Interaction between bradykinin and voltage-sensitive sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers

The effects of externally and internally applied bradykinin on the excitability of single myelinated nerve fibers were studied. External bradykinin (10 microM) slightly prolongs the action potential of a single myelinated nerve fiber; hence, when the fibers are stimulated by long-lasting pulses, this raises the frequency of repetitive firing in sensory fibers and evokes repetitive activity in motor fibers. Under voltage-clamp conditions, sodium channel inactivation is slowed, while sodium channel activation remains unaffected. Prolonged depolarization of the membrane leads to a maintained sodium current. The voltage dependence of the steady-state sodium current inactivation (h infinity) is shifted in the depolarized direction by approximately 10 mV. Internally applied bradykinin produces a frequency-dependent block of the sodium current. The phenomena described here imply that more than one site on the sodium channel is modified by bradykinin.     

Interaction between bradykinin and voltage-sensitive sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers

Summary The effects of externally and internally applied bradykinin on the excitability of single myelinated nerve fibers were studied. External bradykinin (10 M) slightly prolongs the action potential of a single myelinated nerve fiber; hence, when the fibers are stimulated by long-lasting pulses, this raises the frequency of repetitive firing in sensory fibers and evokes repetitive activity in motor fibers. Under voltage-clamp conditions, sodium channel inactivation is slowed, while sodium channel activation remains unaffected. Prolonged depolarization of th membrane leads to a maintained sodium current. The voltage dependence of the steady-state sodium current inactivation (h ) is shifted in the depolarized direction by 10 mV. Internally applied bradykinin produces a frequency-dependent block of the sodium current. The phenomena described here imply that more than one site on the sodium channel is modified by bradykinin.     

Variation in the number and size of myelinated nerve fibers regenerated after repeated localized freezing of the sciatic nerve of rats]

The number and size of myelinated fibres have been determined in the nerve to medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle of Rats in which the sciatic nerve had been frozen locally 1 to 5 times at monthly intervals. The contralateral nerve was used as a control. When the measurements were made one month after the last freezing, the number of fibres increased progressively until the 3rd freezing, reaching about 220% of the normal value. No higher values were observed after 4 or 5 freezings. The mean diameter of fibres decreased with the number of operations. When the measurements were made 3, 6, 12 or 18 months after the 3rd freezing, the number of fibres decreased by about 30% between the 1st and the 3rd month and then stabilized. The mean diameter of fibres increased progressively. However, at the 18th month, the size of the myelinated fibres had not reached the normal value.     

The morphology of the Schwann cells and the unmyelinated fibers of a nerve supplying an immobilized muscle

Summary Hind limbs of cats were immobilized in the resting position for varying periods and the nerve supplying the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle was studied while it was undergoing immobilization atrophy. Degenerative changes in the unmyelinated fibers and the Schwann, cells, followed by an abundant increase in collagen, were noticed after prolonged immobilization. Electron microscopic evidence that Schwann cells produce the collagen is discussed.     

An analysis of the distribution of the myelinated nerve fibers in the optic fascicle of a beagle dog

The composition of both optic fascicles of a Beagle dog was studied in topographically oriented, semithin transections of whole nerve stained with toluidine blue. About 165,000 myelinated fibers were present in each nerve, their maximum caliber reaching 11 micron; large, less densely arranged fibers occurred especially in the dorso-temporal region.     

An analysis of the distribution of the myelinated nerve fibers in the optic fascicle of a Beagle dog

Summary The composition of both optic fascicles of a Beagle dog was studied in topographically oriented, semithin transections of whole nerve stained with toluidine blue. About 165,000 myelinated fibers were present in each nerve, their maximum caliber reaching 11 m; large, less densely arranged fibers occurred especially in the dorso-temporal region.We are grateful to Dr D.C. Naylor, Mrs K. Schnider, Mr F. da Silva and Mr K. Traber for their aid.     

The conduction velocity,number and diameter of unmyelinated fibers in Remak's nerve

Summary Remak's nerve in the chicken was examined ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically to determine the characteristics of fibers in the nerve trunk. The ratio of unmyelinated fibers to myelinated ones was 1111. The mean number of unmyelinated fibers was 3555±232 (SEM, n=5) and they had a mean diameter of 0.502±0.034 (SEM) m. The compound action potential consisted almost entirely of a large diphasic waveform which had a mean peak conduction velocity of 0.62±0.031 (SEM, n=5) m·s^–1 at 37°C.     

Elemental distribution of Na, P, Cl and K in different structures of myelinated nerve of Rana esculenta.

Measurements of the distribution of Na, P, Cl and K were performed in different structures of the myelinated nerve. Whereas the axon shows a typical intracellular distribution pattern for Na, Cl and K, the interstitial space and the myelin sheath show a typical extracellular pattern. These measurements have demonstrated that Na is present in the myelin sheath close to the node of Ranvier.     

The conduction velocity, number, and diameter of unmyelinated fibers in Remak's nerve

Remak's nerve in the chicken was examined ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically to determine the characteristics of fibers in the nerve trunk. The ration of unmyelinated fibers to myelinated ones was 111:1. The mean number of unmyelinated fibers was 3555 plus/minus 232 (SEM, n=5) and they had a mean diameter of 0.502 plus/minus 0.034 (SEM) micron. The compound action potential consisted almost entirely of a large diphasic waveform which had a mean peak conduction velocity of 0.62 plus/minus 0.031 (SEM, n=5) m.s-1 at 37 degrees C.     

Effects of ultraviolet light on some of the electrical characteristics of action potentials of single unmyelinated nerve fibers of the crabCarcinus

Zusammenfassung Die marklosen Nerven-Einzelfasern vonCarcinus maenas wurden mit monochromatischem Ultraviolett bestrahlt. Zuerst tritt bei Bestrahlung ein langsamer Abfall der Reizschwelle, dann ein rascher Abfall, gefolgt von einem steilen Anstieg auf. Der Abfall rührt von einer Depolarisation her, deren Zunahme dann zu Unerregbarkeit führt. Durch Verbesserung der Ableitungstechnik konnten die elektrischen Veränderungen lokalisiert an der bestrahlten Stelle gemessen werden. Anstieg der Reizschwelle, Abfall der Steilheit und Abfall der Höhe des Spitzenpotentials wurden auch bei diesen marklosen Fasern beobachtet, aber nicht so ausgeprägt wie bei der Bestrahlung markhaltiger Fasern.

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This work was carried out during the tenure of a Postdoctoral fellowship from the United States Public Health Service.     

Present status of underwater medicine. Review of some challenging problems

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Unterwassermedizin gegeben. Besondere Berücksichtigung finden die in jüngster Zeit durchgeführten Forschungen, die die Grundlage für eine Erweiterung der Grenzen des Tieftauchens bereiteten, wie z.B. der 1972 durchgeführte Rekordtauchgang der Comex Gruppe, bei dem eine Tiefe von 2001 Fuss (610 m) in der Kammer erreicht wurde. Nach den in diesem Experiment erhobenen Befunden können ausgewählte und trainierte Taucher in einer Tiefe von 1400 Fuss (427 m) noch gut arbeiten und leben, wenn sie eine Helium-Sauerstoffmischung atmen. Die Ursachen des «Nervösen Hochdruck-Syndromes», sowie die kritische Volumentherorie vonMiller ⁶ als ein Erklärungsversuch für das Fehlen der narkotischen Wirkung von Helium unter hohem Druck im Vergleich zu Stickstoff werden diskutiert.

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This paper was presented in part at the XXI International Congress of Aviation and Space Medicine, September 19, 1973 in Munich (Germany, Fed. Rep.).