从历史看生命科学的多样性和全球性

What is Globalization? When we speak of globalization of knowledge, it is an unfortunate fact that the text books and monographs in western countries generally trace their ideas to ancient Greece but go no further. They do not always acknowledge that there were other civilizations who nurtured great knowledge of science and technology long before Grecian civilization. I refer to the ancient civilizations of both China and India, as well as the Egyptians and the Baylonians whose ideas and inventions were copied by the societies of Greece and Rome much later①.     

爱因斯坦、毕加索,科学、艺术

That Maxwell' s electrodynamics the way in which it is usually understood leads to asymmetries that do not appear in the phenomena is well known. Albert Einstein The painter' s studio should be a laboratory. There one does not make art in the manner of a monkey, one invents. Painting is a play of the mind.     

永载史册的1905年

At the end of 1904, a reader who happened to glance over the contributions to the Annalen der Physik (the premier German physics journal) of one Albert Einstein, an obscure clerk at the Swiss Patent Office, would have found just five articles-the first in 1901, when its author was 22 years old. They constituted his entire published oeuvre, and none was sufficiently distinguished for our hypothetical reader to anticipate the nature or the significance of Einstein's next five papers, [1～5] all submitted to the Annalen in 1905, his annus mirabilis or year of wonders.     

爱因斯坦的第三乐园

Ⅰ Historians of modern science have good reasons to be grateful to Paul Arthur Schilpp, professor of philosophy and Methodist clergyman but better known as the editor of a series of volumes on" Living Philosophers", including several on scientist-philosophers. His motto was:"The asking of questions about a philosopher's meaning while he is alive." And to his everlasting credit, he persuaded Albert Einstein to do what he had resisted all his years: to sit down to write, in 1946 at age sixty-seven, an extensive autobiography-forty-five pages long in print.     

开幕式致词

Honorable Council members of the DHS, Chairs of Delegations, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the Chinese host, I sincerely and warmly welcome you to Beijing and the 22na International Congress of the History of Science. To my knowledge, in the 76 years of its history, this is only the second time that the Congress is being held in the Far East, and is also the second time the Congress is meeting in adeveloping country. For both of these reasons, we are deeply honored that you are here, and we appreciate the tremendous responsibility that comes with hosting the 22nd International Congress of the History of Science.     

Address at the Opening Ceremony of the 22nd International Congress of History of Science

Honorable Council members of the DHS, Chairs of Delegations, Distinguished Guests, Lances and Gentlemen ： On behalf of the Chinese host, I sincerely and warmly welcome you to Beijing and the 22^nd International Congress of the History of Science. To my knowledge, in the 76 years of its history, this is only the second time that the Congress is being held in the Far East, and is also the second time the Congress is meeting in a developing country.     

全球化,科学词汇和生物学的未来

1 Biology for the 21st Century In a recent article in the New York Times (3/23/05), reporting on yet another upset to received views of the ways in which cells make use of their DNA, a prominent geneticist is quoted as remarking, "biologists have gotten used to the unexpected." Indeed, they have, as indeed, they have had to. Over the last few years, our understanding of molecular and developmental genetics has mutated dramatically in response to ever more complex analyses of ever more abundant and more complex data.     

China,Science and Humanities

Mankind is today indeed at a turning point of history: For the first time, we recognize and experience the limitations set by the finite resources of the globe. But also for the first time in history, we truely have the capability to develop all the technological tools necessary to shape our future.     

自然在古代中国的道德和政治意义

Nature has been inextricably connected with human life. There is nature's necessity, such as the cosmic order or bodily functions that men cannot change and have to comply with. There is nature's authority. People use nature to build up social norms and to justify social and political actions.     

进入国际发射市场的我国航天技术

本项研究根据国际航天产业的现实设定假设条件，以一次性运载器的价格和生产为变量，环境因素为参数．提出了两种国际商业航天发射市场模型，一种是单个厂商面对的市场模型，另一种是双寡头垄断的市场模型，由于两种模型从不同的角度对商业发射市场做出解释，所以联合使用两种模型能够获得对商业发射市场更全面的理解，模型对市场的未来走向具有较好的预见。     

人类的复杂性及其程序化的限度——兼评“人类终结论”与“竞速统治论”

人工智能的潜在威胁已成为人类的一种公共性焦虑,当前的"人类终结论"与"竞速统治论"是这种焦虑的学术确认。然而,不论是人类终结论还是竞速统治论,它们的吸引力都是建立在对科技发展的过高估计与对人类发展的过低估计所构成的巨大反差之上。这类论断既无助于人们客观地看待科技的发展,也无助于人们客观地看待自身的发展。破除这类论断所编织的扭曲图景,需要我们予以追认人类的复杂性,探析其程序化的限度,以及展示人类能力发展的可能空间。     

当代西方心灵哲学中的非概念内容范畴分析

概念内容和非概念内容是当代心灵哲学中非常重要的一对范畴。具有自然主义传统的大部分心灵哲学家在内容自然化研究过程中往往关注的是概念内容及其各种表现类型。而非概念内容的存在始终困扰着他们。那么,非概念内容有其哲学渊源吗?非概念内容的"非"该如何理解?当代西方心灵哲学界又有哪些代表性的观点呢?     

From Doing to Performing Phenomenology: Implications and Possibilities

This commentary on Kurt Vanhoutte and Nele Wynants’s of ‘Performing phenomenology: negotiating presence in intermedial theatre’ focuses on the implications of staging phenomenological research. In my opinion the authors missed an opportunity to stress more what W (Double U), a performance of CREW has to offer postphenomenology and what it actually means to ‘perform’ phenomenology. I will not only argue that W (Double U) because of its performative nature offers a reflection on postphenomenology, but also that the performance must be understood as a specific kind of research, conducted simultaneously from a theoretical and aesthetic orientation, leading to a complex interaction between perception and reflection, and offering a valuable, different perspective on postphenomenological research issues. W (Double U) in this respect functions as a ‘theoretical object’, producing a specific kind of embodied knowledge. Finally I will emphasize the possible radical potential in W (Double U), because I do believe that the performance, although it might not lead explicitly to social change, does have an important social and political relevance that the authors do not really delve into.     

The Future of Life and What it Means for Humanity

Vidal’s (Found Sci, 2010) and Rottiers’s (Found Sci, 2010) commentaries on my (2010) paper raised a number of important issues about the possible future trajectory of evolution and its implications for humanity. My response emphasizes that despite the inherent uncertainty involved in extrapolating the trajectory of evolution into the far future, the possibilities it reveals nonetheless have significant strategic implications for what we do with our lives here and now, individually and collectively. One important implication is the replacement of postmodern scepticism and relativism with an evolutionary grand narrative that can guide humanity to participate successfully in the future evolution of life in the universe.     

绿色壁垒与自由贸易冲突解决机制的原理与对策分析

绿色壁垒有其存在的合理性，也有被贸易保护主义者变相利用的可能，本文通过对绿色壁垒含义、成因、具体表现及其对WTO原则与措施挑战等方面的分析，以求能为自由贸易与环保关系协调及我国法律对策作一思考。     

Taxonomy Based Models for Reasoning: Making Inferences from Electronic Road Sign Information

Taxonomy Based modeling was applied to describe drivers’ mental models of variable message signs (VMS’s) displayed on expressways. Progress in road telematics has made it possible to introduce variable message signs (VMS’s). Sensors embedded in the carriageway every 500m record certain variables (speed, flow rate, etc.) that are transformed in real time into “driving times” to a given destination if road conditions do not change. VMS systems are auto-regulative Man-Machine (AMMI) systems which incorporate a model of the user: if the traffic flow is too high, then drivers should choose alternative routes. In so doing, the traffic flow should decrease. The model of the user is based on suppositions such as: people do not like to waste time, they fully understand the displayed messages, they trust the displayed values, they know of alternative routes. However, people also have a model of the way the system functions. And if they do not believe the contents of the message, they will not act as expected. We collected data through interviews with drivers using the critical incidents technique (Flanagan, 1985). Results show that the mental models that drivers have of the way the VMS system works are various but not numerous and that most of them differ from the“ideal expert” mental model. It is clear that users don’t have an adequate model of how the VMS system works and that VMS planners have a model of user behaviour that does not correspond to the behaviour of the drivers we interviewed. Finally, Taxonomy Based Modeling is discussed as a tool for mental model remediation.     

Values in pure and applied science

In pure science, the standard approach to non-epistemic values is to exclude them as far as possible from scientific deliberations. When science is applied to practical decisions, non-epistemic values cannot be excluded. Instead, they have to be combined with (value-deprived) scientific information in a way that leads to practically optimal decisions. A normative model is proposed for the processing of information in both pure and applied science. A general-purpose corpus of scientific knowledge, with high entry requirements, has a central role in this model. Due to its high entry requirements, the information that it contains is sufficiently reliable for the vast majority of practical purposes. However, for some purposes, the corpus needs to be supplemented with additional information, such as scientific indications of danger that do not satisfy the entry requirements for the corpus. The role of non-epistemic values in the evaluation of scientific information should, as far as possible, be limited to determining the level of evidence required for various types of practical decisions.     

Mathematics,Philosophical and Semantic Considerations on Infinity (II): Dialectical Vision

Human language has the characteristic of being open and in some cases polysemic. The word “infinite” is used often in common speech and more frequently in literary language, but rarely with its precise meaning. In this way the concepts can be used in a vague way but an argument can still be structured so that the central idea is understood and is shared with to the partners. At the same time no precise definition is given to the concepts used and each partner makes his own reading of the text based on previous experience and cultural background. In a language dictionary the first meaning of “infinite” agrees with the etymology: what has no end. We apply the word infinite most often and incorrectly as a synonym for “very large” or something that we do not perceive its completion. In this context, the infinite mentioned in dictionaries refers to the idea or notion of the “immeasurably large” although this is open to what the individual’s means by “immeasurably great.” Based on this linguistic imprecision, the authors present a non Cantorian theory of the potential and actual infinite. For this we have introduced a new concept: the homogon that is the whole set that does not fall within the definition of sets established by Cantor.     

中国古代历法中的三次内插法

该文根据《天文大成管窥辑要》中的史料，发现边冈在其《崇玄历》（８９２年）中创立的晷影公式－中国历法史上第一例三次函数，是通过令影差变化与自变量平方的比值为某个等差数列而构造出来的，与过去认为的三次内插法无关；王恂、郭守敬在《授时历》（１２８０年）创立的平立定三差算法，则是通过对插值函数的降阶，将问题转化为一般的二次内插公式的构造，前者可能受到了边冈立方相减相乘算法的启发，后者则与刘焯的二次插值算法