the latter part is then introduced to the soil hardening equation to reflect the impact of the gas on the soil.Then,a simple elasto-plastic model considering the gas effect for isotropic states is developed.Finally,the model predictions are given and compared with existing experimental data.A good agreement between them is found.Comparisons of the predictions between our model and Wheeler’s model are also performed.     

An approach to improving the dynamical extended—range（monthly） prediction

Focusing on common and significant forecast errors-the zonal mean errors in the numerical prediction model,this report proposes an approach to improving the dynamical extended-range(monthly) prediction.Firstly,the monthly pentad-mean nonlinear dynamical regional predic-tion model of the zonal-mean haight based on a large number of historical data is constituted by employing the reconstruc-tion phase space theory and the spatio-temporal series pre-dictive method.The zonal height thus produced is trans-formed to its counterpart in the numerical model and fur-ther used to revise the numerical model prediction during the integration process.In this way,the two different kinds of prediction are combined.The forecasting experimenal results show that the above hybrid approach not only re-duces the systematical reeor of the numerical model,but also improves the forecast of the non-axisymmetric components due to the wave-flow interaction.     

Nonrelativistic phase in γ-ray burst afterglows

The discovery of multiband afterglows definitely shows that most γ-ray bursts are of cosmological origin. γ-ray bursts are found to be one of the most violent explosive phenomena in the Universe, in which astonishing ultra-relativistic motions are involved. In this article, the multiband observational characteristics of γ-ray bursts and their afterglows are briefly reviewed. The standard model of γ-ray bursts, i.e. the fireball model, is described. Emphasis is then put on the importance of the nonrelativistic phase of afterglows. The concept of deep Newtonian phase is elaborated. A generic dynamical model applicable in both the relativistic and nonrelativistic phases is introduced. Based on these elaborations, the overall afterglow behaviors, from the very early stages to the very late stages, can be conveniently calculated.     

Nonrelativistic phase in γ-ray burst afterglows

The discovery of multiband afterglows definitely shows that most γ-ray bursts are of cosmological origin. γ-ray bursts are found to be one of the most violent explosive phenomena in the Universe, in which astonishing ultra-relativistic motions are involved. In this article, the multiband observational characteristics of γ-ray bursts and their afterglows are briefly reviewed. The standard model of γ-ray bursts, i.e. the fireball model, is described. Emphasis is then put on the importance of the nonrelativistic phase of afterglows. The concept of deep Newtonian phase is elaborated. A generic dynamical model applicable in both the relativistic and nonrelativistic phases is introduced. Based on these elaborations, the overall afterglow behaviors, from the very early stages to the very late stages, can be conveniently calculated.     

Estimation of Sediment Incipient Velocity Using B-Mode Ultrasound Imaging Technique

Sediment incipient velocity(SIV) is a vital parameter for sediment research and river dynamics. This paper describes a novel method of estimating SIV based on the known flow velocity in the movable-bed model experiment. In this method, we use B-mode ultrasound imaging technique to get video images of moving particles and topography under water. By statistical analysis of video images, the relationship between the average number of imaging particles and flow velocity is obtained. The relationship between the change rate of average number and flow velocity is analyzed in sediment incipient process. These relationships are used to estimate the SIV. Lastly, the changed topography verifies the estimated velocity. The results show there is a sudden change in these relationships which can be used to estimate the SIV with high resolution by using a B-mode ultrasound device. The estimated SIV of plastic sands(particle size is about 0.25 mm) is 3.64 cm · s–1 and the estimated SIV of natural sands(particle size is about 0.25 mm) is 5.47 cm · s–1 in the same condition.     

关于牛布鲁氏菌病多斑块动力学模型的分析（英文）

The dissemination of cattle brucellosis in Zhejiang province of China can be attributed to the transport of cattle between cities within the province. In this paper,an n-patch dynamical model is proposed to study the effect of cattle dispersal on brucellosis spread. Theoretically,we analyze the dynamical behavior of the muti-patch model. For the 2-patch submodel,sensitivity analyses of the basic reproduction number R0 and the number of the infectious cattle in term of model parameters are carried out. By numerical analysis,it is obtained that the dispersal of susceptible cattle between patches and the centralization of infected cattle to the large scale patch can alleviate the epidemic and are in favor of the control of disease in the whole region.     

中国肖叶甲亚科属的分布类型(鞘翅目:肖叶甲科)

本文对我国的肖叶甲亚科48个属,根据其地理分布范围,划分为4种分布类型,并探讨了它们的区系渊源关系。     

扩散对一类食饵-捕食系统正平衡点和持久性的影响

研究了一类具有扩散的基于比率的食饵-捕食系统.首先讨论了系统正平衡点的个数,得到它至多存在一个正平衡点.初步讨论了扩散对系统的正平衡点个数的影响,接着讨论了它的持久性并得到了一些新的条件,改进了文献[1]中的一些主要结果.     

一类在两个斑块内人口迁移的传染病模型的研究

建立了一类在两个斑块内人口迁移的传染病模型,得到了该模型的基本再生数R_(12)和主特征值λ_1,证明了若λ_1<0,则无病平衡点是全局渐近稳定的,即疾病在人口迁移条件下消失,若λ_1>0,则地方病平衡点存在,且是全局渐近稳定的,即疾病在人口迁移条件下持续存在.     

区域创新体系中行为主体的系统动力学分析

研究了区域创新体系中大学及科研机构、企业、政府、科技中介等行为主体的关系,分析了区域创新主体的系统动力学释义模型,构建了区域创新动力系统模型,分析了区域创新体系发展模式,并探讨了区域创新主体协同发展人才数量预测系统动力学模型。     

河流网上泥沙冲淤动力学模型的建立与模拟

基于不同级别支流的汇流建立了枯水期河流网上的泥沙冲淤动力学模型.计算结果显示稳态下泥沙冲淤量在河段上的分布服从指数标度规律.利用黄河枯水期的实测数据与计算结果作对比,证明该模型能够模拟自然河道的冲淤状态,且可以预知一定条件下的稳态.     

Land bridge and long-distance dispersal——Old views, new evidence

The theory of sea-floor spreading and continental drift is one of the most important achievements in the last century with large ramification for biogeography[1]. Similarly, cladistics, which was started in the 1960s, has been widely employed in systemati…     

粒子的动力学模型和质量公式

简述了已知的粒子质量公式,由动力学的对称性自发破缺机制导出粒子的动力学模型和振动-转动模型,其简化形式是谐振子模型.由此得出某些与实验符合的定量结论和重味强子的质量关系,同时提出了新的轻子-介子(v,e;μ,π,Ｋ)与重子(p,n;Λ,Σ,Ξ)同位旋I相应的对称性.     

关于一类神经元系统的动力学分析

旨在对Caianiello型离散神经元模型进行分析，由于这种模型具有动态阈值，它能够更加贴切地模拟生物神经元。这种神经元模型恰为延迟动力系统。我们所采用的方法是李雅普诺夫直接方法。文中对各种不同情况得到了神经元系统平衡点的数量、位置的结果。对每一种情况，我们还分析了这些平衡点的动态性质，理论分析和计算机仿真表明该神经元可以具有各种不同的特性，如全局吸引性、局部吸引性、不稳定性或振荡。     

省级经济计量模型的建立与预测分析

选取某省作案例,通过建立宏观经济计量模型来对该省的经济发展进行预测和分析评价,并根据预测分析结果,对该省的经济发展提出了一些建议·最终结果表明:经济计量模型是对省区经济发展进行量化分析的有效工具之一;建立的模型与该省的经济运行基本吻合;该模型的框架可以普遍推广应用