硬脆性页岩基础物性实验及井壁稳定性分析

近年来,由于世界能源的需求量剧增,页岩气的勘探、开发、研究已成为石油行业关注的焦点,其中最令人关注的工程难题之一就是钻井过程中的井壁失稳问题。龙马溪组页岩更是频繁的发生严重的井壁垮塌事故,给钻井施工造成了很大的困难。通过室内实验分析龙马溪组页岩露头的矿物成分、微观结构以及力学性质,研究了其井壁失稳机理。岩心轴向与层理面法向夹角为45°~70°之间时,其破坏形式主要表现为沿层理面的剪切滑移;当夹角为60°左右时,岩石的抗压强度最低。龙马溪组页岩在纵向上呈层状分布,微孔隙、微裂缝发育,表现出很强的各向异性。采用常规的均质模型,坍塌压力计算结果往往会偏低,因此考虑含弱面结构的破坏准则进行井壁稳定性分析更接近真实情况。     

页岩层理对水平井井壁稳定的影响

中国南方海相页岩气区硬脆性页岩储层层理/裂缝发育,层理性页岩水平井钻井井壁坍塌问题已严重制约页
岩气勘探开发进程。为此,以线弹性井壁稳定力学模型和单一弱面强度理论为基础,建立了考虑页岩层理产状、层理
弱面强度、岩石强度、水平井方位、强度弱化（含水量）等因素影响的层理性页岩水平井井壁稳定模型。在此基础上定
量分析了层理产状和含水量对水平井井壁坍塌压力的影响。结果表明：坍塌压力与层理面产状、井眼方位关系密切,
地层倾角0°<θDIP<15°、75°<θDIP<90° 时有利于水平井井壁稳定;页岩层理弱化是导致井壁坍塌失稳的重要原因,无论
层理产状如何变化,随着层理含水量的增加,井壁坍塌压力迅速增加,坍塌压力增量约为4.30～22.62 MPa,含水量20%
时坍塌压力增幅可达100%。     

南堡沙河街组硬脆性泥页岩地层漏失压力预测方法

南堡沙河街组硬脆性泥页岩是典型的井壁易失稳地层,钻井过程中,井壁垮塌、漏失现象频发。目前,针对页岩井壁失稳现象,研究主要集中在结构面影响下的井壁垮塌。然而,实际钻井过程中,由于泥页岩层理、裂缝等结构面发育,导致地层漏失明显,严重制约了安全高效钻井。因此,本文基于室内力学实验,考虑页岩结构面发育特征,融合页岩沿基体破裂、沿层理或裂缝破裂及沿裂缝扩展等多类漏失机制,构建了一种新的硬脆性泥页岩地层漏失压力预测方法,明确了地层漏失压分布特征及影响因素。研究结果显示：层理与天然裂缝作为典型弱结构面,是硬脆性泥页岩地层漏失的主要控制因素。相比较均质地层,结构面发育的页岩地层漏失压力明显降低,安全井眼轨迹方位减少,钻井难度增大。此外,受弱结构面影响,难见沿基体的破裂漏失现象。漏失优先出现在天然裂缝面,天然裂缝对漏失影响强于层理面。研究成果可为硬脆性页岩地层钻井设计提供理论基础,对实现页岩地层安全高效钻井具有重要意义。     

层理地层基质与弱面坍塌失稳规律分析

渤海深部地层中存在大量的硬脆性泥页岩,易发生井壁失稳问题.将硬脆性泥页岩当作一种横观各向同性介质,建立了横观各向同性地层井周基质及层理弱面应力计算模型,在此基础上,获取了弹性参数各向异性、井眼轨迹及层理产状对井壁坍塌破坏的影响规律.研究表明,各向异性对层理弱面应力分布影响显著,与各向同性模型相比,误差最大约为31%;随...     

川西硬脆性页岩力学特征及井壁稳定性研究

在硬脆性页岩地层钻井过程中井壁失稳现象频发,严重阻碍了现场钻井作业的进程。针对小塘子组页岩钻进过程中发生的井下垮塌现象,通过开展系统室内实验测试,并结合实验数据建立的理论模型,评价分析小塘子组页岩地层的井壁稳定情况。结果显示,小塘子组页岩属于典型的硬脆性页岩,层理缝发育,在外力或高应力环境下可以产生张性裂缝;钻井液浸泡效应可降低小塘子组页岩地层力学强度,层理走向及力学弱面效应对小塘子组页岩力学性能影响明显;裂缝走向、井眼轨迹及井壁渗流场影响小塘子组页岩地层井壁稳定性,当裂缝面与井眼轴线之间夹角满足一定关系,井壁岩石容易沿裂缝面发生滑移垮塌。     

古生界海相页岩储层井壁稳定影响因素分析

古生界海相页岩主要发育有水井沱组、鲁家坪组、牛蹄塘组以及五峰-龙马溪组等页岩储层。由于不同储层矿物成份、地质特征以及岩石力学特征不同,因而,会对井壁稳定产生不同的影响作用。通过对古生界海相页岩储层进行矿物成份、水化作用、岩石力学实验以及数值模拟,分析影响古生界海相页岩储层井壁稳定的因素,结果表明:1古生界海相页岩储层均不含易水化膨胀的蒙脱石;2古生界海相页岩储层具有非水敏性特征,水化作用不是影响井壁稳定的主要因素;3水基钻井液会降低古生界海相页岩储层岩石强度,降低幅度在6.4%~37.33%之间;4大倾角、层理弱面对井壁稳定有显著影响,会导致钻井液安全密度窗口会大幅减小。     

层理性页岩水平井井壁稳定性分析

基于孔隙弹性力学和单结构面强度理论,建立层理性页岩水平井井壁稳定力学分析模型,分析层理面产状(走向、倾角)、井眼轨迹(井眼方位)和层理面强度弱化对水平井井壁稳定的影响。研究结果表明:页岩层理面产状和层理面强度弱化是导致水平井井壁坍塌失稳的主要因素;层理面倾角为0°~30°时,沿着任何方位钻水平井的井壁稳定性都比较差,而层理面倾角为30°~90°时,沿特定方位钻水平井的井壁稳定性却比较好的,这便为井眼钻进方位的优化设计提供重要依据;层理面强度弱化的影响可以比层理面产状的影响更大,不同产状下坍塌压力差异可达0.45 g/cm3,而层理面强度弱化导致的井壁坍塌压力可增加约0.54 g/cm3;钻井液在渗透作用下沿层理面侵入地层,导致层理面黏聚力和内摩擦角降低,使井壁岩石更容易沿层理产生滑移,从而加剧井壁坍塌失稳的风险。最后,采用该模型在四川东南部威远构造第一口页岩气水平井W201-H1井进行了验证,井壁坍塌压力分析结果与实际情况吻合良好。     

层理性泥页岩大斜度井井壁稳定性研究

层理性泥页岩的井壁失稳是制约深部油气钻井成功的关键问题之一。由于强度的各向异性,钻进大斜度井时更容易发生严重的井壁失稳问题。根据多孔介质弹性力学理论,建立了大斜度井井周应力状态,采用双重坐标转换,得到了井周集中应力在层理面上的分布。层理弱面和岩石基体均采用莫尔-库仑破坏准则,建立了层理性泥页岩大斜度井井壁稳定分析方法,综合考虑了层理面产状、井斜方位和地应力等因素的影响。研究结果表明,对特定产状的层理面而言,井斜角和方位角对井壁稳定性有重要影响。当井斜角超过一定角度后,坍塌压力急剧升高,井壁失稳风险增大,维持井壁稳定需要的钻井液密度较高,向水平最大主应力方向钻进大斜度井时坍塌压力最高,井壁失稳风险最大,应尽量避免井眼方位与水平最大主应力方向一致。     

层理产状对页岩气水平井井壁稳定性的影响

根据四川盆地某页岩气田所取岩芯进行的强度实验,发现页岩呈现出显著的强度各向异性,沿层理面的剪切滑移是井壁失稳的主要机理。结合岩石力学实验结果,分析层理产状对井周应力状态的影响,得出井壁失稳风险分布图的演变过程,进一步分析了水平段坍塌风险随层理产状的变化规律。研究发现,沿层理面倾向钻进的水平井,坍塌压力随层理面倾角的增加先升高后迅速降低;沿层理面走向钻进的水平井则会不随着层理面倾角增大而发生变化。研究结论可以为页岩气钻完井设计提供参考。     

层理性泥页岩井壁失稳机制的FLAC3D 数值分析

 在层理性泥页岩钻井过程中经常出现井壁失稳,影响钻井的顺利进行。考虑层理性泥页岩的岩块和层理特性,采用层理岩石单元和层理面单元的组合模型描述层理性地层的破坏模式。利用有限差分数值模拟软件FLAC3D建立层理性泥页岩井眼的有限差分计算模型,模拟了实际钻井过程。和均质地层对比,分析了层理性泥页岩井眼的塑性区分布、井眼位移和次生应力分布特点。数值模拟再现了层理面的变形破坏现象,描述了层理面的滑移特征。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果和实际钻井现象相吻合,层理面上下两侧位移差最大为0.8mm,层理面滑移位移是错动位移的8.13倍,证明了层理面的滑移是层理性泥页岩井壁失稳的根本原因。分别模拟了地应力、层理面空间分布、井眼轨迹参数和井眼尺寸对倾斜层理直井和水平层理斜井的变形破坏规律。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-