Siliceous microplankton fluxes and seasonal variations in the central South China Sea during 1993–1995: monsoon climate and El Niño responses

Seasonal variations of radiolarian and diatom fluxes in the central South China Sea during 1993–1995 were overwhelmingly controlled by monsoon climate. Radiolarian and diatom increased obviously during the Northeast (from November to February) and Southwest (from June to September) monsoons and decreased during the periods between the monsoons. The change of circulation driven by the monsoons improved water exchange in the different areas that brought rich nutrient materials for the surface microplankton, thereby enhancing radiolarian and diatom fluxes. Variation of radiolarian flux coincided with organic carbon flux, surface primary and export productivities. High radiolarian flux corresponded to high surface primary productivity. Radiolarian and diatom fluxes raised abnormally during 1994–1995 could be attributed to the El Nino event during the period.     

南海表面海温异常对南海季风影响的数值模拟

采用P-σ混合坐标系区域气候模式模拟了4－7月南海季风的爆发、演变过程，并进行了3组敏感性数值试验，研究南海表面海温异常对南海季风的影响，得到以下结论：（1）南海4月份海温异常对南海季风的爆发日期影响不大，但对季风爆发后的强度有所影响，异常增温造成南海季风增强，异常降温则南海季风减弱。（2）南海季风爆发和强度的变化与南海本身的海温变化情况有密切的关系，尤其是5月份南海海温异常。5月份南海异常增温可以使南海季风提前爆发，季风增强，南海海温异常降低时，南海季风爆发的时间推迟，季风减弱。（3）南海海温持续异常可以影响南海及中国大陆的高低空环流变化，海温持续异常增温可以使南海季风提前爆发，显地加强南海季风，并有利于南海季风向北推进，但当海温在6月份进一步持续增温时，则有利于季风维持在较南地区，阻碍季风向北发展；当海温持续异常降低时，南海季风推迟爆发，且明显减弱。     

Siliceous microplankton fluxes and seasonal variations in the central South China Sea during 1993-1995:monsoon climate and El Ni(n)o responses

Seasonal variations of radiolarian and diatom fluxes in the central South China Sea during 1993-1995 were overwhelmingly controlled by monsoon climate. Radiolarian and diatom increased obviously during the Northeast (from November to February) and Southwest (from June to September) monsoons and decreased during the periods between the monsoons. The change of circulation driven by the monsoons improved water exchange in the different areas that brought rich nutrient materials for the surface microplankton, thereby enhancing radiolarian and diatom fluxes. Variation of radiolarian flux coincided with organic carbon flux, surface primary and export productivities. High radiolarian flux corresponded to high surface primary productivity. Radiolarian and diatom fluxes raised abnormally during 1994-1995 could be attributed to the El Ni(n)o event during the period.     

我国东北地区主要城市气温和降水量序列的多尺度分析

根据1961~2010年东北地区35个主要城市站的逐日气温及降水资料,采用线性拟合、小波变换、经验正交函数分解、Mann-Kendall突变检验和R/S分析等方法,分析了我国东北地区主要城市的气温和降水的变化。结果表明:近50年东北主要城市年平均气温呈上升趋势,其中20世纪80年代后期至90年代初增温幅度最大;城市气温变化存在明显的16a尺度年代际变化周期和(7~8)a、4 a和准2 a尺度的年际变化周期,其中4a尺度的低频振荡能量最强;城市化进程对气温变化影响显著。东北地区主要城市的年降水量减少趋势明显,其中20世纪60年代中期至80年代初降水减少幅度最大;年总降水变化存在准2 a、4 a和(9~10)a尺度的年际变化周期,其中4 a和(9~10)a振荡能量最强;夏季出现特涝的概率大于特旱,大涝的几率小于大旱;同时7月份是东北局部特大洪涝或干旱的多发时段。     

三亚海洋环境试验站硅藻污损群落初探

【目的】探明海洋工程材料在热带海洋环境试验站硅藻污损群落的组成变化,为研究该海域材料腐蚀、生物污损以及生物多样性提供参考。【方法】取4种材料进行全浸腐蚀试验,定期取出试片冷藏客运到青岛,用次氯酸钠法制成永久封片,在带有微分干涉显微镜下记数,并使用PRIMER 6对硅藻Shannon多样性指数、Pielou’s均匀度指数和Simpson优势度进行计算。【结果】检出污损硅藻16目24科30属61种,其中双眉藻属、菱形藻属和舟形藻属为优势类群;物种多样性指数随时间而增加;热浸锌表面硅藻群落结构变化与其他3种材料有所不同。【结论】在南海热带近岸,材料表面性质对其表面附着的污损硅藻群落有一定影响,其中锌离子的影响较为明显。     

南海东部深海沉积物中孢粉与古环境研究

通过对南海东部294站深海柱状剖面高分辨孢粉、藻类的研究，将294站从下至上划分为7个孢粉组合带,依次为:Ⅰ带:Dacrydium-Pinus-Lithocarpus-Quercus(带绿)-Cyathea-Polypoldiace;Ⅱ带:Castanopsis-Lithocarpus-Dacrydium-Quercus(常绿)-Pinus-Polypodiace;Ⅲ带:Quercus(常绿)-Castanopsis-Podocarpus-Polypodiaceae;Ⅳ带:Polypodiaceae-Cyathea-Pteris-Pinus-Gramineae;Ⅴ带:Quercus(常绿)-Podocarpus-Lithocarpus-Cyathea-Polypodiaceae;Ⅵ带:Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Palmae-Mangrove pollen-Gramineae;Ⅶ带:Dacrydium-Palmae-Mangrove Pollen-Pinus-Cyperaceae-Cyathea.并相应恢复了南海东部地区12万年以来5个植被、气候演替阶段，依次为：炎热、湿润的热带季雨林——暖热而稍干的热带北缘半常绿季雨林——炎热、湿润的热带季雨林——暖热而稍干的热带北缘半常绿季雨林——炎热、湿润的热带季雨林。结合氧同位素测年资料，对294站地层时代划分作了讨论，为南海古气候、古环境演变研究提供了科学的证据。     

华南淡水鱼类区系探讨

在概述华南自然地理概貌后,分析了３２３种华南淡水鱼类区系组成,对华南淡水鱼类区系的形成和演变作了具体地分析与讨论,认为秦岭应是全北区与东洋区在国内的分界线。     

华南前汛期区域持续性暴雨的分布特征及分型

利用广东和广西两省共175个台站的日降水观测资料,采用计算机检索的方法,对1961-2005年间华南前汛期区域持续性暴雨进行了定义。对南海夏季风爆发前后区域持续性暴雨的气候分布特征的分析发现,季风爆发前持续性暴雨频数从60年代至今呈现出正态分布的年代际变化特征,而季风爆发后的区域持续性暴雨频数变化则几乎相反;广东省前汛期区域持续性暴雨降水明显比广西强。此外,通过EOF方法和相关分析得到了夏季风爆发前后出现频率较高的几种分布雨型,它们能较好地代表季风爆发前后华南降水分布的特点。     

东亚夏季风系统和南海台风活动的关系

本文用1981,1982年6—9月东亚与澳大利亚部份测站的常规资料作诊断分析,探讨东亚夏季风系统各主要成员与南海台风活动的关系.结果得到,澳大利亚冷高压加强,105°E附近的越赤道气流跟着增强,南海的ITCZ发展,南海台风生成于澳大利亚冷高压高峰后的衰减时段.西南季风气流是南海台风的重要能量输送带。南支高空东风急流的增强与北支东风急流的动量下传,有利于南海台风生成.西太平洋气旋波移入南海促使南海低压生成.     

南海问题中的日本因素与我国的安全环境

冷战期间日本承认中国对南海的主权,冷战后日本追随美国开始介入南海争端。新世纪,为维护其海上“生命线”安全的需要,保障其经济利益,争夺地区主导权并在钓鱼岛的主权问题和东海划界问题上牵制中国,日本开始介入南海争端,其战略措施有：舆论炒作“中国威胁论”;加强与亚太国家的合作并进一步巩固日美同盟,包括拉拢东南亚国家联盟、建立日越战略合作伙伴关系、加强与印度尼西亚和菲律宾的战略关系;从军事战略上谋划介入南海地区。日本介入南海争端意图推动南海问题的国际化,增加问题解决的难度,阻遏中国走向海洋的步伐,严重地威胁中国领海主权的完整。在解决南海争端的过程中,如何平衡日本因素是中国面临的一大挑战。     

南海夏季风活动激发的大气遥相关型

北半球夏季,南海地区是全球大气热状况变化最为激烈的区域之一,而南海夏季风则是该地区最为活跃的天气事件,它的演变必将导致其它地区大气环流的响应．通过相关计算、合成分析等手段,揭示与南海夏季风活动相关联的北半球大气遥相关型的存在．该波列状的遥相关型与东亚地区相连,经北太平洋延伸至北美西岸．最高的相关位于西太平洋副热带高压区域,因而它可能对我国旱涝天气产生重要影响．     

Twenty-five years of change in scleractinian coral communities of Daya Bay （northern South China Sea） and its response to the 2008 AD extreme cold climate event

Coral reefs worldwide are becoming increasingly and detrimentally impacted upon by a variety of factors including significant climate changes, such as global warming and increased El Nino-Southern Oscillation activity. Generally, the persistence of coral reefs, especially at low-latitudes, is governed, in part, by sea surface temperatures not exceeding the critical limit （-30℃） at which mass mortality can occur. Thus, it is thought that corals living at high-latitudes （i.e., currently cooler sea surface temperatures） will likely respond more favourably to hypothesized future temperature increases than corals living at low-latitudes （i.e., currently warmer sea surface temperatures）. Consequently, high-latitude coral communities may have the potential to act as regions of refugia for many coral species in the face of potential future global warming. The Daya Bay （22°31′--22°50′N）, northern South China Sea, contains several high-latitude non-reefal coral communities and represents one of the most northerly distributions of scleractinian corals within the region. Significantly, Daya Bay has experienced dramatic warming in both air and sea surface temperatures throughout the past 50 years. In this paper, we analyze 25 years of change in the Daya Bay coral communities, based both on historic surveys and our latest 2006--2008 regional ecological surveys. Our results suggest that, contrary to predictions, there have been significant declines in coral cover within the Daya Bay during the past 25 years （i.e., 76.6% coral cover in 1983/1984 to only 15.3% coral cover by 2008）. Such changes also reflect a significant shift in the most abundant coral species, from Acropora pruinosa to Favites abdita. Most of the modern coral communities became established between 15 and 30 years ago, corresponding to a period of increased winter sea surface temperature. However, very few colonies have become established within the last 15 years, despite a more intense period of warming. By taking into account additional factors, we hypothesize that direct anthropogenic impacts, rather than climatic events, have both restricted the development, and drove the decline, of Daya Bay coral communities in the last 15 years. The Daya Bay has also been subjected to occasional extreme cold events during the past 50 years, with the most recent occurring in early 2008 （13 January-13 February）. During the 2008 cold event, the lowest air temperature reaches only 6.6℃, and the mean sea surface temperature for February fall to 〈 14℃, including six continuous days at 12.3℃. Significantly, the sea surface temperatures fall below the hypothesized critical lower temperature threshold （-13℃） that commonly leads to mass mortality in scleractinian coral communities. Surprisingly, our coral community surveys, conducted both before （August 2007） and after （late February 2008） the extreme 2008 cold event, demonstrate that the Daya Bay coral ecosystems are barely impacted upon during the cold period. Those observations suggest that the Daya Bay scleractinian coral communities have developed adaptations to low sea surface temperatures. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that high-latitude coral communities, such as Daya Bay, have the potential to act as areas of refugia for scleractinian corals in the advent of potential future global warming.     

黑潮对中国近海热盐输运的季节和年际变化

应用垂向混合坐标系海洋模式（HYCOM）,对赤道以及北太平洋进行了气候态模拟和1990-1999年的模拟.给出了黑潮对我国近海热量和盐量输运的定量结果,并对其季节和年际变化特征进行了分析.气候态模拟的结果表明,黑潮对东海的热量输运与该区域的海表面热通量同量级,且呈反向变化,热量输运冬季最大,夏季最小,7月为-9×1013W,2月为2.5×1014W,春、秋为过渡季节.黑潮向南海输运的热量除夏季为负值外,其它季节均为正值.黑潮年均向东海输运热量1.67×1014 W,向南海输运热量1.5×1014W.盐量输运的变化趋势与热量一致.对1990-1999年的模拟结果进行小波分析表明,黑潮对东海热量和盐量输运具有4~7年的显著周期,且与厄尔尼诺现象密切相关.厄尔尼诺年,黑潮向东海输运的热量和盐量均有明显减小.黑潮对南海热量和盐量输运的周期约为3~4年.黑潮对南海的热量输运也与厄尔尼诺现象存在负相关关系.     

南海北部三参量风浪频谱数值模拟

基于Open FOAM开源程序,采用侯一筠的三参量风浪频谱构造了适用于中国南海北部海域的不规则波浪。首先,在waves2Foam程序中开发了解析松弛法进行消波处理并选用速度入口法造波,进而选用JONSWAP谱进行计算以验证不规则波造波程序的准确性;其次,以适用于中国南海北部海域的三参量风浪频谱为理论基础进行编程,将三参量风浪频谱嵌入到waves2Foam程序中,替换JONSWAP谱,通过设定风区长度、风速等参量构造模拟南海北部的不规则波浪。经验证,构造的不规则波的模拟值与理论值之间的误差在精度允许范围内,表明该方法能较好地模拟南海北部真实海况下的不规则波浪。     

南海深部过程的探索

2011-2018年,国家自然科学基金委员会设立“南海深部过程演变”重大研究计划,同时推动实施了三次半的大洋钻探航次,使南海进入国际深海研究的前列,在深海盆洋陆相互作用、边缘海盆地的板缘张裂和气候演变的低纬驱动等3方面取得了突破性进展,挑战了源自西欧、北大西洋的传统观念.深海探索的进展,确立了中国在南海科学上的引导地位...