Effect of PKC pathway on G1/S progression control in HeLa cells

The effect of PKC activity on G₁/S progression in HeLa cells has been studied. The result shows that (ⅰ ) PKC activity alteration in G₁ phase affects G₁/S progression in HeLa cells. It has been observed that G₁/S progression is stimulated by PKC agonist TPA and inhibited by PKC inhibitor GF-109203X. ( ⅱ) The expression of c-myc and c-jun is stimulated by TPA and inhibited by GF-109203X treatment in early G₁ phase. (ⅲ ) During G₁/S progression, the expression of CyclinD₁ is stimulated by TPA treatment and inhibited by GF-109203X treatment. There is no effect on the expression of CDK4. It is likely that PKC pathway regulates G₁/S progression through regulating the expression of some early response genes and engine molecules in HeLa cells.     

三尖杉酯碱诱导HeLa细胞凋亡的研究

报道了三尖杉酯碱 (harringtonine ,HT)可以诱导HeLa细胞凋亡 .采用Heochst33342荧光染色、琼脂糖凝胶电泳及流式细胞光度术 (FCM)的方法 ,研究了HT对HeLa细胞凋亡的影响 .利用细胞同步化技术和斑点杂交法研究发现 ,HT影响了HeLa细胞c myc和bcl 2基因的表达并且与细胞周期密切相关 .初步探讨其凋亡诱导的机制 ,认为HT通过在G1和G2 期下调细胞凋亡抑制基因bcl 2的诱导凋亡 ,以及下调c myc癌基因阻滞细胞增殖 ,并延迟凋亡发生 .这些结果对于了解HT的药物作用机制和提高临床化疗疗效具有重要意义 .     

钙调素对肿瘤细胞周期的调节作用

利用钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP)研究了钙调素对HeLa细胞周期进程的影响,TFP处理的细胞被阻抑在G_1/S,使S期群体及DNA合成下降,G_2期群体增加.有丝分裂(M)前期细胞减少,中期细胞增加.结果表明钙调素对G_1至S期.G_2至M期和M中期至M后期具有调节作用,钙调素通过细胞周期中上述3个位点对肿瘤细胞增殖进行调节.     

Chk1 prevents abnormal mitosis of S-phase HeLa cells containing DNA damage

To explore effects of DNA damage on cell-cycle progression in p53-deficient tumor cells, synchronized HeLa cells at G1, S and G2/M phases were treated with methyl methanesulfnate （MMS）. The results showed that the MMS treatment resulted in the cell-cycle arrest or delay in all 3 phases, while the S-phase cells were the most sensitive to MMS. Further studies demonstrated that ATM-Chk2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were activated in all 3 phases when the cells were treated with MMS; whereas Chk1 was activated only in S phase under the drug treatment, indicating that Chk1 specifically participated in S-phase checkpoints. To analyze the role of Chk1 in S-phase checkpoints, we administered a specific Chk1 inhibitor, UCN-01, to the S-phase cells. The results showed that the S-phase cells treated with MMS＋UCN-01 could enter aberrant mitosis without finishing DNA replication, indicating that Chk1 mainly functions in the DNA damage checkpoint rather than in the replication checkpoint. In addition, MMS treatment alone inhibited the accumulation of cyclin B1, a key component of M-phase CDK-cyclin complex, in the S-phase cells, whereas the inhibition of Chk1 activation resulted in the accumulation of cyclin B1 in the MMS-treated S-phase cells. This observation further supports the view that DNA-damaged S-phase cells enter abnormal mitosis when Chk1 activation is inhibited. Our results demonstrate that Chk1 is a specific kinase that plays an important role in the MMS-induced S-phase DNA damage checkpoint. As p53 is not involved in this process, Chk1 may be a potential target for p53-deficient tumor therapy.     

Effects of antisense CENP-Bon the proliferation of HeLa (Tet-off) cells

In order to study the change of the expression of centromere protein B (CENP-B) caused by anfisense tcansfection, proto-eukaryotically expressed fused protein GST-CENP-B (65 ku) was injected into mouse, and a peculiar anti-CENP-B serum MaCenpB was collected. A strain of transfected HeLa Tet-off cell HaCb, which contains antisense CENP-B expressing vector pBI-EGFP-as-CenpB, was prepared. Northern blot and Western blot were used to analyze the repression of internal CENP-B in transfected cells. According to the growth curve, the proliferation of HeLa (Tet-off) is repressed by antisense CENP-B, and the multiplication time is prolonged for 32.81 h. The analysis of flow cytometry revealed that, compared with HeLa (Tet-off), the G1 cell population of HaCb is increased (△G1 = 9%) while S fraction is decreased (△S = 11%), but the G2/M phase is nearly unchanged (△G2/M=3%). In the meanwhile, the mitotic index of HaCb declines greatly compared with that of HeLa (Tet-off). Immunofluorescence showed that the assembling of centromeres in HaCb cell is arrested. These results suggest that a normal expression of CENP-B may be necessary for cell proliferation.     

丹参酮Ⅱ A通过调控PKC/CyclinD_1通路抗大鼠心肌成纤维细胞增殖作用研究

目的观察丹参酮ⅡA(TaishinoneⅡA,TSN)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂白屈菜红碱(Chelerythrine,Chele)抗血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)诱发的心成纤维细胞(Cardiac fibroblast,CFb)增殖、细胞周期、Ⅰ型胶原纤维(CollagenⅠ)、PKC和细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1表达的影响,阐明TSN抗CFb增殖的分子机制.方法培养的新生Wistar大鼠CFb分为对照组、AngⅡ组、Chele+AngⅡ组、Chele+AngⅡ+TSN组和AngⅡ+TSN组,胰酶消化、差速贴壁培养CFb,噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞增殖;免疫细胞化学染色(IC)法测定Collagen I含量;流式细胞仪(FCM)检测细胞周期;免疫印迹法(WB)检测PKC和细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1表达.结果与AngⅡ组比较,Chele和TSN组及Chele+AngⅡ+TSN组能显著降低CFb增殖率(P0.05或P0.001),降低CollagenⅠ含量(P0.05或P0.01),提高CFb G0/G1期细胞百分比,降低S期细胞百分比(P0.05或P0.01),抑制PKC和Cyclin D1蛋白表达(P0.05或P0.01).结论 TSN和Chele能显著抑制由AngⅡ诱导的CFb增殖和胶原蛋白分泌,其机制可能是通过抑制PKC-Cyclin D1传导通路实现的.     

Effect of P15INK4b expression on the cell cycle and G1 phase related regulatory genes in human melanoma cells

Using the transfeetion teehnique. P15INK4b was introduced into P15INk4b gene deleted human melanoma A375 cells,and a cell model MLED6 overexpressing P15INK4b WAS CONSTRUCTED.Comparing with the control cells MLC2,MLEK6cells in G1phase increased by 11%,but those in Sphase decreased by 15%by FCM.By the method of thymidine(TdR)and N2O arresting,the proportions of synchronized Mphase cells of MLEK6 ana MLC23 were measured and found to be 89.1% and 76.8%respectively ,and the cells in G1phase were 74.3% for MLID6 AND 76. 4% forMLC2.The result of3 H-TdR incorporation indicated that the transition of G1/Sof MLEK6 cell was delayed 2h as compared with that of MLC2 cells,and incorporation rate also decreased.The observation on exprissions of some G1/ S-resates relatory rigusating genes showed that in MLIK6 cells the protein leves of P27KIPI increased with the decreasing expressions of cyclinD1,cyclinE and c-myc,especially cyclinD1 in late G1phade.The expression of cyclinE obviously decreased at G1/S transition ,and c-myc wad inhibited throughout all the process of G1 S phase.All the risults suggest that P15INK4b can delayG1/S transition of MLEK6 cells by inhibiting the cell cycle engine ,and by increasing the expression of Cdk ingibitor P27KIPI in different stages of G1 phase.     

Partial inhibition of CDK4 gene expression leads to the extension of G1 phase of V79-8 cells

V79-8 is an abnormal cell line which does not have detectable G1 and G2 phases in its cell cycle. This cell line is derived from V79 cell line which has Gl phase but lacks G2 phase. By using an anti-sense approach, CDK4 gene expression was partially inhibited to find whether CDK4 might contribute to the lack of Gl phase in V79-8 cells. Anti-CDK4 anti-sense plasmid was constructed and used to transfect V79-8 cells. Clones of transfected cells (V79-8-asCDK4) were examined, in comparison with V79-8 cells, to determine its growth curve, cell doubling-time (GT), the level of CDK4 gene expression and the levels of expression of some other growth related genes. V79-8-asCDK4 cells showed a slower growth rate with a doubling time 2.5-h longer than that of V79-8 cells. A flow cytometry (FCM) analysis demonstrated that the 2.5 h increase of the doubling time of V79-8-asCDK4 cells was mainly due to the appearance of Gl phase because its G2 + M phase was not significantly different from that of V79-8 cells. The decrease of CDK4 gene expression in V79-8-asCDK4 cells was shown by Northern-blot. Changes in the expression levels of the growth-related genes TGF-β, cyclin D1 and Rb were also detected in V79-8-asCDK4 cells. CDK4 functions mainly in G1 and at the transition between G1 and S phases. Expression of an anti-sense CDK4 gene fragment reduces the levels of endogenous CDK4, CDK4/cyclinD kinase activity and the phosphorylation of Rb. These events may postpone the inactivation of the check-point leading to the delay of entry into S phase and the reappearance of G1 phase in V79-8-asCDK4 cells.     

微血管内皮细胞与肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的相互调节

研究常氧下微血管内皮细胞(MVEC)与肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)增殖的相互调节。先滤膜培养大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞(LMVEC)后,再与PASMC复合培养,采用流式细胞仪检测PASMC周期的变化。复合培养后,正常情况下使PASMC的G1期细胞数减少,S＋G2／M期细胞数增多,即促进细胞生长;使LMVEC田C的G1期细胞数增多,S＋G2／M期细胞数减少,即抑制细胞生长。可见,MVEC与PASMC复合培养后,常氧下促进PASMC细胞生长,抑制LMVEC的增生,存在相互作用。     

盐酸埃克替尼通过激活蛋白激酶C诱导Tca8113细胞表达iNOS和凋亡

体外培养Tca8113细胞,随机分为4组,(1)对照组;(2)埃克替尼处理组(20μmo1/L);(3)PKC抑制剂Ro31-8220(3μmol/L)处理组;(4)埃克替尼+Ro31-8220组(20μmo1/L Icotinib,3μmol/L Ro31-8220),不同干预因素处理细胞4h.Western blot检测不同处理组的胞膜内的PKC-α的表达水平,iNOS ELISA检测试剂盒测定细胞的iNOS含量,Griess方法测定Tca8113细胞产生的NO水平,用DNA fragmentation检测Tca8113细胞的凋亡情况.结果表明埃克替尼组DNA fragmentation细胞凋亡及上清液的iNOS,NO较对照组均明显升高;埃克替尼组细胞膜的PKC-α蛋白表达量明显增加.用埃克替尼与PKC的抑制剂Ro31-8220共同处理Tca8113细胞后,胞膜的PKC-α,iNOS的蛋白表达水平及产生的NO能被Ro31-8220显著抑制,且PKC抑制剂Ro31-8220能逆转埃克替尼引起的Tca8113细胞凋亡.埃克替尼能诱导Tca8113细胞iNOS表达和NO生成增加并能诱导Tca8113细胞凋亡;埃克替尼能促进细胞膜内的PKC-α表达增加;埃克替尼诱导的Tca8113细胞iNOS表达和凋亡与PKC有关.     

高温和姜黄素联合作用诱导HeLa细胞周期阻滞和凋亡

目的:研究不同高温和姜黄素联合作用对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用.方法:37~43℃与0~40mol/L姜黄素联合作用4~16h后,MTT比色法检测细胞活性,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期时相变化.结果:高温作用后主要引起细胞凋亡和G0/G1期阻滞,姜黄素能抑制HeLa细胞的体外生长,呈时间与剂量依赖性,细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期.联合作用后表现出了两者作用的双重特点.结论:应用高温和中药联合治疗可能是提高肿瘤治愈率、减少对正常组织细胞损害的有效方式之一.     

Evidence that a free-running oscillator drives G1 events in the budding yeast cell cycle.

In yeast and somatic cells, mechanisms ensure cell-cycle events are initiated only when preceding events have been completed. In contrast, interruption of specific cell-cycle processes in early embryonic cells of many organisms does not affect the timing of subsequent events, indicating that cell-cycle events are triggered by a free-running cell-cycle oscillator. Here we present evidence for an independent cell-cycle oscillator in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed periodic activation of events normally restricted to the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in cells lacking mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase activities that are essential for cell-cycle progression. As in embryonic cells, G1 events cycled on schedule, in the absence of S phase or mitosis, with a period similar to the cell-cycle time of wild-type cells. Oscillations of similar periodicity were observed in cells responding to mating pheromone in the absence of G1 cyclin (Cln)- and mitotic cyclin (Clb)-associated kinase activity, indicating that the oscillator may function independently of cyclin-dependent kinase dynamics. We also show that Clb-associated kinase activity is essential for ensuring dependencies by preventing the initiation of new G1 events when cell-cycle progression is delayed.     

Deregulated cyclin E induces chromosome instability.

Cyclin E, a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), is an important regulator of entry into S phase in the mammalian cell cycle. In normal dividing cells, cyclin E accumulates at the G1/S-phase boundary and is degraded as cells progress through S phase. However, in many human tumours cyclin E is overexpressed and the levels of protein and kinase activity are often deregulated relative to the cell cycle. It is not understood how alterations in expression of cyclin E contribute to tumorigenesis. Here we show that constitutive cyclin-E overexpression in both immortalized rat embryo fibroblasts and human breast epithelial cells results in chromosome instability (CIN). In contrast, analogous expression of cyclin D1 or A does not increase the frequency of CIN. Cyclin-E-expressing cells that exhibit CIN have normal centrosome numbers. However, constitutive overexpression of cyclin E impairs S-phase progression, indicating that aberrant regulation of this process may be responsible for the CIN observed. These results indicate that downregulation of cyclin-E/Cdk2 kinase activity following the G1/S-phase transition may be necessary for the maintenance of karyotypic stability.     

Polo-like kinase 1 phosphorylates cyclin B1 and targets it to the nucleus during prophase

In vertebrate cells, the nuclear entry of Cdc2-cyclin B1 (MPF) during prophase is thought to be essential for the induction and coordination of M-phase events. Phosphorylation of cyclin B1 is central to its nuclear translocation, but the kinases that are responsible remain unknown. Here we have purified a protein kinase from Xenopus M-phase extracts that phosphorylates a crucial serine residue (S147) in the middle of the nuclear export signal sequence of cyclin B1. We have identified this kinase as Plx1 (ref. 16), a Xenopus homologue of Polo-like kinase (Plk)-1. During cell-cycle progression in HeLa cells, a change in the kinase activity of endogenous Plk1 toward S147 and/or S133 correlates with a kinase activity in the cell extracts. An anti-Plk1 antibody depletes the M-phase extracts of the kinase activity toward S147 and/or S133. An anti-phospho-S147 antibody reacts specifically with cyclin B1 only during G2/M phase. A mutant cyclin B1 in which S133 and S147 are replaced by alanines remains in the cytoplasm, whereas wild-type cyclin B1 accumulates in the nucleus during prophase. Co-expression of constitutively active Plk1 stimulates nuclear entry of cyclin B1. Our results indicate that Plk1 may be involved in targeting MPF to the nucleus during prophase.     

Caveolin-1 Re-Expression Reverses G_0/G_1 Arrest in Caveolin-1 Knockout Mesangial Cells

Flow cytometry,BrdU incorporation,and western blotting were used to investigate whether caveolin-1(Cav-1) is involved in cell cycle progression of renal glomerular mesangial cells.Wide type mesangial cells re-entered the cell cycle after 22 h incubation with 20% fetal bovine serum(FBS) and Cav-1 knockout cells remained in G0/G1 phase after 48 h,which indicated that Cav-1 knockout mesangial cells were G0/G1 arrest.The protein level of cyclin D1 significantly increased after incubation with 20% FBS for 6 h in wide type mesangial cells,and 12 h in Cav-1 knockout cells.It suggested that cyclin D1 upregulation was delayed in knockout mesangial cells.Cav-1 re-expression in Cav-1 knockout mesangial cells increased the ratio of S phase from 4.8% to 15.26%,and decreased the ratio of G0/G1 phase from 90.96% to 77.84%,which implied that Cav-1 re-expression can reverse cell cycle arrest.It concludes that Cav-1 may promote the proliferation of mesangial cells.     

HMBA对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响

研究了环六亚甲基双乙酰胺对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞的增殖和相关基因表达的影响.实验结果表明HMBA可明显抑制MG-63细胞的增殖,细胞生长抑制率达50.69%,分裂指数抑制率达58.8%,增殖细胞核抗原的表达降低,细胞周期被阻滞在G0/G1期.免疫细胞化学染色结果显示,经HMBA处理之后,与增殖分化调控有关的癌基因c-myc、c-fos、c-erbB-2、mtp53的表达降低、抑癌基因p21WAF1/CIP1、p16、rb的表达升高.研究结果表明,HMBA能够有效抑制人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞的增殖活动,其对细胞增殖的抑制作用与HMBA下调c-myc、c-fos、c-erbB-2、mtp53等癌基因以及上调p21WAF1/CIP1、p16、rb等抑癌基因的表达,从而调控细胞周期有重要关系.     

microRNA-16 expression in HeLa cells is upregulated in cell-cycle and drug dependent manner

microRNAs are single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. The microRNA-16 family has been reported to be involved in cell-cycle regulation, which could also downregulate expression of multiple pro-proliferation genes. The present results demonstrated that miR-16 expression in HeLa cells increased when the cells were arrested during S-phase under methyl methanesulfate (MMS) treatment. This further resulted in downregulation of a target protein CDC25A, whereas miR-16 expression did not increase when HeLa cells were arrested during the MMS-treated G₀/G₁ or G₂/M phase. Furthermore, when HeLa cells were arrested during S-phase with hydroxyurea treatment, miR-16 expression did not increase. These results suggest that expression levels of microRNAs in mammalian cells are delicately regulated under variable cellular conditions.     

反义HSP90诱导HeLa细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨反义ＨＳＰ９０降低ＨｅＬａ细胞恶性度的机制。方法 经荧光染色观察细胞形态,ＤＮＡ Ｌａｄｄｅｒ及流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞。结果 转染有反义ＨＳＰ９０的ＨｅＬａ细胞经荧光染色细胞呈不均一亮蓝色,荧光染色观察可见细胞变小,染色质浓缩并产生凋亡小体,ＤＮＡ Ｌａｄｄｅｒ可见明显的梯形条带,流式细胞仪检测有凋亡的细胞。结论 反义ＨＳＰ９０可诱导细胞凋亡。     

Effects of sense and antisense centromere/kinetochore complex protein-B （CENP-B） in cell cycle regulation

This paper investigates the effects of sense and antisense centromere/kinetochore complex protein-B （CENP-B） in cell cycle regulation. Full-length cenpb cDNA was subcloned into pBI-EGFP eukaryotic expression vector in both sense and antisense orientation. HeLa-Tet-Off cells were transfected with sense or antisense cenpb vectors. Sense transfection of HeLa-Tet-Off cells resulted in the formation of a large centromere/kinetochore complex, and apoptosis of cells following several times of cell division. A stable antisense cenpb transfected cell line, named HACPB, was ob- tained. The centromere/kinetochore complex of HACPB cells became smaller than control HeLa-Tet-Off cells and scattered, and the expression of CENP-B was down-regulated. In addition, delayed cell cycle progression, inhibited malignant phenotype, restrained ability of tumor formation in nude mice, and delayed entry from G2fM phase into next G1 phase were observed in HACPB cells. Furthermore, the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases （CDKs）, cyclins, and CDK inhibitors （CKIs） were modulated during different phases of the cell cycle. CENP-B is an essential protein for the maintenance of the structure and function of centromere/kinetochore complex, and plays important roles in cell cycle regulation.