转基因农作物商业应用前景分析

本介绍了基因工程产品安全性问题的由来及植物基因转化技术的应用领域,综述了转基因农产品（GMC）的各种利弊,并着重对抗病虫害GMC的应用前景进行了分析,详细讨论了抗病虫害基因工程在实际应用中可能存在的问题。     

基于SVM-RFE的水稻抗病基因筛选

提出一种改进的回归特征消去支持向量机特征选择方法(SVM-RFE)对水稻的抗病基因进行筛选. 实验结果表明: 在预测得到的20个与水稻抗病/敏感相关基因中, 有3个基因与已知的水稻抗病基因紧密相关; 2个基因与已知的水稻抗病基因有一定的相关性. 通过该方法能找到影响水稻生长状态（正常/染病）的基因.     

植物抗病基因工程研究现状及展望

近年来,随着植物抗病基因的分离,植物抗病机制的分了生物滂和植物抗病基因工程的研究轰轰烈烈地展开并取得重大突破。利用抗病基因进行遗传转化已相继取得成功,基于抗病反应内在机制的基因工程也开始启努,并将越来越广泛地应用于作物抗病品种选育和农业生产实践。     

生命科学及其相关学科的研究(五)

简要介绍了当代生命科学及其相关学科的研究概况:包括异基因干细胞移植技术、基因疗法保护骨髓细胞、功能基因组学、细胞移植治疗心脏病、转基因抗虫水稻、用基因定位技术培育动物生产人体蛋白质、发现干细胞源以及高产优质抗病早熟棉的培育等研究进展及其效益。     

转Bt/CpTI基因水稻知识产权调查报告

水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一.自1988年首次获得转基因水稻以来,水稻转基因技术已获得突飞猛进的发展,在抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆和改良稻米品质转基因等研究方面皆有长足进步.转基因水稻研发中涉及许多专利问题.本文以转Bt基因水稻、转CpTI基因水稻和转Bt/CpTI双价基因水稻为研究对象,对研究中所涉及的知识产权问题进行了调查.结果表明,我国在转基因水稻研究中的大多数材料和技术含有国外机构所持有的专利.本文对产生的原因和可能存在的问题进行了讨论,并对解决方式提出了建议.     

植物抗病基因的几个结构域

研究抗病基因的结构对于植物抗病工程的发展具有很重要的价值。对已克隆出的植物抗病基因研究表明,大多数的抗病基因都具有高度保守的结构域,本文对在植物抗病反应中起主要作用的几个结构域(LRR域、TIR域、CC域、Kinase域和NBD域)做了简要阐述。     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta与Pi-ta2之间的关系

该研究以含抗稻瘟病基因pi-ta和pi-ta2的水稻品种Katy和Kaybonnet为供体亲本的4个F2群体(含2516个单株)为材料,利用已建立的pi-ta显性标记与pi-ta2微卫星标记进行分子检测,结果发现,所有含pi-ta基因的单株都具有pi-ta2,不含pi-ta基因的单株也无pi-ta2,这表明,这两个基因紧密连锁或等位;稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)人工接种试验发现所有抗病单株都含pi-ta基因,而感病单株则无.由此表明,在含2516个单株的F2群体中没有发生抗病基因的重组,这进一步验证这两个抗病基因等位或紧密连锁.     

基因聚合品种对云南水稻白叶枯病的抗性分析

研究含多个抗性基因的聚合品种和单个抗性基因的近等基因系对云南省水稻白叶枯病菌的抗性差异.基因聚合品种对水稻白叶枯病菌的抗性达到高抗至免疫水平,病斑长度比单基因品系明显缩短,表明聚合抗病基因提高了水稻品种的抗性.单个抗性基因的近等基因系对这些菌株的抗性均不高,对我省生产中的主要白叶枯病菌株多表现为中感;这一研究结果为培育具有持久抗性的品种提供了新思路,它在实践应用方面将具有重要的意义.     

植物抗病性的遗传基础及其分子机制

就植物对病原的防御反应,植物-病原互作模式和植物抗病性的遗传基础进行了概述.报告了病原无毒基因和植物抗病基因克隆;植物抗病分子机制的研究进展.     

转基因作物恐慌与真相

最近一段时间，由于众多媒体对转基因食品发表了一些科学性不高的文章，导致了公众对转基因技术的恐慌。为此，本刊特发表生物学博士方舟子的文章，对这种恐慌的来龙去脉加以分析，以使读者对此有更加全面的认识。     

Obtaining transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease by controlled cell death strategy

The strategy of the two-component system,composed of Barnase and Barstar which encode RNase and a specific inhibitor to the RNase respectively, is adopted to obtain transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease. In this study, two chimeric promoters, induced by rice blast fungus pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea), are fused with Barnase respectively to construct two plant expression vectors, pWBNBS and pPBNBS together with the Barstar driven by CaMV 35S promoter. The resistance of the transgenic rice lines to rice blast fungus disease and rice blight disease are evaluated. The results show that (1) the expression of Barnase is induced in rice leaves when inoculated with the spores of Magnaporthe grisea; (2) the induced expression level of Barnase surpasses the level of Barstar, which elicits a similar hypersensitive response (HR) in the leaves, and the transgenic plant shows high resistance to the rice fungal blast disease; and (3) transgenic rice plants also show obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight disease. Taken together, these results suggest that the transgenic rice plants harboring this two-component system acquire relatively broad spectrum resistance against pathogens, especially high resistance to rice fungal pathogen.     

利用噬菌体展示筛选结合水稻条叶枯病毒S蛋白的短肽

利用噬菌体展示技术在随机7肽库中筛选到结合水稻条叶枯病毒（rice stripe virus ,RSV）病害特异蛋白（stripe disease-specific protein,S蛋白）的6个短肽,并进行了序列测定,ELISA结果表明,6个短肽和S蛋白具有一定的亲和能力,筛选到的短肽对今后S蛋白功能分析、转基因抗RSV和水稻条叶枯病的诊断提供了条件。     

Overexpression of rice OsLOL2 gene confers disease resistance in tobacco to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tabaci

LSD1-related proteins of Arabidopsis with LSD1-like zinc finger domains regulate disease resistance and programmed cell death(PCD). We cloned a rice OsLOL2 gene, orthologous to LSDI of Arabidopsis and expressed it in a tobacco plant. Transgenic tobacco lines displayed enhanced disease resistance to a virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst). RT-PCR analysis showed that overexpression of OsLOL2 in transgenic tobacco lines resulted in upregulation of two pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, PR2 and PR5. Our results suggest that overexpression of OsLOL2 in transgenic tobacco enhances the resistance through the induction of PR pro-teins and hypersensitive response-like reaction.     

Inheritance and expression of multiple disease and insect resistance genes in transgenic rice

2—3 anti-fungal disease genes are coinserted with hygromycin phosphotransferase in the same vector. Two insecticidal genes and PPT acetyl transferase genes are placed in another one. The vectors are co-delivered to rice embryonic cellus tissue at a molar ratio of 1︰1 using the particle gun method. 55 independent regenerated lines have been obtained through screening for hygromycin resistance. Of these, 70% transgenic plants harbor 6—7 foreign genes. The genes on the same vectors are always co-delivered to rice plant. Northern blot analysis has indicated that the multiple foreign genes give stable expression. In the 6 transgenic plants carrying 6—7 foreign genes, multiple foreign genes tend to integrate in 1 or 2 genetic loci. Progeny segregation is consistent with Mendel’s 3︰1 segregation law. 8 homozygous R₁ transgenic plants harboring 2—3 anti-fungal and 2 insecticidal genes are selected from large number of transgenic progeny screening for hygromycin and Basta resistance.     

抗稻瘟病和纹枯病的转基因水稻新品系

将水稻碱性几丁质酶基因（RC24）导入优良灿稻品种竹籼B,外源RC24基因可以稳定整合到RO代至R6代转基因水稻基因组中,并得到表达,已获得同时抗稻瘟病和纹枯病的转基因品系竹转68和竹转70以及43个转基因纯合株系。     

Review and prospect of transgenic rice research

Rice is one of the most important crops as the staple food for more than half of the world＇s population. Rice improvement has achieved remarkable success in the past half-century, with the yield doubled in most parts of the world and even tripled in certain regions, which has contributed greatly to food security globally. Rapid population growth and economic development pose a constantly increased food requirement. However, rice yield has been hovering in the past decade, which is mainly caused by the absence of novel breeding technologies, reduction of genetic diversity of rice cultivars, and serious yield loss due to increasingly severe occurrences of insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses. To address these challenges, Chinese scientists proposed a novel rice breeding goal of developing Green Super Rice to improve rice varieties and realize the sustainable development of agriculture, by focusing on the following 5 classes of traits： insect and disease resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use effi- ciency, quality and yield potential. As a modern breeding approach, transgenic strategy will play an important role in realizing the goal of Green Super Rice. Presently, many transgenic studies of rice have been conducted, and most of target traits are consistent with the goal of Green Super Rice. In this paper, we firstly review technical advances of rice transformation, and then outline the main progress in transgenic rice research with respect to the most important traits： insect and disease-resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, quality, yield potential and herbicide-tolerance. The prospects of developing transgenic rice are also discussed.     

Overexpression of rice OsLOL2 gene confers disease resistance in tobacco to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tabaci

LSD1-related proteins of Arabidopsis with LSDl-like zinc finger domains regulate disease resistance and programmed cell death （PCD）. We cloned a rice OsLOL2 gene, orthologous to LSD1 of Arabidopsis and expressed it in a tobacco plant. Transgenic tobacco lines displayed enhanced disease resistance to a virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci （Pst）. RT-PCR analysis showed that overexpression of OsLOL2 in transgenic tobacco lines resulted in upregulation of two pathogenesis-related （PR） protein genes, PR2 and PR5. Our results suggest that overexpression of OsLOL2 in transgenic tobacco enhances the resistance through the induction of PR proteins and hypersensitive response-like reaction.     

The Recent Advances in Plant Protection Researches of China

There are eight examples briefly given in this paper, namely, (1) Polymyxa graminis and the cereal viruses it transmits; (2) the geographical types and facultative migration of cotton bollworm as well as the safety of Bt transgenic cotton; (3) development of crop near-isogenic lines with resistance to diseases; (4) molecular-biological researches induced resistance of rice by infection of blast fungus;(5) to use cytological and molecular-biological techniques for breeding wheat varieties resistant to barley yellow dwarf virus; (6) mass rearing and field releasing of Microplitis mediator for cotton bollworm control; (7) identification and recombination of insecticidal crystal genes of Bacillus thuringiensis; and (8) interplanting of diverse resistance rice varieties for sustainable control of blast disease; which reflect the general situation of recent advances in plant protection researches of China.     

Transgenic rice homozygous lines expressing GNA showed enhanced resistance to rice brown planthopper

Mature seed-derived calli from two elite Chinese japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Eyi 105 and Ewan 5 were co-transformed with two plasmids, pWRG1515 and pRSSGNA1, containing the selectable marker hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt), the reporter β-glucuronidase gene (gusA) and the snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) lectin gene (gna) via particle bombardment. 61 independent transgenic rice plants were regenerated from 329 bombarded calli. 79% transgenic plants contained all the three genes, revealed by PCR/Southern blot analysis. Western blot analysis revealed that 36 out of 48 gna-containing transgenic plants expressed GNA (75%) at various levels with the highest expression being approximately 0.5% of total soluble protein. Genetic analysis confirmed Mendelian segregation of transgenes in progeny. From the R2 generations whose R1 parent plants showing 3:1 Mendelian segregation patterns, we identified five independent homozygous lines containing and expressing all the three transgenes. Insect bioassay and feeding tests showed that these homozygous lines had significant inhibition to rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) by decreasing BPH survival and overall fecundity, retarding BPH development and declining BPH feeding. These BPH-resistant lines have been incorporated into rice insect resistance breeding program. This is the first report that homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA, developed by genetic transformation and through genetic analysis-based selection, conferred enhanced resistance to BPH, one of the most damaging insect pests in rice.