An amorphous solid state of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are formed in the atmosphere from condensable oxidation products of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). On a global scale, biogenic VOCs account for about 90% of VOC emissions and of SOA formation (90?billion kilograms of carbon per year). SOA particles can scatter radiation and act as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, and thereby influence the Earth's radiation balance and climate. They consist of a myriad of different compounds with varying physicochemical properties, and little information is available on the phase state of SOA particles. Gas-particle partitioning models usually assume that SOA particles are liquid, but here we present experimental evidence that they can be solid under ambient conditions. We investigated biogenic SOA particles formed from oxidation products of VOCs in plant chamber experiments and in boreal forests within a few hours after atmospheric nucleation events. On the basis of observed particle bouncing in an aerosol impactor and of electron microscopy we conclude that biogenic SOA particles can adopt an amorphous solid-most probably glassy-state. This amorphous solid state should provoke a rethinking of SOA processes because it may influence the partitioning of semi-volatile compounds, reduce the rate of heterogeneous chemical reactions, affect the particles' ability to accommodate water and act as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, and change the atmospheric lifetime of the particles. Thus, the results of this study challenge traditional views of the kinetics and thermodynamics of SOA formation and transformation in the atmosphere and their implications for air quality and climate.     

Atmospheric science: marine aerosols and iodine emissions

O'Dowd et al. describe the formation of marine aerosols from biogenic iodine and the growth of these aerosols into cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN). Based on chamber and modelling results, the authors suggest that biogenic organic iodine compounds emitted from macroalgae may be responsible for coastal particle bursts and that production of these compounds in the open ocean could increase CCN there too. It has since been shown that coastal particles are more likely to be produced from the photooxidation of molecular iodine. Moreover, I contend that open-ocean particle production and cloud enhancement do not result from emissions of organic iodine at atmospheric levels. For iodine particles to affect cloud properties over the remote ocean, an additional source of iodine is necessary as organic precursors cannot be responsible.     

大气中二羰基化合物及其生成的二次有机气溶胶

二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol, SOA)对大气灰霾的贡献是当前大气化学研究的热点. 二羰基化合物(乙二醛和甲基乙二醛)是大气光化学反应的中间产物, 可以通过多种途径形成SOA, 对SOA的形成和总量增加有重要的贡献. 大气中二羰基化合物主要来源于生物源(如异戊二烯)和人为源(如乙炔)等挥发性有机物的氧化. 二羰基化合物可通过气粒分配(可逆过程)形成SOA, 也可被云、雾或水相气溶胶吸收, 发生水合、聚合、氧化等反应,生成的低挥发性产物留在颗粒相中生成SOA(不可逆过程). 目前常用的二羰基化合物检测方法是利用衍生化试剂与二羰基化合物反应生成衍生物, 经溶剂洗脱后再用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)仪进行分析.     

巡回牧师策略下的编队海上补给规划

为有效规划巡回牧师(CR)策略下的海上补给过程,首先,根据CR策略下的海上补给特点,分析海上补给流程,介绍了汇合点的概念、计算方法以及出入库排队情况,并阐明了平时、战时不同环境下的补给规划目标;然后,分别建立海上补给整数非线性规划模型和多智能体仿真模型,设定典型的海上补给案例,分析数据并带入模型,通过LINGO和Anylogic仿真平台分别对模型进行求解,将两个模型的求解结果进行比较分析.结果表明,整数规划模型与多智能体仿真模型能够有效实现问题求解,对于优化CR策略下的海上补给过程均具有较好的适用性,其中多智能体仿真模型优化效率更高.     

实验室废碘液中碘的回收研究

研究了从实验室废碘液中提取碘的两种方法．第一种方法是利用氧化还原反应,采用分离、萃取、升华等工序回收废碘液中碘的工艺．另一种方法是利用氧化还原反应将废液中的l2还原为l^-,浓缩后加入工业级硫酸铜作沉淀剂,在适量还原剂存在的条件下使l^-全部转化为Cu2l2沉淀,然后加浓硝酸氧化之获得单质l2的工艺．通过实验得知,这两种方法所得的碘纯度高、回收率高．     

海洋生物黏附蛋白研究进展

海洋附着生物粘合蛋白的研究对于生物粘合剂的开发及海洋防污行业均具有重要的意义。综述了对贻贝足丝蛋白,藤壶胶蛋白以及管栖毛虫管胶蛋白的研究进展。3种不同生物的黏附蛋白具有某些相似性,同时又各有其结构特点,对其蛋白质结构,功能及粘合机制的研究既具有重要的学术意义也具有广阔的应用前景。     

从含CuCN的CuI废渣中回收碘

在生产液晶的一种废渣中含有大量的ＣｕＩ和微量的ＣｕＣＮ。随着碘的市场价格上涨，从废渣中回收碘变得越来越有意义。为了从废渣中回收碘，选择合适的方法——氧化法提取单质碘，不使其中ＣＮ－形成气态形式而逸出。氧化剂采用ＦｅＣｌ３。对ＣＮ－的含量进行测定。对于提出的粗碘采用水蒸气蒸馏法进行提纯分析，确定一套安全有效的工艺流程：在室温下，用ＦｅＣｌ３饱和溶液与废渣一起搅拌反应０．５ｈ以上。回收率达８５％左右。     

污水处理厂温室气体排放评估

大气中温室气体(GHG)浓度的上升导致全球气候变化,其中,污水处理厂GHG的排放不容忽视。我国污水处理厂的数量及处理能力逐年攀升,针对污水处理厂GHG排放的研究具有重要意义。该文将污水处理厂GHG排放源划分为直接排放部分、能耗部分、物耗部分及其他部分,提出每部分相应的GHG排放折算因子,构建了相应的评价体系,以指导污水处理厂的低碳运行。利用该评价体系评估了北方一座污水处理厂的全厂GHG排放特征和机制,并对沼气回收前后的排放情况进行比较。结果表明,该厂CO2排放量为5.68×105 kg/d。其中直接排放占排放总量的60%以上;通过沼气产能回收可大量降低GHG排放。     

Continuing emissions of methyl chloroform from Europe

The consumption of methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane), an industrial solvent, has been banned by the 1987 Montreal Protocol because of its ozone-depleting potential. During the 1990s, global emissions have decreased substantially and, since 1999, near-zero emissions have been estimated for Europe and the United States. Here we present measurements of methyl chloroform that are inconsistent with the assumption of small emissions. Using a tracer transport model, we estimate that European emissions were greater than 20 Gg in 2000. Although these emissions are not significant for stratospheric ozone depletion, they have important implications for estimates of global tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations, deduced from measurements of methyl chloroform. Ongoing emissions therefore cast doubt upon recent reports of a strong and unexpected negative trend in OH during the 1990s and a previously calculated higher OH abundance in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere.     

Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 10⁶ km², suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average CH₄ fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m⁻² according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH₄ fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, and the average CH₄ fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹ at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH₄ emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m⁻², displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH₄ fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH₄ outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH₄ fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH₄ fluxes considerably. Annual CH₄ emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH₄ fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH₄ releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands.     

Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions

Methane is an important greenhouse gas and its atmospheric concentration has almost tripled since pre-industrial times. It plays a central role in atmospheric oxidation chemistry and affects stratospheric ozone and water vapour levels. Most of the methane from natural sources in Earth's atmosphere is thought to originate from biological processes in anoxic environments. Here we demonstrate using stable carbon isotopes that methane is readily formed in situ in terrestrial plants under oxic conditions by a hitherto unrecognized process. Significant methane emissions from both intact plants and detached leaves were observed during incubation experiments in the laboratory and in the field. If our measurements are typical for short-lived biomass and scaled on a global basis, we estimate a methane source strength of 62-236 Tg yr(-1) for living plants and 1-7 Tg yr(-1) for plant litter (1 Tg = 10(12) g). We suggest that this newly identified source may have important implications for the global methane budget and may call for a reconsideration of the role of natural methane sources in past climate change.     

Marine iguanas die from trace oil pollution

An oil tanker ran aground on the Galapagos island of San Cristóbal on 17 January 2001, spilling roughly three million litres of diesel and bunker oil. The slick started to spread westwards and was dispersed by strong currents, so only a few marine animals were killed immediately as a result. Here we draw on the long-term data sets gathered before the spill to show that a population of marine iguanas (Amblyrhychus cristatus) on Sante Fe island suffered a massive 62% mortality in the year after the accident, due to a small amount of residual oil contamination in the sea. Another population on the more remote island of Genovesa was unaffected.     

海洋微生物生物活性物质的研究

海洋微生物是海洋生物的重要组成。研究表明,海洋微生物所产生的生物活性物质种类包括新型抗生素,抗癌药物、不饱和脂肪酸、酶,酶抑制剂,维生素,毒素等,海洋微生物生物活性物质的产生能力与培养条件紧密相关。已有结果说明海洋微生物可产生大量不同于陆生生物的生物活性物质,是重要的海洋药物资源。     

三氯化铁氧化法提取海藻中的碘

以自然界中丰富的海藻为原料,利用FeC13的氧化性,提取单质碘,并对不同工艺条件下影响单质碘的提取的因素进行探讨.     

Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements

Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system. The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles. Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only. Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols and surface wind speed to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/- 0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline.     

Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the Martian atmosphere

Almost a decade after methane was first reported in the atmosphere of Mars there is an intensive discussion about both the reliability of the observations--particularly the suggested seasonal and latitudinal variations--and the sources of methane on Mars. Given that the lifetime of methane in the Martian atmosphere is limited, a process on or below the planet's surface would need to be continuously producing methane. A biological source would provide support for the potential existence of life on Mars, whereas a chemical origin would imply that there are unexpected geological processes. Methane release from carbonaceous meteorites associated with ablation during atmospheric entry is considered negligible. Here we show that methane is produced in much larger quantities from the Murchison meteorite (a type CM2 carbonaceous chondrite) when exposed to ultraviolet radiation under conditions similar to those expected at the Martian surface. Meteorites containing several per cent of intact organic matter reach the Martian surface at high rates, and our experiments suggest that a significant fraction of the organic matter accessible to ultraviolet radiation is converted to methane. Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane formation from meteorites could explain a substantial fraction of the most recently estimated atmospheric methane mixing ratios. Stable hydrogen isotope analysis unambiguously confirms that the methane released from Murchison is of extraterrestrial origin. The stable carbon isotope composition, in contrast, is similar to that of terrestrial microbial origin; hence, measurements of this signature in future Mars missions may not enable an unambiguous identification of biogenic methane.     

基于Kriging方法的电站锅炉NOx排放自适应建模

对复杂多变的热工对象建模是实现良好控制性能的难点,为此提出运用Kriging估计方法建立对象的自适应模型.该法是非参数回归的建模方法,无需确定模型结构和训练,就能实现对未知函数的无偏最优估计.通过对样本空间的实时调整还实现了一种自适应的Kriging模型.选取电站锅炉NOx排放作为建模对象,运用现场试验数据,比较了自适应Kriging模型和神经网络模型对NOx排放的内插和外推预测性能.5组结果显示,神经网络模型的平均预测误差为11.59%, 而Kriging模型仅为3.49%.