中国凹耳蛙用高频声进行种内通讯

与绝大多数蛙不同,凹耳蛙发出高频叫声,以避开强环境噪声的掩蔽;雌蛙排卵前产生高频求偶声,诱发雄蛙以超精确度趋近雌蛙;雄蛙能自主开闭咽鼓管,以调谐高频听觉。凹耳蛙进化的这些特征是对嘈杂生境的适应,在其他两栖动物中尚未发现,这对研究动物声通讯进化很有价值。鉴于凹耳蛙为中国特有,数量稀少,分布地区狭窄,建议将它列为稀有濒危物种予以保护。     

Ultrasonic communication in frogs

Among vertebrates, only microchiropteran bats, cetaceans and some rodents are known to produce and detect ultrasounds (frequencies greater than 20 kHz) for the purpose of communication and/or echolocation, suggesting that this capacity might be restricted to mammals. Amphibians, reptiles and most birds generally have limited hearing capacity, with the ability to detect and produce sounds below approximately 12 kHz. Here we report evidence of ultrasonic communication in an amphibian, the concave-eared torrent frog (Amolops tormotus) from Huangshan Hot Springs, China. Males of A. tormotus produce diverse bird-like melodic calls with pronounced frequency modulations that often contain spectral energy in the ultrasonic range. To determine whether A. tormotus communicates using ultrasound to avoid masking by the wideband background noise of local fast-flowing streams, or whether the ultrasound is simply a by-product of the sound-production mechanism, we conducted acoustic playback experiments in the frogs' natural habitat. We found that the audible as well as the ultrasonic components of an A. tormotus call can evoke male vocal responses. Electrophysiological recordings from the auditory midbrain confirmed the ultrasonic hearing capacity of these frogs and that of a sympatric species facing similar environmental constraints. This extraordinary upward extension into the ultrasonic range of both the harmonic content of the advertisement calls and the frog's hearing sensitivity is likely to have co-evolved in response to the intense, predominantly low-frequency ambient noise from local streams. Because amphibians are a distinct evolutionary lineage from microchiropterans and cetaceans (which have evolved ultrasonic hearing to minimize congestion in the frequency bands used for sound communication and to increase hunting efficacy in darkness), ultrasonic perception in these animals represents a new example of independent evolution.     

微小区交换通话处理的改进方案及性能分析

在第三代系统环境的微小区和微微小区中,用户的移动造成交换通话掉话的概率和新建通话被拥塞概率是决定系统QoS的重要参数.现有的一些方案虽然能够很好地处理交换通话,但都是以牺牲新建通话为代价的.为了有效解决交换通话掉话与新建通话拥塞之间的矛盾,提出了一种新的通话处理的改进方案,它是基于原有的部分保护信道方案模型,但额外地考虑了新建通话的拥塞问题.这个方案相对于普遍采用的交换通话处理方案,能够很好地提高系统的性能.最后通过对改进方案的计算机仿真,取得了比较满意的结果.     

Cross-modal signaling in giant pandas

For solitary species that aggregate to breed, signals, such as sound or odor, transmitted across the landscape can play an important role in mate choice and coordinating breeding activity. Recent work on vocalizations of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), bleats and chirps that are emitted during periods of reproductive activity, has revealed that auditory communication in this species is more complicated and developed than once believed. However, playback experiments using these calls have recorded only a few behaviors over short observation times and the influence of these calls on the signaling behavior of receivers remains unknown. Here, we present results from a pilot study in which we played the bleats of male and female giant pandas in estrus to captive animals and measured vocal and chemical signaling response behavior. We found an increase in scent marking behavior, but not vocalizations, in males and females following the playback of calls made by members of the opposite sex in estrus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect a chemical communication response, which was marking, to an auditory signal in giant pandas. Our findings reveal a previously unknown relationship between acoustic and chemical signals in this high profile species and suggest that these two forms of signaling may be interdependent in the social lives of giant pandas.     

笼养状态下绿尾虹雉的鸣声行为特征

对绿尾虹雉非繁殖期和繁殖期较为复杂的鸣声行为进行了研究,初步探讨绿尾虹雉鸣声的生物学意义.2009年1-7月在四川蜂桶寨自然保护区采集绿尾虹雉的鸣叫声,通过计算机声谱分析技术,对绿尾虹雉鸣声行为特征进行了研究,并用Excel软件对其各种鸣叫声进行计算机统计分析.结果表明绿尾虹雉鸣声大多由短的重复的单音节、双音节和多音节鸣声组成.鸣声类型具有报警鸣声、领域鸣声、惊叫声、啼叫声、求偶叫声、产卵叫声、休息时的叫声等7种.鸣声音节中最常见为洪亮高亢的单音节鸣声,双音节鸣声仅出现在产蛋时,多音节鸣声为啼叫声.繁殖季节鸣叫与非繁殖季节鸣叫相比,在鸣叫类型上有增加,鸣叫频次也有明显增多.本研究发现绿尾虹雉的鸣声具有多样性,这种多样性的鸣声是它们在种群中进行语言交流的有效工具.研究鸟类鸣声的生物学特性对于了解鸟类的各种行为特征和有效的保护鸟类具有重要的意义.     

Roaring by red deer stags advances the date of oestrus in hinds

Some male mammals call loudly and repeatedly during the breeding season. Although the song of male birds is known to have effects on male-male competition, mate selection and ovulation, until now the loud calls of male mammals have been shown to affect only competition between males. Although it has been suggested that loud calling could also serve to attract females, the possibility that it has a direct effect on reproduction in females has not previously been investigated for any mammal. Here I report that roaring in red deer (Cervus elaphus) advances ovulation and that harem-holding males can improve their mating success by regular calling.     

Female visual displays affect the development of male song in the cowbird

The role of social stimulation in avian vocal learning is well documented. The separate contribution of social, as opposed to vocal, stimulation has been difficult to address, however, because in almost all cases both tutor and pupil sing. The opportunity to isolate such effects arose in cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater) after discovering that males housed with non-singing female cowbirds made vocal changes which related directly to the female preferences for native song. Here we report how females communicate with males about songs. We describe a visual display by females, a wing stroke, that is elicited by specific vocalizations. The songs that trigger wing strokes are in turn highly effective releasers of copulatory postures, and thus this previously unnoticed female display has biological significance. The data not only provide the first evidence of the tutorial role of male-female interactions during song ontogeny, they also clearly implicate visual stimulation in song learning, a process that has until now been assumed to be affected only by auditory information.     

Animal behaviour: elephants are capable of vocal learning

There are a few mammalian species that can modify their vocalizations in response to auditory experience--for example, some marine mammals use vocal imitation for reproductive advertisement, as birds sometimes do. Here we describe two examples of vocal imitation by African savannah elephants, Loxodonta africana, a terrestrial mammal that lives in a complex fission-fusion society. Our findings favour a role for vocal imitation that has already been proposed for primates, birds, bats and marine mammals: it is a useful form of acoustic communication that helps to maintain individual-specific bonds within changing social groupings.     

蜂窝系统中一种基于抢占优先的保护信道策略

在分析蜂窝系统信道分配问题的基础上,提出一种适用于语音、数据呼叫的蜂窝移动通信系统的信道分配策略.该策略将信道分为3部分:数据信道、语音新呼叫保护信道和语音切换呼叫保护信道,为语音新呼叫和语音切换呼叫分配保护信道以降低呼叫阻塞率.为了进一步提高系统承载的语音业务量,赋予语音呼叫抢占优先权,语音呼叫可以抢占数据信道;语音...     

High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young

Only high-quality males can bear the costs of an extreme sexual display. As a consequence, such males are not only more attractive, but they often live longer than average. Recent theory predicts, however, that high-quality males should sometimes invest so heavily in sexual displays that they die sooner than lower quality males. We manipulated the phenotypic quality of field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus, by altering the protein content of their diet. Here we show that nymphs and adult females reared on a high-protein diet lived longer than those on a low-protein diet. In contrast, adult males reared on a high-protein diet died sooner than those on low-protein diets because they invested more energy in calling during early adulthood. Our findings uphold the theoretical prediction that the relationship between longevity and sexual advertisement may be dynamic (that is, either positive or negative), depending on local conditions such as resource availability. Moreover, they caution the use of longevity as a proxy for fitness in sexual selection studies, and suggest avenues for future research on the relationship between sexual attractiveness and ageing.     

虎皮鹦鹉发声控制神经核团与鸣叫行为的性双态性研究

本文应用石蜡切片的方法，对成年虎皮鹦鹉的前脑发声控制神经核团：上纹状体腹侧尾核（Hyperstriatum ventrale pars Canssle,HVC)。古纹状体粗核（Nucleus robustus archistriaylis,RA)和嗅叶X区（Area X)进行了观察和比较；并采用计算机鸣声分析技术对虎皮鹦鹉的鸣声进行了分析。结果发现：雄鸟的三个发声控制神经核团体积明显大于雌鸟的三个发声控制神经核团体积。雄鸟的叫声明显比雌鸟的叫声复杂多变。这些结果提示虎皮鹦鹉的发声控制神经核团与鸣叫行为都存在着性双态性。     

一种新的基于DCRS的LEO信道分配策略

为提高LEO(low earth orbit)卫星通信系统中系统的信道利用率,在小区用户分布不均匀的前提下,基于动态分配预留保护信道DCRS(dynamic channel reservation scheme)的方法,提出了一种适合于LEO卫星通信系统的信道分配策略.该策略能根据系统中切换呼叫和新呼叫的比例,动态地分配预留的保护信道.仿真结果表明,与传统的固定分配预留保护信道FCRS(fixed channel reservation scheme)的策略相比,在保证一定切换呼叫阻塞概率的情况下,该策略能有效地降低新呼叫阻塞概率,提高信道利用率和系统的QoS(quality of service).     

Animal communication: complex call production in the túngara frog

Animals' sound-producing organs often act as an integrated whole--particular vocal structure are not directly associated with the creation of discrete syllables. But here we show that the 'chuck' of the 'whine-chuck' mating call of the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus, is caused by a fibrous mass attached to the vocal folds; the chuck is eliminated by removal of this structure, although the frog still tries to produce the sound. Sexual selection affects the acoustic complexity of the frog's call, so evolution may have shaped this unusual vocalization, which is akin to the two-voiced song of songbirds.     

利用相对信噪比检测喉疾病

检测对象为２０岁～３０岁的男女青年,中轻度声带覆盖层病态组,女３０人,男３１人,正常组：女３６人,男３８人,结果表明男女正常噪音的频域相对信噪比均呈一个稳定的分布,而女性,男性病态噪音的相对信噪比分别在大于１７００Ｈｚ和１０００Ｈｚ频段与下沉对照组有显著的差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）,认为相地信噪比是区分中轻程度声带覆盖层病态噪音和正常噪音的有效参数,协同监视病态噪音的频率微扰商和振幅微扰商参数的异常可基     

环网络中的呼叫接纳控制

呼叫接纳控制是通讯网络设计与运营中的一个重要优化问题. 环网络中，这一问题的目标是对于给定的具有边容量的环网络和任意利润的呼叫的集合，确定最大利润的呼叫子集并为其中每一个呼叫安排路径，使得任一边容量不被违反. 对于无向和有向环网络呼叫接纳控制问题, 均给出了多项式时间近似方案.     

Left hemisphere advantage in the mouse brain for recognizing ultrasonic communication calls

In humans, sound perceived as speech is processed preferentially by the right ear and the left hemisphere of the brain. Among animals, such an advantage of one hemisphere (lateralization) in processing communication sound from other members of the species has so far been demonstrated only in macaque monkeys. I report here that in the house mouse, which has a very much less elaborate forebrain than man or macaque monkey, the ultrasonic calls that are emitted by young mice to evoke maternal caring behavior are preferentially recognized by the left hemisphere. In females with no experience of pups, which have been trained to respond to the same ultrasonic calls by conditioning, no advantage for one hemisphere is detected. The results suggest that lateralization of this function evolved early in mammals and emphasize that an innate predisposition for perceiving communication sounds is connected with a left-hemisphere advantage in processing them. This experimental system is a readily-available animal model for studying lateralized auditory brain functions.     

Sexual selection for sensory exploitation in the frog Physalaemus pustulosus

The sensory bases of species and population mate preferences are well known; in frogs properties of the female auditory system influence such preferences. By contrast, there is little understanding of how sensory characteristics could result in sexual selection within a population. One possible mechanism is that females are more sensitive to male courtship signals that deviate from the population mean. We document this mechanism in the frog Physalaemus pustulosus. Female basilar papilla tuning is biased toward lower-than-average frequencies in the 'chuck' portion of the male's call, explaining female preference for the lower-frequency chucks produced by larger males. The tuning does not differ between P. pustulosus and its close relative P. coloradorum, a species in which males never evolved the ability to produce chucks; thus the female tuning evolved before the chuck and therefore the chuck played no role in the evolution of the preference. This allows us to reject two popular hypotheses for the evolution of this female preference (runaway sexual selection and natural selection) in favour of a third: sexual selection for sensory exploitation.     

宽带直扩码分多址系统中的一种呼叫允许控制策略

提出了宽带直扩码分多址中的一种呼叫允许控制策略 ,该策略对于新呼叫和切换呼叫的接纳设置了不同的干扰门限值 ,切换呼叫的门限高于新呼叫的门限。切换呼叫和新呼叫的干扰门限都随系统总干扰的变化而自适应变化。当有新呼叫或切换呼叫到达时 ,计算小区内多址干扰和小区间多址干扰 ,从而确定总干扰 ,并与干扰门限值进行比较 ,若低于门限值 ,则允许接入 ,否则拒绝     

虎皮鹦鹉发声中的非线性现象——幅度调制

在亚鸣禽代表动物虎皮鹦鹉的正常叫声中，发现其联系叫声表现出显著的幅度调制特性．通过其正常联系叫声的声图、频谱图及相应的数据分析，展现了这一特性，为解释虎皮鹦鹉的呜管发声机制提供了声学依据．     

从关联理论看广告翻译中的语篇重构

关联理论,作为一种语言交际理论,揭示了语码转换的本质.在语码转换的过程中,关联性起着决定性的作用.关联理论对于以实现AIDA功能为目的的广告翻译具有强大的解释力.语篇重构作为一种对原文的结构和语言形式进行较大幅度的改动翻译方法,是实现广告功能对等,译出符合译入语市场消费行为和译入语行文习惯的地道译文,从而实现外来广告的当地化,打开市场,促进销售主要翻译策略.