稻蟹生态种养对水稻根际微生物区系的影响

稻蟹生态种养模式以水稻生产为主体,同时适量放养蟹苗,在取得显著经济效益的同时,亦能改善稻田生态系统环境。本研究以水稻不同生育期根际土壤为研究对象,采用平板计数法和MPN法研究稻蟹生态种养对水稻根际微生物区系及主要生理类群细菌的影响。结果表明:水稻各生育期根际土壤微生物均以细菌为主要类群,全生育期内稻蟹种养生产田细菌、真菌、放线菌总量分别为为常规稻田的1.65,0.48,1.00倍;稻蟹种养生产田氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、嫌气性纤维素分解菌、好气性自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌分别是常规稻田的9.28,6.44,5.22,3.65,3.00倍;稻蟹种养生产田主要微生物物种增加,改变了微生物多样性格局,细菌多样性指数最高出现的时间提早出现20 d。     

水稻根际细菌群落的生物多样性研究

从云南省５个不同水稻栽培区的水稻根际分离到２４９株细菌，它们分属于９个属和３个类群，以香农指数为群落多样性指标，对５个样品的细菌群落多样性进行了比较和显著差异性检验，结果表明热带地区水稻根际细菌的群落多样性与亚热带地区有明显差异；     

模拟酸雨对白术根际微生物的影响

用不同pH值的模拟酸雨处理中药植株白术及其种植土壤,测定了白术根际微生物数量的变化.结果表明,酸雨影响白术根际微生物的生长,根际微生物总量随酸雨酸度的加大而减少;酸雨对白术根际环境中的细菌、放线菌、氮素生理群和碳素转化菌都有明显的抑制作用;适当的酸雨刺激（pH为5.0、4.5）促进了真菌的生长,但当酸雨pH＜4.5时,则抑制真菌的生长.植物根系的存在,可使酸雨对根际微生物各个类群的影响不同于非根际土壤微生物.     

转Bt基因水稻对其根际可培养氨氧化菌的影响

通过分离计数以及运用分子生物学手段,研究了吴凤实验基地不同种植年份转BT基因水稻对水稻土壤的功能群氨氧化细菌的影响.查明种植转B t基因水稻会影响其根际浅层的可培养氨氧化细菌种群组成.这种影响表现为:种植转B t基因水稻的时间越长,种植的强度越大,对土壤氨氧化细菌的影响也就越大,这一现象从A、B、E土样的对比和B、D、E土样的对比中得到明显的反映.同样,转B t基因水稻也会影响到土壤深层的氨氧化细菌,与浅层土样中的结果具有相似性.     

花前光照亏缺对水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应的影响

在大田条件下,以超级稻"II优航2号"为试验材料,水稻拔节期至始穗期设置55%和85%两个遮光强度,以全生育期正常自然光为对照,研究花前光照亏缺对水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应的影响,为光贫乏区土壤良性生态循环和超级稻栽培技术研究提供依据.结果表明,水稻拔节期至始穗期弱光胁迫条件下,在水稻生长的孕穗期、始穗期、灌浆期、收获期,显著降低了水稻根际土壤微生物细菌、放线菌、氨化细菌、硝酸细菌、好气性自生固氯菌数量,增加了真菌、反硝化细菌、反硫化细菌数量,从而导致土壤微生物生物量C和N含量减少,抑制了根际土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶的活性.而且,随着弱光胁迫强度和时间的增加,水稻根际土壤微生物细菌、放线菌、氨化细菌、硝酸细菌、好气性自生固氮菌的生长和土壤微生物生物量C、N的含量和土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶的活性受抑制程度加重,真菌、反硝化细菌、反硫化细菌生长的促进作用增强.说明花前光照亏缺降低了稻田根际微生物生物量和土壤酶活性,改变了根际微生物群落结构,破坏了稻株生长的根际微生态环境.     

内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油篙（Artemisia ordosica）根际土壤微生物类群数量的研究

内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿根际土壤微生物类群数量的研究结果：１）微生物三大类群总数量排列依次为细菌＞放线菌＞真菌；２）芽孢细菌占无芽孢细菌数量比值随春、夏和秋的季节变化依次递减；３）在０．５～１０ｃｍ土层中的芽孢细菌和放线菌数量多于其它各层；４）土壤微生物总数量根际大于根外，存在明显的根际效应．     

种植模式和施肥处理下根际土壤碳源利用能力的研究

为阐明不同种植模式和施肥处理对根际土壤微生物活性的影响,采集单作玉米和花生、间作玉米和花生根际土壤,利用群落水平生理指纹图谱培养技术,探究不同处理下根际微生物碳源代谢活性的差异.分析结果表明,种植模式改变引起土壤中微生物组成丰富度的变化.间作提高了花生土壤的平均颜色随时间变化率(AWCD)值,降低了玉米土壤的AWCD值...     

有机和常规栽培水稻根际土壤生物活性比较研究

目的:明确有机栽培、常规栽培水稻生育期间根际土壤微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量与酶(酸性磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶)活性的变化。方法:采用大田栽培试验与调查采样研究相结合,以嘉花1号为材料,研究有机生产模式和常规生产模式水稻根际土壤的微生物数量和酶活性变化,并进行相关分析。结果:水稻生长的不同时期,有机生产模式的土壤微生物量生物量碳C、土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶均高于常规栽培,其中以过氧化氢酶活性提高最为显著。结论:有机生产模式能够提高土壤质量,有利于土壤的可持续利用。     

内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）根际…

内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿根际土壤微生物类群数量的研究结果：１）微生物三大糁群总数量排列依次为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌；２）芽孢细菌占无芽孢细菌数量比值随春、夏和秋的季节变化依次递减；３）在０．５－１０ｃｍ土层中的芽孢细胞和放线菌数量多于其它各层；４）土壤微生物总数量根际大于根外，存在明显的根际效应。     

种植转 Bt 水稻对固氮细菌多样性和固氮酶铁蛋白基因 nifH 的水平转移的影响

通过对具有不同种植年限和不同种植强度的转 Bt 基因水稻与非转 Bt 基因水稻土壤中的细菌以及固氮细菌群 落结构进行研究,发现转 Bt 水稻的种植可能会影响土壤中微生物群落的多样性,但是这种影响的可能只是暂时的,通过对测量种植水稻的芽长实验也得出相似的结论． 另外,根据 16S rDNA 基因构建的系统发育进化树揭示了本实验分离的固氮细菌的遗传多样性,发现实验土壤中的固氮细菌主要分为放线菌门(Actinobacteria) ( 92% ) 和 α － 变形菌门( α-Pro-teobacteria) 两大     

种植转Bt水稻对固氦细菌多样性和固氮酶铁蛋白基因nifH的水平转移的影响

通过对具有不同种植年限和不同种植强度的转Bt基因水稻与非转Bt基因水稻土壤中的细菌以及固氮细菌群落结构进行研究,发现转Bt水稻的种植可能会影响土壤中微生物群落的多样性,但是这种影响的可能只是暂时的,通过对测量种植水稻的芽长实验也得出相似的结论．另外,根据16SrDNA基因构建的系统发育进化树揭示了本实验分离的固氮细菌的遗传多样性,发现实验土壤中的固氮细菌主要分为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（92％）和α-变形菌门（α-Pro—teobacteria）两大类．分离出的8株典型的固氮菌株,其16SrDNA基因和固氮基因nifH的序列两者的分布不一致,nifH的分布更为紧凑,为固氮基因可能发生了原位水平基因转移提供了证据．     

Inheritance of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera of 3 kinds of transgenic Bt strains available in upland cotton in China

There are 3 kinds of transgenic Bt strains, Shanxi 94-24, Zhongxin 94, and R19, in upland cotton in China. Their transgenic Bt insect-resistance cultivars or hybrids have been developed and grown by farmers. Genetic studies indicate that the resistance of the 3 transgenic Bt cotton strains to Helicoverpa armigera is controlled by one pair of non-allelic dominant genes. Linkage relationship between the resistant genes of R19 and Shanxi 94-24 transgenic Bt strains shows that they may be inserted in the same chromosome. F₁ hybrids crossed among the 3 strains show that high levels of protection from feeding damage are the same as that of their parents. Therefore, there is no co-suppression phenomenon in many transgenic plants. The results presented here afford a fundamental reliance in developing transgenic Bt insect-resistant cultivars and exploiting the heterosis of hybrids in upland cotton.     

转Bt基因水稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

以转crylAb/crylAc基因水稻汕优63(以下简称汕优63/Bt水稻)为材料,亲本汕优63(以下简称汕优63/CK水稻)为对照,在田间自然条件下研究了汕优63/Bt水稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响.结果表明,白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth和黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps Ubler为汕优63/Bt水稻上优势种.在整个调查期间,汕优63/Bt水稻田害虫和天敌亚群落物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数都高于汕优63/CK,而群落优势集中性低于汕优63/CK,但差异都不显著.汕优63/Bt水稻田害虫和天敌亚群落物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数消长动态变化均较汕优63/CK水稻平缓.本研究结果初步表明汕优63/Bt水稻田节肢动物群落的稳定性高于常规稻田,利于发挥自然天敌的调控作用.     

Evaluation of transgenic tobacco expressing two insecticidal genes to delay resistance development ofHelicoverpa armigera

The resistance ratio ofHelicoverpa armigera to Cry1 Ac insecticidal protein fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is 13.1- and 3.02-fold after 18 generations of selection by transgenic tobacco expressing Bt or two (Bt and CpTI) insecticidal protein genes, in which the average corrected mortality for each selection treatments is about 60%. The mortality of selected population by transgenic Bt gene tobacco is significantly lower than the control strain when fed on transgenic tobacco plants. The mortaltty of the selected population by transgenic two genes tobacco was not significantly different from the control strain. This is the first experiment under laboratory condition which has proved that transgenic two genes tobacco could significantly delay resistance development ofH. armigera compared with one gene.     

Commercial production of transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties and the resistance management for bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)

There are currently three kinds of transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton germplasm lines, Shanxi 94-24, Zhongxin 94 and R19, in China. They showed high resistance to the neonate larvae of bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). Transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties or hybrids have been bred using the three kinds of germplasm lines as parents. Our researches reveal that there exist different expressions in resistant level at different developmental stages in the three categories of germplasm lines. When neonate larvae are fed with leaves of cotton plant at the seeding stage with less than 10 leaves on the main stem, the mortality of the neonate larvae is 100%, but the resistance level will decline at later season. When Bt gene has been transferred to the cotton genome, it can be steadily transferred to the progeny, the level of resistance to bollworm keeps fundamentally uniform. Such insects as tobacco budworm (Heliothis virencens) in laboratory directive selection are very apt to produce resistance to the Bt insecticidal crystal protein. From the present crop system of cotton region in the Yangtze and Yellow River Valleys, and the expression characteristic of transgenic Bt resistant cotton, we suggest that the resistance to toxin protein in bollworm is not apt to be produced if the transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties are released and grown in the regions except in the Xinjiang cotton region. The managing strategies to delay or retard the resistance are discussed.     

Insecticidal activity of residual Bt protein at the second trophic level

Since the first commercial release of transgenic crop expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), there have been concerns about its potential impact on the environment. Research has focused on the ecological effects from second exposure to Bt prot…     

转基因植物的非靶标效应——以转Bt基因棉为例

本文综述了转Bt基因棉的非靶标效应的研究进展,在此基础上分析了转基因植物非靶标效应研究的研究特点和不足,并对这类研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

Transgenic tobacco plants expressing synthetic Cry1Ac and Cry1Ie genes are more toxic to cotton bollworm than those containing one gene

Transgenic tobacco plants carrying Cry1Ac, Cry1Ie or both genes were obtained. In the leaves of transgenic plants carrying both genes, the contents of Cry1Ac and Cry1Ie proteins were 0.173% and 0.131% of the total proteins, respectively. Cry1Ac protein content was 0.182% and Cry1Ie protein con- tent was 0.124% of the total proteins in the leaves of transgenic plants containing only one Bt gene. Fresh leaves of transgenic tobacco and wild-type plants were used for the insect bioassay against wild-type and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The bioassay results showed that transgenic plants carrying both genes were significantly more toxic to wild-type and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm than those carrying Cry1Ac or Cry1Ie alone. This study indicates that the higher toxicity of transgenic tobacco plants carrying both genes is caused by the cooperative function of both Bt proteins, thus providing a potential way to delay the development of insect resis- tance to transgenic crops.     

转Bt+CpTI基因抗虫棉品种SGK321性状分析和种质利用

SGK321是以"石远321"为受体,导入Bt CpTI双价抗虫基因后育成的抗虫棉品种。SGK321霜前皮棉产量水平高于常规对照品种,接近杂交对照品种。其早熟性较好,生育期短于对照品种,霜前花率高于对照品种,第一果枝节位适中。抗虫性明显优于一般Bt抗虫棉,三代棉铃虫3龄以上幼虫存活率和幼虫株率与对照相比明显下降;用SGK321棉叶饲养棉铃虫,5龄以下幼虫不能化蛹和羽化;对抗性棉铃虫具有较强的抗虫性,尤其是对大龄幼虫的正常生育阻碍作用明显,对幼虫致死快,致死率高;还可延缓棉铃虫抗性的产生。稳产适应性较好、抗逆性强。具有丰富的遗传基础,一般配合力和特殊配合力较高,2001-2006年6年间作为种质资源被中国众多育种机构利用,已培育出72个双价抗虫棉品种(系),其中24个品种通过国家及省级审定,18个品系参加了各级试验;育成抗虫、抗病、大铃、高衣分、优质等不同类型种质材料237份。对中国棉花生产与品种改良产生了重要影响。     

植物抗虫基因工程研究进展

近年来 ,植物抗虫基因工程研究取得了令人瞩目的成果 .根据植物抗虫基因的来源 ,全面综述了利用Bt毒蛋白基因、蛋白酶抑制基因、外源凝集素基因、昆虫神经毒素基因等开展植物基因工程的研究概况 ,并且就其新进展、出现的问题和解决途径进行了讨论 .