极稀高分子溶液粘度的测定

采用乌式粘度计对聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液的粘度进行了测定,发现如果以比浓粘度η sp/C对浓度作图,在极稀浓度区高分子溶液的粘度出现正的偏离.进一步的实验结果表明,由于受到乌式粘度计结构上的限制,目前广泛被采用的体积稀释法将不能用来确定极稀高分子溶液的粘度.文章在对极稀浓度区聚乙烯醇水溶液反常的粘度行为进行了合理解释的基础之上,提出了极稀高分子溶液粘度的测定方法.     

乙醇与血细胞相互作用过程及机理研究

用激光诱导荧光光谱技术研究了重度酒精中毒全血溶液的光谱特性,得到了光谱特征的变化规律,分析了乙醇在生物体内的代谢过程,以及乙醇对血细胞的作用机理.结果表明：重度酒精中毒全血溶液的荧光强度随时间衰变表现出明显的规律性,分析认为酒精作用于血细胞引起血液粘滞性以及血红细胞体积的增大,最终导致荧光强度的规律变化.研究结果对乙醇与生物组织特别是细胞的相互作用及其机理研究具有一定的参考意义.     

Chromosome nondisjunction yields tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells in human cell lines

Although mutations in cell cycle regulators or spindle proteins can perturb chromosome segregation, the causes and consequences of spontaneous mitotic chromosome nondisjunction in human cells are not well understood. It has been assumed that nondisjunction of a chromosome during mitosis will yield two aneuploid daughter cells. Here we show that chromosome nondisjunction is tightly coupled to regulation of cytokinesis in human cell lines, such that nondisjunction results in the formation of tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells. We observed that spontaneously arising binucleated cells exhibited chromosome mis-segregation rates up to 166-fold higher than the overall mitotic population. Long-term imaging experiments indicated that most binucleated cells arose through a bipolar mitosis followed by regression of the cleavage furrow hours later. Nondisjunction occurred with high frequency in cells that became binucleated by furrow regression, but not in cells that completed cytokinesis to form two mononucleated cells. Our findings indicate that nondisjunction does not directly yield aneuploid cells, but rather tetraploid cells that may subsequently become aneuploid through further division. The coupling of spontaneous segregation errors to furrow regression provides a potential explanation for the prevalence of hyperdiploid chromosome number and centrosome amplification observed in many cancers.     

羟丙基甲基纤维素偏苯三甲酸酯的性能研究

合成了肠溶性药物辅料羟丙基甲基纤维素偏苯三甲酸酯(HPMCT). 采用红外光谱、紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法等进行了表征,测试了HPMCT在有机溶剂中的溶解特性、pH敏感性及在pH=6.86缓冲溶液中的溶解性能,并对HPMCT的包衣过程、包衣片的释放度等性能进行了研究. 结果表明,乙醇/二氯甲烷、丙酮/乙醇/水、丙酮/乙醇、乙醇/水等都是HPMCT的良溶剂,并且在溶解过程初期不发生团聚. 用悬浮包衣法制作包衣,不需要增塑剂,即可制成致密、光滑、有金属光泽的包衣膜,具有较好的包衣工艺性能;根据酯化率不同,所制备得到的HPMCTpH敏感值范围为3.8～4.0,包衣片在胃液的pH环境中不发生崩解,在pH=6.86的缓冲溶液中20 min内释放度达到92.60%,符合作为肠溶包衣材料的要求.     

Mapping of an endogenous retroviral sequence to human chromosome 18

The application of recombinant DNA technologies has allowed the detection of at least three families of moderately repetitive DNA segments in the human genome that are homologous to retroviruses previously isolated from mice and primates. One of these DNA segments has been shown by nucleotide sequence comparisons to be distantly related to both Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMuLV) and the endogenous baboon retrovirus and to have the sequence organization characteristic of an integrated retrovirus. Isolation of the homologous locus from chimpanzee DNA indicated that the integration event preceded the evolutionary divergence of chimpanzees and man. Here we have used a panel of rodent x human somatic cell hybrids to assign the chromosomal localization of this segment, called ERV1 (endogenous retrovirus-1), to human chromosome 18 (HSA 18).     

基于PBIL与网络最大流的组炉算法

针对炼钢生产组炉计划编制问题,建立了相应的数学模型,并提出了基于PBIL与网络最大流的求解算法.该算法首先利用启发式规则获取炉次上界,并以此为基础,设计0-1染色体编码的PBIL算法,每个染色体代表一个炉次选择方案,并使用网络最大流理论求解染色体的具体组炉策略,给出染色体适应值,迭代后得到合同与炉次的最优匹配方案.经实际生产数据测试,利用该算法可以在较短的时间内给出较优的组炉方案,为计划员提供足够的决策支持.     

家蚕丝素溶液的粘弹性研究

采用Coucttc流变仪对家蚕丝素溶液的粘弹性进行研究。对于生丝丝素溶液,当丝素浓度较稀时(如4w/v％),溶液表现出牛顿流动行为;当丝素浓度较高时(如25W/V％),溶液表现出复杂的非牛顿流动行为。成烈的家蚕丝腺中的丝素,在剪切速率大于0.25s~1时,能引起纤维化。     

Nonrandom loss of chromosome 15 in Syrian hamster tumours induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes

Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements, observed in a variety of human and animal tumours, are associated in some cases with enhanced expression or deregulation of cellular oncogenes. Recently, it was shown that normal, diploid rodent cells are neoplastically transformed following transfection with two cooperating oncogenes, for example myc plus ras. However, the number of steps necessary to convert a normal cell into a malignant cell is unknown. If activation of two oncogenes is sufficient for tumorigenicity, tumours derived from diploid cells transformed by the transfected oncogenes may remain diploid or have only random chromosome alterations. We have performed cytogenetic analyses of tumours formed after transfection of Syrian hamster embryo cells with either v-Ha-ras plus v-myc DNAs or polyoma DNA alone. Whereas polyoma-induced, tumour-derived cells were diploid, tumours induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes were monoclonal and had a nonrandom chromosome change, monosomy of chromosome 15. Thus, an additional change, loss of chromosome 15, is required for or is advantageous for tumorigenicity induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes. These results suggest that the neoplastic progression of normal, diploid cells requires more than two steps under certain conditions.     

疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺的自组装行为

使用荧光光谱和动态光散射方法研究了疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在水溶液中的结构和自组装行为。实验表明:HAPAM通过疏水作用,极易缔合形成聚集体,具有很低浓度的临界缔合浓度。动态光散射实验跟踪了HAPAM聚集体从小到大的生长过程,从溶液的微观结构上找到了HAPAM与PAM性能差异的根本原因。     

有序壳聚糖膜的制备及降解性能研究

 以三聚磷酸钠(TPP)作交联剂,用2次交联法,制备了一种新的有序壳聚糖交联膜(CS/TPP),并用溶菌酶对其进行了体外降解性研究,同时用隧道扫描电镜(SPM)对膜进行了表征.结果表明:有序CS/TPP膜有着致密有序的结构和良好的生物可降解性.     

A single amino-acid difference confers major pharmacological variation between human and rodent 5-HT1B receptors.

Neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, migraine, vasospasm and epilepsy may involve different subtypes of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor. The 1B subtype, which has a unique pharmacology, was first identified in rodent brain. But a similar receptor could not be detected in human brain, suggesting the absence in man of a receptor with equivalent function. Recently a human receptor gene was isolated (designated 5-HT1B receptor, 5-HT1D beta receptor, or S12 receptor) which shares 93% identity of the deduced protein sequence with rodent 5-HT1B receptors. Although this receptor is identical to rodent 5-HT1B receptors in binding to 5-HT, it differs profoundly in binding to many drugs. Here we show that replacement of a single amino acid in the human receptor (threonine at residue 355) with a corresponding asparagine found in rodent 5-HT1B receptors renders the pharmacology of the receptors essentially identical. This demonstrates that the human gene does indeed encode a 1B receptor, which is likely to have the same biological functions as the rodent 5-HT1B receptor. In addition, these findings show that minute sequence differences between homologues of the same receptor from different species can cause large pharmacological variation. Thus, drug-receptor interactions should not be extrapolated from animal to human species without verification.     

Role of paternal and maternal genomes in mouse development

There has been much speculation on whether mammalian eggs with two male pronuclei can develop normally. Eggs with two female pronuclei can sometimes develop as far as the 25-somite stage but with only very meagre extraembryonic tissues. We suggested that the genome undergoes specific imprinting during gametogenesis and that some paternal genes may be necessary for normal development of the extraembryonic tissues, in which only the maternal X chromosome remains active. However, the need for the maternal genome for development to term is not yet unequivocally established. The detailed study described here demonstrates that while between 40 and 50% of heterozygous reconstituted eggs with a male and a female pronucleus develop to term, none of the eggs with two male pronuclei does so. Furthermore, embryos in the latter case are very retarded, even though the trophoblast develops relatively well compared with embryos having two female pronuclei. Our combined results indicate that while the paternal genome is essential for the normal development of extraembryonic tissues, the maternal genome may be essential for some stages of embryogenesis.     

阳极液对钠碱膜电解再生的影响

湿法脱硫以其高效成熟而得到广泛应用,但存在着脱硫废液处理和吸收富液再生等问题,为此,将膜技术应用于湿法脱硫吸收富液再生过程中,研究不同阳极液对膜电解过程各个参数的影响规律．在自制的二室A201阴极膜电解装置中,分别采用硫酸溶液和水作为阳极液,研究不同阳极液对钠碱吸收液再生过程中电流密度、硫酸回收率、吸收富液再生效果和再生电耗的影响规律．实验结果表明,阳极液的类型和浓度对膜电解再生过程中各个参数具有较大影响．当阳极液为稀硫酸时有利于电流的通过,阳极室初始稀硫酸浓度越大则硫酸回收效果越好,阴极钠碱液的再生电耗效率越高;当阳极液为水时,溶液导电能力较弱,但无论从电流密度还是电耗对再生效率的影响来看,水溶液相对于稀硫酸更利于阴极液的低能耗和高效率再生,其较佳的膜电解电耗约为690kW·h／t（NaHSO3）．     

从木腊树中提取非瑟酮的研究

以浸出回流收率、纯度为指标,通过对比实验,优选非瑟酮提取、纯化工艺。实验结果表明：浸渍提取的最佳工艺为60%-70%乙醇、稀Ca（OH）2溶液;乙醇回流二次提取回流时间最佳为1.5h;分子印迹-固相萃取法提纯非瑟酮得率达98%以上、纯度99.6%以上。优选出的方法可为非瑟酮提取、提纯工艺提供实验依据。     

醇碱法制备非晶颗粒态淀粉

提出了一种以玉米淀粉为原料,在一定比例的碱和醇混合液的作用下制备非晶颗粒态淀粉(NCGS)的方法.具体步骤如下:将原淀粉在一定温度下经碱醇混合液处理,使颗粒发生有限膨胀,经中和后,以一定浓度的乙醇溶液洗涤,烘干即得到非晶颗粒态淀粉.采用偏光显微镜及X射线衍射仪对淀粉结晶结构的变化进行了确认.提出在一定条件下,可以用一定浓度的碱处理醇水分散体系的淀粉来制备非晶颗粒态淀粉.     

MEMETIC算法在多峰连续函数优化问题中的应用

根据多峰连续函数优化问题的特点,在Memetic算法的框架下,采用了爬山局部搜索与自适应多点交叉、随机变异相结合的策略对染色体群体进行优化,有效避免算法陷入局部最优,提高了算法的效率。数值计算表明Memetic算法在求解多峰连续函数优化问题上具有很好的效果。     

In situ nick-translation distinguishes between active and inactive X chromosomes

Template-active regions of chromatin are structurally distinct from nontranscribing segments of the genome. Recently, it was suggested that the conformation of active genes which renders them sensitive to DNase I may be maintained even in fixed mitotic chromosomes. We have developed a technique of mitotic cell fixation and DNase I-directed nick-translation which distinguishes between active and inactive X chromosomes. We report here that Gerbillus gerbillus (rodent) female cells contain easily identified composite X chromosomes each of which includes the original X chromosome flanked by two characteristic autosomal segments. After nick-translation the active X chromosome in each cell is labelled specifically in both the autosomal and X-chromosomal regions. The inactive X chromosome is labelled only in the autosomal regions and in a small early replicating band within the late replicating 'original X' chromosome. Our technique opens the possibility of following the kinetics of X-chromosome inactivation and reactivation during embryogenesis, studying active genes in the inactive X chromosome and mapping tissue-specific gene clusters.     

Microorganisms associated with chromosome destruction and reproductive isolation between two insect species

Microorganisms have been implicated in causing cytoplasmic incompatibility in a variety of insect species, including mosquitoes, fruitflies, beetles and wasps. The effect is typically unidirectional: incompatible crosses produce no progeny or sterile males, whereas the reciprocal crosses produce normal progeny. The parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis is one of the few species in which the cytogenetic mechanism of incompatibility is known. In this species the paternal chromosome set forms a tangled mass in a fertilized egg and is eventually lost. Here we report that cytoplasmic microorganisms are associated with complete bidirectional incompatibility between N. vitripennis and a closely related sympatric species, N. giraulti. Microorganisms can be seen in the eggs of both species. Hybrid offspring are normally not produced in crosses between the two species, but do occur after elimination of the microorganisms by antibiotic treatment. A cytogenetic and genetic study shows that bidirectional interspecific incompatibility is due to improper condensation of the paternal chromosomes. Microorganism-mediated reproductive isolation is of interest because it could provide a rapid mode of speciation. The mechanism of incompatibility in Nasonia is also of interest as a potential tool for studying chromosome imprinting and chromosome condensation.     

P(MAA-co-AAm)/Fe_3O_4交联磁性复合微球的表征与药物释放研究

磁性高分子微球是利用微胶囊化方法,使有机高分子与无机磁性粒子Fe₃O₄结合起来形成的具有磁响应性的高分子微球.对以聚(甲基丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)(P(MAA-co-AAm))为高分子基材、四氧化三体(Fe₃O₄)为磁性内核通过化学方法制备的 P(MAA-co-AAm)/Fe₃O₄磁性复合微球性能进行了表征.扫描电镜(SEM)照片显示,复合微球呈现明显的交联结构特征,分散性较好.将茶碱负载到P(MAA-co-AAm)/Fe₃O₄磁性交联复合微球上,对其药物释放情况研究表明,在pH值为7.4的碱性缓冲溶液及去离子水中茶碱释放速率较快,在8 h左右达到释放平衡; 而在pH值为1.4的酸性缓冲溶液中,茶碱的释放缓慢,表明P(MAA-co-AAm)/Fe₃O₄磁性复合微球有很好的pH值响应性.因此,载药交联微球在酸性胃液和碱性肠道液中能够自动调节药物释放速率,具有靶向药物释放效果,P(MAA-co-AAm)/Fe₃O₄交联磁性微球可做为靶向药物载体.     

β-环糊精/萘酚对有机小分子识别作用研究

有机小分子甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、丙酮、丁酮、乙腈、乙二醇在Britton-Robison三酸缓冲液中,不仅改变了β-环糊精(CD)空腔的微环境,而且使β-CD/萘酚超分子包合物的离解常数发生改变.文章用荧光法研究了主客体分子间的诱导契合和几何互补等方面β-环糊精/萘酚对小分子的结合能力和分子选择性.结果表明:β-环糊精/萘酚作为一种光谱探针可用于指示分子键合能力和分子识别能力.