低分功能型聚合物相渗曲线特征研究及现场应用

采用低分功能型、增黏性能更好地低分功能型聚合物是聚合物驱提高原油采收率的重要攻关方向之一。通过大量的岩心实验,测定了低分功能型聚合物驱在各种不同条件下的相渗曲线,并与普通聚合物驱进行了对比。结果表明,低分功能型聚合物驱与普通聚合物驱的相渗曲线具有相似的变化规律,随聚合物溶液浓度、岩心渗透率的增加,残余油饱和度明显减少;但等渗点下含水饱和度有所增大(向右移动),油水两相跨度增大。由于低分功能型聚合物在分子链上引入了功能性单体,在低渗透岩心上的驱油效果要好于普通聚合物,并不是聚合物的分子量越大驱油效果越好,还与聚合物的分子构型相关。     

聚合物驱相对渗透率曲线的特征研究①

本文在研究聚合物溶液流经多孔介质时的流变性基础上,确定了聚合物溶液在多孔介质的有效粘度与分流量和相饱和度之间的关系式。从而解决了聚合物吸附/滞留及非牛顿流效应的影响,建立了稳定法测定聚合物驱相对渗透率曲线的实验技术和方法。成功地测得了油/聚合物溶液体系的相渗曲线和注聚合物段塞后的油/水体系的相渗曲线,并确定了适当的相渗曲线经验方程。讨论了聚合物驱相渗曲线的特征,分析了水相中的自由聚合物分子和岩石中吸附/滞留的聚合物对相渗曲线的影响,真实地反映了聚合物驱过程中的多相渗流规律。     

裂缝对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7致密岩心水驱渗流特征的影响

在分析鄂尔多斯盆地长7天然裂缝和体积压裂人工裂缝特征的基础上,采用等效处理岩心实验法探索裂缝对长7致密岩心水驱渗流特征的影响。实验结果表明:不论是以基质渗流或者以裂缝渗流为主的岩心,油相相对渗透率都呈现出靠椅型相渗曲线特征;同时随着裂缝与基质渗透率级差和驱替压差的增大,与基质渗流为主的岩心相比,裂缝岩心渗透率曲线等渗点左移,油水相渗透率增大,但两相共流区变窄,含水上升加快,残余油饱和度升高。在同一驱替压差下,随着裂缝与基质渗透率级差的增大,致密岩心水驱油具有低含水时间短,见水后含水上升快的特征。随着驱替压差增大,以基质渗流为主的岩心,见水提前,但无水期驱油效率和最终驱油效率都增大;以裂缝渗流为主的岩心,见水提前,无水期驱油效率和最终驱油效率都降低。     

机械振动对岩心相渗曲线的影响

研究了机械振动对岩心水驱油相渗曲线的影响,通过岩心振动相渗实验,得出了三套可对比的相渗曲线．实验表明,振动与不振动时的相渗曲线相比,油、水相渗曲线均要上抬,油的相渗曲线要右移,水的相渗曲线要左移．油、水相渗透率可提高２０％～３０％,残余油饱和度最多可降低６％,无水采收率最大可提高９％,最终采收率最大可提高１０％．说明适当特性的机械振动,可有效地提高水驱油的效果,降低油水表面张力,减弱储岩层的毛管压力,加快了油水重力分离速度,降低产油的含水率和原油粘度．     

机械振动对岩心相渗曲线的影响

研究了机械振动对岩心水驱油相渗曲线的影响，通过岩心振动相渗实验，得出了三套可比的相渗曲线。实验表明，振动与不振动时的相渗曲线相比，油、水相渗曲线均要上抬，油的相渗曲线要右移，水的相渗曲线要左多。     

疏松砂岩密闭取芯井新鲜样品和洗油样品相对渗透率曲线差异性研究

基于渤海某典型高孔高渗疏松砂岩稀油油藏密闭取岩心,对同一样品先后分别完成新鲜样品相渗实验和洗油样品相渗实验。实验结果表明:中水淹层段样品在洗油后油水相渗曲线与新鲜状态下相渗曲线各关键参数均非常接近;未水淹层段样品在洗油后状态下完成的油水相渗曲线与新鲜状态下相渗曲线相比,束缚水饱和度较高,残余油饱和度较低,两相区范围接近,最终驱油效率较高。未水淹层段岩心若采用洗油后的柱塞进行油水相渗实验,其结果将偏离真实储层渗流规律。根据水淹程度对油水相渗曲线影响的认识,重构了考虑水淹影响的"全寿命"油水相对渗透率曲线。矿场数值模拟结果表明,采用考虑水淹影响的重构相渗曲线的模型,在相同采出程度下,其含水率更低;在相同含水率情况下,其采出程度更高。     

水驱后三元复合驱全过程的相渗曲线变化趋势研究

选用大庆油田有代表性某储层天然岩心的平行样,水测渗透率分别在1 000、600、200×10-3μm2左右。采用恒速非稳态法分别测定了水驱、三元复合驱(注入0.8 PV)及后续水驱全过程的相对渗透率曲线。研究结果表明:注入三元复合体系溶液后相渗曲线形态发生明显变化:驱替相的相对渗透率先降后升,油相的相对渗透率先升后降;且相渗曲线的等渗点增加(本实验增加为3个);岩心渗透率越高,第一等渗点与第三等渗点的跨度越大,残余油饱和度越低。     

异常高压致密气藏两相渗流数值模拟技术

异常高压致密气藏压力系数高、孔隙结构及渗流机理复杂,相渗曲线随压力发生改变,导致利用常规相渗曲线的测试结果已不能正确反映地层条件下的气水渗流规律,预测的开发指标好于实际生产的结果。因此,需要研究地层条件下的相渗曲线,探讨异常高压致密气藏两相渗流规律。结合气藏高温、高压的特性,研制了异常高压致密气藏岩心驱替装置(120 MPa、150℃),回归了36块岩心归一化的岩心相渗端点与压力的关系,建立了异常高压致密气藏两相渗流数学模型及数值模型。研究结果表明,在异常高压条件下,束缚水饱和度降低,流动阻力增大,采收率降低,开发效果变差。     

一种基于水淹影响的相渗曲线重构方法

针对储层水淹对地层流体渗流规律影响刻画较难的问题,基于渤海典型疏松砂岩稀油油藏LD油田和稠油油藏Q油田密闭取芯井岩芯样品,开展水淹程度对油水相渗曲线影响实验研究。基于水淹对相渗影响认识,提取不同水淹程度下相渗曲线特征参数并重新组合,建立两种类型油藏考虑水淹影响的"全寿命"油水相对渗透率曲线。实验结果表明,与采用未水淹、弱水淹层段岩石样品完成的油水相对渗透率曲线相比,中水淹、强水淹层段相渗曲线束缚水饱和度更高,残余油饱和度更低,等渗点更偏右,驱油效率更高。与不考虑水淹情况相比,考虑水淹影响的重构相对渗透率曲线,其残余油饱和度和束缚水饱和度更低,含水饱和度相同时,两相相对渗透率均呈现整体降低趋势,最终驱油效率增大。与不考虑水淹影响的方案相比,考虑水淹影响的重构相渗在Q油田矿场数值模拟中应用,在含水98%时的采出程度提高近1%。     

利用CT技术的超低渗岩心油水驱替特征研究

超低渗透油藏CT扫描技术能够观察水驱油过程中不同时刻各流体饱和度在岩心中的分布,以及驱替后残余油分布。通过CT扫描技术在模拟超低渗透储层水驱油过程中,测定不同时刻岩心流体饱和度,观察岩心内部油水两相饱和度变化和分布,分析水驱特征。发现在致密且孔喉分布相对均匀及毛管压力显著的岩心中,水相饱和度前缘剖面变化十分陡峭,岩心内部水相饱和度以类似"活塞"式向前驱替。水相突破后岩心内各断面上饱和度分布不再发生较大变化,岩心出口端面不再产油,驱替相水与被驱替相油之间油水共渗区极其狭窄。对于超低渗透岩心,产生"活塞"式驱替的临界端点流度比为0.029 55~0.211 35。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with