Restorable variation of cytoplasmic type of male sterile line in rice byin vitro culture

Rice male sterile (MS) lines, IR66707A and IR69700A, which possess the cytoplasm of Oryza perennis and O. glumaepatula respectively, belong to the cytoplasmic type. Their sterility could be maintained but not be restored. By somatic cell culture of these two MS lines, 47 somaclones with 465 R₁ plants were obtained. All of the 465 R₁ plants were sterile in the spring season in Guangzhou. According to the expression of the R₁ plants and the level of similarity to their donor parents, they could be divided into three types. The plants of type Ⅰ were male sterile. The sterility of some somaclones of this type could be restored by the test crossing varieties or alternated to fertile by changes of some environmental conditions. The hybrid F₁ of test cross from the MS somaclones in type Ⅰ was fertile while the hybrid F₁ from the donor MS lines was still sterile. The R₁ plants of type Ⅱ were similar to the donor parents and also male sterile. The hybrid F₁ from all of the plants of type Ⅱ crossed to test variety were still sterile, so they did not possess restorability. For the somaclone of type Ⅲ, all of R₁ plants were sterile in both male and female organs. No seed was set in both conditions of self and cross pollination. The fact that the restorable variants obtained in the cytoplasmic type of MS lines of rice by in vitro culture reported here should be the first sample in somaclonal variation in plant kingdom.     

茄子雄性不育株和可育株的胞质DNA和核DNA差异分析

以茄子(Solanum melongenaL)雄性不育株“正兴1号”(S)和可育株(F)的总DNA为模板,对60个随机引物进行了筛选,找到5个其RAPD(Random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)扩增产物在茄子雄性不育系和对照材料间存在稳定差异的引物．将该5个引物同时扩增总DNA、核DNA和线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)．以总DNA为模板时得到多态性片段9个,以核DNA为模板时得到5个,以mtDNA为模板时得到9个．以总DNA为模板时得到的9个扩增片段中,有5个在总DNA和mtDNA中同时出现,而在核中没有出现,即认为来自mtDNA,这5个片段中,有4个来自可育株,1个来自不育株,说明不育株和可育株在mtDNA上存在差异;有4个片段同时出现在以总DNA和核DNA为模板的扩增中,但在以mtDNA为模板的扩增中却没有出现,认为是来自核DNA,这4个片段中,有3个来自不育株,一个来自可育株,说明可育株和不育株在核DNA上也存在差异．结果初步表明：新发现的茄子雄性不育可能是核质相互作用所引起．     

Mapping of the nuclear fertility restorer gene for HL cytoplasmic male sterility in rice using microsatellite markers

Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of a BC, population derived from Congguang 41A//Miyang 23/Congguang 41B was used to map the nuclear fertility restorer gene for Honglian (HL) cytoplasmic male sterility. One hundred and fifty-nine microsatellite primer pairs were screened for polymorphisms between the parents and between two bulks representing fertile and sterile plants. One microsatellite marker RM258 produced polymorphic products. The nuclear fertility restorer gene for HL cytoplasmic male sterility was mapped on chromosome 10, 7.8cM from RM258. The restorer gene may be clustered on chromosome.     

Mapping the Nuclear Fertility Restorer Gene in Rice with Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism （SSLP）

Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of a F2 population derived from D62A/Ruby B was used to map the nuclear fertility restorer gene for wild abortive (WA) cytoplasmic male sterility. Three hundred and ninety-seven microsatellite primer pairs which distributed on 12 chromosomes were screened for polymorphisms between the parents and between two bulks representing fertile and sterile plants. One microsatellite marker RM182 located on chromosome 7 produced polymorphic products. The nuclear fertility restorer gene for WA cytoplasmic male sterility was mapped on chromosome 7, 7.4cM from RM182.     

万寿菊两用系POD同工酶分析及主要观赏性状综合评价

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）技术分析了10个万寿菊雄性核不育两用系的POD同工酶,并对其6个主要观赏性状进行了综合评价。结果表明：同系内除小花外不育株与可育株间POD同工酶酶谱差异很小,而系间差异较大;6个主要观赏性状综合表现最优的为4,′其次为3,′最差的为1′。     

Molecular tagging of a genic male-sterile gene in rice

The sterility of Pingxiang male-sterile rice (Pms), possibly derided from a spontaneous mutation in Pingxiang fertile rice (Pmf), was previously reported to be controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene. It can be restored to fertility either by a dominant epistatic gene or by higher temperature treatment at the early stage of inflorescence development. In order to tag the genic male-sterile gene, Pms, Pmf and Ce 64, a cytoplasmic male-sterile restoring line without the epistatic gene for Pms, were used to construct mapping populations. Two segregation populations, “(Pms/Ce 64) F1s (sterile plant)//Pmf ” F1 and “Pms//(Pmf/Ce 64) F1” F1, were simultaneously developed. Subsequently, the genic male- sterile gene was mapped between a simple sequence length polymorphism marker, RM228, and a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker, G2155, with distances of 14.9 and 2.6 cM, respectively. The tagged dominant genic male-sterile gene is temporarily designated Ms-p.     

普通小麦“三系”杂交组合的测配研究

对普通小麦Ｔ，Ｋ，Ａ型同核慢质雄性不育系与不同恢复系配成１８个组合的恢复度及其Ｆ１折杂种优势和超标优势进行分析，得出了各不育系所适用的恢复系，并提出在考察Ｋ型不育系Ｆ１恢复度时采用国际法较为准确，而且不育系的易恢性同时受到细胞质和细胞核因子的双重影响。另外，通过对各组合产量构成因素的相关分析得出“三系”杂种Ｆ１的穗粒数在构成产量三因素中影响最大。     

美洲虎鲷鱼(♀)和彩鲷鱼(♂)杂交子一代卵巢发育的组织学观察

以美洲虎鲷鱼(Herosmanaguense)作为母本,彩鲷鱼(Cichiasoma trimaculatum)为父本,采用人工授精的方法,获得杂交子一代,这在国内外尚属首次.采用石蜡组织切片和HE染色法,对美洲虎鲷鱼和彩鲷鱼杂交子一代的卵巢发育进行了组织学研究,结果表明:美洲虎鲷鱼(♀)和彩鲷鱼(♂)杂交子一代的卵巢发育程序可以分为6个时期.在1～3月龄,卵巢处于第期;4～5月龄时,卵巢发育到第期;6～8月龄时发育到第期;9～11月龄时发育到第期;12月龄时达到性成熟第期,卵核位置发生偏移;没有及时繁殖的子一代过冬时卵巢退化,进入第时期,卵巢组织也回复到第期的组织学结构.研究表明该杂交鱼是可育的,为多批产卵类型,在1个生殖周期内,产卵2次.     

野栽远缘杂交来源的反向温敏核雄性不育系不育性遗传研究

利用3个来源于野生稻与栽培稻杂交后代的反向温敏不育系R6S、N13S、Tb7S为材料,开展了反向温敏不育系不育性遗传研究,结果表明反向温敏不育系N13S的育性是细胞核内1对隐性基因控制的;Tb7S的育性是受隐性核基因控制的,F2代的育性分离比为9∶7,不育性状表现为2对基因的独立遗传;R6S的F2代育性分离比为37∶27,受细胞核内的3个隐性基因位点分别位于不同染色体上而通过互补作用的独立遗传.为进一步分离、定位及克隆有关这些反向温敏不育基因及发展分子标记辅助选择选育反向温敏不育系奠定了良好的遗传学基础.     

水稻光温敏雄性不育基因连锁标记的分离与鉴定

两系法杂交稻是一种利用水稻杂种优势的重要途径，主要依据水稻光温敏雄性不育系在不同条件下的育性转换用于配制杂交种．以培矮64S(PTGMS)与明恢63杂种自交的F2代为供试材料，采用随机放大多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分离与培矮64S的PTGMS基因连锁的分子标记．在F2代2个分别代表可育和不育的群体以及亲本株系中，采用100个RAPD引物扩放基因组DNA筛选多态性DNA片段．RAPD引物S8产生的DNA片段中，除重复顺序外，有一个长度为0．85kb片段为单拷贝．分子杂交表明，这一单拷贝标记与培矮64S的PTGMS基因连锁．     

Studies of the energy release of mitochondria from sporophyte cytoplasmic male sterile rice by differential scanning calorimetry

The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) curves of the mitochondria isolated from two varieties of sporophyte cytoplasmic male sterile and their fertile lines of Yie Bai and Ma Xie type rice have been determined. The curves show that the energy is released continuously as temperature rise to 70°C. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the energy release of the mitochondria have been obtained. The presented results showed that the mitochondria from cytoplasmic male sterile rice released more heat and they had higher energy barrier, less rate, and more complicated mechanism than that of their fertile lines in the energy release process. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Biography: Zhou Pei-jiang (1956-), male, PhD, Associate professor. Current resarch interest is in biophysical chemistry and environmental ecological chemistry     

水稻体细胞无性系及其杂种F1粒形的遗传变异

比较了水稻体细胞无性系与供体亲本、体细胞无性系杂种F1与供体亲本杂种F1在8个谷粒性状上的差异,结果表明:体细胞无性系除千粒重及谷粒厚2性状显著小于亲本外,其余性状与亲本差异不显著;体细胞无性系杂种F1的长厚比显著大于亲本杂种F1,而谷粒厚则相反.聚类分析将53个体细胞无性系及53个相应的杂种F1分别聚为4类 ,R3及R1F2各类别间8个谷粒性状均存在极显著差异.R3与R1F2谷粒性状间的相关性表现也存在一定的差异.     

基因转化创造植物杂种优势利用新方式的途径分析

普通核雄性不育性遗传方式能够满足对植物最佳雄性不育系选育的要求,如果能解决其不育系繁殖问题,将优于现有的其他杂种优势利用方式。借助基因工程技术,通过质体转化、位点特异性重组技术和特殊启动子的利用,操控可育基因和不育基因的表达,可能繁殖出100%不育株率的普通核雄性不育系,创造出普通核雄性不育性利用新途径。     

小粒野生稻型细胞质雄性不育系的创建及其恢保关系鉴定

小野1A是由小粒野生稻(Oryza minuta Presl.)中天然不育株与Y58S/内香B杂种后代优秀单株经多代回交转育而成。由于该雄性不育细胞质来自小粒野生稻,称为XY型雄性不育细胞质。恢保关系鉴定结果表明,XY型细胞质雄性不育系与野败型(WA)、印尼水田谷型(ID)、K型和红莲型(HL)细胞质雄性不育系的恢保关系不同,WA型、ID型、K型和HL型的保持系和恢复系中部分可以作为XY型雄性不育细胞质的保持系,部分可以作为XY型雄性不育细胞质的恢复系。XY型雄性不育细胞质突破了WA型、ID型、K型和HL型等雄性不育细胞质的恢保关系,扩大了保持系育种范围,可以用品质优良的栽培品种培育出高标准优质米不育系。由此可见,XY型雄性不育细胞质的发掘,不仅丰富了杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性,而且为培育高标准优质米不育系、进而实质性提高杂交稻稻米品质开辟了一条崭新的育种途径。     

一个新质源大麦核质互作雄性不育系96f7A的选育及其遗传研究

报道了大麦核质互作型雄性不育系96f7A的选育过程及其形态特征和主要农艺性状,并研究了其雄性不育性状的遗传。结果表明,96f7A为二棱皮大麦,开颖开花,花药瘦小,不开裂,不散粉,不育彻底,农艺性状较好,其不育性状受1对隐性基因控制。该不育系的不育细胞质来自四川大麦地方品种,核不育基因由核品种的核可育基因天然隐性突变产生。     

杂交粳稻二代利用的研究

<正> 几年来,杂交粳稻在我国北方迅速推广种植,对提高水稻产量起着积极作用,为我国北方水稻生产开创了一条新的途径。但是,种植杂交水稻需要年年制种,这样供种不好计划,例如制种过多,一则是用不完,二则因隔年种子往往保存不妥善,造成发芽率降低;若制种少了,则又不够用。为此,我们试图研究一个合理的解决办法。     

Wolbachia-induced incompatibility precedes other hybrid incompatibilities in Nasonia

Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria that cause a number of reproductive alterations in insects, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, an incompatibility between sperm and egg that results in loss of sperm chromosomes following fertilization. Wolbachia are estimated to infect 15-20% of all insect species, and also are common in arachnids, isopods and nematodes. Therefore, Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility could be an important factor promoting rapid speciation in invertebrates, although this contention is controversial. Here we show that high levels of bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility between two closely related species of insects (the parasitic wasps Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia longicornis) preceded the evolution of other postmating reproductive barriers. The presence of Wolbachia severely reduces the frequency of hybrid offspring in interspecies crosses. However, antibiotic curing of the insects results in production of hybrids. Furthermore, F1 and F2 hybrids are completely viable and fertile, indicating the absence of F1 and F2 hybrid breakdown. Partial interspecific sexual isolation occurs, yet it is asymmetric and incomplete. Our results indicate that Wolbachia-induced reproductive isolation occurred in the early stages of speciation in this system, before the evolution of other postmating isolating mechanisms (for example, hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility).     

水稻温敏核不育系HD9802S不育性遗传的初步观察

以水稻温敏核不育系HD9802S配组的HD9802S／湘早92和HD9802S／荆楚15的F1和F2代为材料,对这两个杂交早籼稻组合F2群体的花粉育性进行了观察分析．结果表明,F2群体中可育株数和不育株数经卡平方测验符合3：1的理论比例,初步确定温敏核不育系HD9802S的雄性不育性由一对主效隐性核基因控制;同时根据F2群体花粉育性表现出连续分布的特征,推测其雄性不育性还受其他微效基因的影响。     

花椰菜(Brassica oleracea L.)雄性不育株和可育株的细胞学及生理生化研究

本文细胞学研究表明,花椰菜雄性不育途径复杂,表现为造孢细胞异常分裂、小孢子母细胞部分解体、四分体数目少、单核孢子不正常发育、绒毡层提前解体、花粉囊扭曲、输导组织发育不良;电镜研究表明,可育株的花粉粒富含线粒体、高尔基体、内质网等细胞器,不育株花粉粒中除液泡外,细胞器少,线粒体部分解体;过氧化物酶活性在花球期和单核后期不育株高于可育株,四分体时期和单核前期相反;细胞色素氧化酶活性除单核后期外,不育株均高于可育株;游离氨基酸含量在四分体时期不育株和可育株中都很高,以后下降,可育株的下降幅度大于不育株,具体氨基酸则又有其变化的特异性。