Rapid solidification of undercooled Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloys

Under the conventional solidification condition, a liquid aluminium alloy can be hardly undercooled because of oxidation. In this work, rapid solidification of an undercooled liquid Al_80.4Cu_13.6Si₆ ternary eutectic alloy was realized by the glass fluxing method combined with recycled superheating. The relationship between superheating and undercooling was investigated at a certain cooling rate of the alloy melt. The maximum undercooling is 147 K (0.18T _E). The undercooled ternary eutectic is composed of α(Al) solid solution, (Si) semiconductor and θ(CuAl₂) intermetallic compound. In the (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic, (Si) faceted phase grows independently, while (Al) and θ non-faceted phases grow cooperatively in the lamellar mode. When undercooling is small, only (Al) solid solution forms as the leading phase. Once undercooling exceeds 73 K, (Si) phase nucleates firstly and grows as the primary phase. The alloy microstructure consists of primary (Al) dendrite, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic at small undercooling, while at large undercooling primary (Si) block, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic coexist. As undercooling increases, the volume fraction of primary (Al) dendrite decreases and that of primary (Si) block increases. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101, 50395105) and the Doctorate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant No. CX200419)     

Microstructural evolution of ternary Ag33Cu42Ge25 eutectic alloy inside ultrasonic field

Ultrasonic field with a frequency of 20 k Hz is introduced into the solidification process of ternary Ag33Cu42Ge25 eutectic alloy from the sample bottom to its top. The ultrasound stimulates the nucleation of alloy melt and prevents its bulk undercooling. At low ultrasound power of 250 W,the primary ε2phase in the whole alloy sample grows into non-faceted equiaxed grains, which differs to its faceted morphology of long strip under static condition. The pseudobinary(Ag t ε2) eutectic transits from dendrite shape grain composed of rod type eutectic to equiaxed chrysanthemus shape formed by lamellar structure. By contrast, the ultrasound produces no obvious variation in the morphology of ternary(Ag t Ge t ε2) eutectic except a coarsening effect. When ultrasound power rises to 500 W, divorced ternary(Ag t Ge t ε2) eutectic forms at the sample bottom. However, in the upper part, the ultrasonic energy weakens, and it only brings about prominent refining effect to primary ε2phase.The microstructural evolution mechanism is investigated on the cavitation, acoustic streaming and acoustic attenuation.     

Rapid solidification mechanism of Ag60Sb34Cu6 ternary alloy in drop tube

Ternary eutectic growth involves competitive nu-cleation and growth of three solids from one liquid. Thesolidification behavior of ternary eutectic alloy is morecomplex than that of binary eutectic alloy due to the addi-tion of the third component[1—4]. Up to now, most scientificinvestigations on ternary eutectic alloy focus on the influ-ence of changing the component or adding a fourth even afifth element on the performance of the alloy[5—8]. How-ever, the information on crystal growth char…     

Solidification microstructure and phase constitution of Fe-7.5%Mo-16.5%Si ternary quasiperitectic alloy

Solidification of Fe-7.5%Mo-16.5%Si ternary quasiperitectic alloy is investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and drop tube containerless processing techniques.The primary phase is identified as R (Fe5Mo3Si2) and the quasiperitectic phases are τ1 (Fe5MoSi4) and Fe3Si.With the decrease of droplet diameter, the cooling rate and undercooling of the droplets in-crease rapidly.The experiment result indicates that the solidification microstructure is composed of remnant primary phase, qua-sip...     

声悬浮条件下Ag-Cu共晶合金的无容器凝固研究

采用声悬浮技术结合激光加热,实现了Ag-Cu共晶合金的无容器熔化与凝固,并通过CMOS图像分析与数值计算,研究了声悬浮过程中合金熔体的温度场分布特性.由于声辐射压作用,合金熔体在声悬浮条件下呈现扁球或圆饼形,表面温度沿赤道点到极点方向升高.凝固样品表面出现涟漪状波纹,统计分析发现,该表面波纹出现在大变形(a/b>2.1)的样品上.波纹中心为共晶形核点,且波纹传播方向与共晶生长方向相同.分析表明,表面形核以及形核后辐射推移的固液界面是形成表面波纹的先决条件.声场的增强能够促进悬浮样品在表面形核.     

双相金属间化合物中的Ti5（Si,Al）3相

研究了共晶和过共晶Ｔｉ３（Ａｌ，Ｓｉ）＋Ｔｉ５（Ｓｉ，Ａｌ）３双相合金中Ｔｉ５（Ｓｉ，Ａｌ）３相的显微组织及性能，结果表明，Ｔｉ５（Ｓｉ，Ａｌ）３相具有光学各向异性，其显微硬度受其中含Ａｌ量的影响，而点阵常数保持不变，根据组织结构对材料的影响，认为具有粗在初生Ｔｉ５（Ｓｉ，Ａｌ）３相的过共晶双合金是不宜做结构材料的，而具有细小均匀Ｔｉ５（Ｓｉ，Ａｌ）３的共晶双相合金，有可能发展成实用合金。     

冷却速度对Zn--5 Al--0.1 RE--x Si合金显微组织及耐蚀性能的影响

运用扫描电子显微镜/能谱仪、X射线衍射、盐雾实验、电极化曲线等手段,研究冷却速度和Si对Zn-5Al-0.1RE合金组织及耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,Zn-5Al-0.1RE-xSi合金由先析出的?-Zn和?-Zn+α-Al共晶组织组成,前者均匀分布在相邻的?-Zn+α-Al共晶胞的边界上.降低冷却速度和Si的加入,均使Zn-5Al-0.1RE-xSi合金单位面积的晶粒增大,晶界减少,合金耐蚀性能提高. Zn-5Al-0.1RE-xSi合金耐蚀性能的差异与合金凝固组织及合金腐蚀产物中Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O和ZnO的相对量有关.     

The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during high-speed direct-chill casting in different Al-Mg2Si in situ composites

The effect of high-speed direct-chill (DC) casting on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg₂Si in situ composites and AA6061 alloy was investigated. The microstructural evolution of the Al-Mg₂Si composites and AA6061 alloy was examined by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that an increase of the casting speed substantially refined the primary Mg₂Si particles (from 28 to 12 μm), the spacing of eutectic Mg₂Si (from 3 to 0.5 μm), and the grains of AA6061 alloy (from 102 to 22 μm). The morphology of the eutectic Mg₂Si transformed from lamellar to rod-like and fibrous with increasing casting speed. The tensile tests showed that the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation improved at higher casting speeds because of refinement of the Mg₂Si phase and the grains in the Al-Mg₂Si composites and the AA6061 alloy. High-speed DC casting is demonstrated to be an effective method to improve the mechanical properties of Al-Mg₂Si composites and AA6061 alloy billets.     

基于正交试验对铸造铝合金电导率和抗拉强度影响规律的分析

挑选了铝合金中常用的9种合金元素,根据这些元素对铝合金物理性能和微观组织的影响规律和影响机制进行了分类。通过设计四因素三变量正交试验分析了这些合金元素对Al-7Si合金导电性能和抗拉强度的影响规律,为开发兼具高导电(热)性能和高强度铸造铝合金提供了有价值的工艺参考。通过对比发现,Sr元素能有效将共晶Si相变质为纤维状,这有利于合金电导率的提升;质量分数为0.6%的Fe也能适当提升合金的电导率。Sb元素能有效将共晶Si相变质为细小片状,这有利于合金抗拉强度的提升;质量分数为0.5%的Ni或0.5%的Zn也能适当提升合金的抗拉强度。Sr和Sb同时加入合金中,共晶Si相的变质效果会恶化,并导致粗大片状共晶Si相析出。     

Mg对Zn--11%Al合金镀层凝固组织及合金层生长的影响

将工业纯铁分别在510℃的Zn-11%Al、Zn-11%Al-1.5%Mg、Zn-11%Al-3%Mg和Zn-11%Al-4.5%Mg合金熔池中进行不同时间的热浸镀,使用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪等仪器设备,研究Mg含量对Zn-11%Al合金镀层凝固组织和镀层中Fe-Al合金层生长的影响.结果表明：Zn-11%Al合金镀层凝固组织由富Al相和Zn/Al二元共晶组成;随着Zn-11%Al-x%Mg合金中Mg含量的增加,合金镀层的凝固组织中逐渐出现Zn/Al/MgZn2三元共晶、块状 MgZn2相和Al/MgZn2二元共晶.四种合金镀层中合金层主要由Fe2 Al5 Znx和FeAl3 Znx相组成,合金层的厚度随浸镀时间的增加而增加,Mg含量的增加使Fe-Al合金层生长速率指数和生长速率降低.在Zn-11%Al合金镀层中Fe-Al合金层形成的初期,可形成致密稳定的Fe-Al化合物层;热浸镀120 s后,扩散通道的移动使Fe-Al化合物层失稳破裂. Zn-11%Al-x%Mg合金中Mg元素可明显推迟液Zn进入镀层中Fe-Al合金层的时间,使Fe-Al合金层更加稳定和致密.     

Brazing 6061 aluminum alloy with Al-Si-Zn filler metals containing Sr

Al-6.5Si-42Zn and Al-6.5Si-42Zn-0.09Sr filler metals were used for brazing 6061 aluminum alloy. Air cooling and water cooling were applied after brazing. Si phase morphologies in the brazing alloy and the brazed joints were investigated. It was found that zinc in the Al-Si filler metals could reduce the formation of eutectic Al-Si phase and lower the brazing temperature at about 520℃. Adding 0.09wt% Sr element into the Al-6.5Si-42Zn alloy caused α-Al phase refinement and transformed acicular Si phase into the finely fiber-like. After water cooling, Zn element dissolved into the Al-Si eutectic area, and η-Zn phase disappeared in the brazed joints. Tensile strength testing results showed that the Sr-modified filler metal could enhance the strength of the brazed joints by 13% than Al-12Si, while water-cooling further improved the strength at 144 MPa.     

Modifying agent selection for Al-7Si alloy by Miedema model

To determine the modifying agents for Al-7Si alloys, microstructure observation and mixing enthalpy analysis using Miedema model for Al-7Si alloy with additions of different rare earth elements were performed, and the effects of rare earth elements on the modification of eutectic silicon morphology were investigated. The results of mixing enthalpy analysis show that these four rare earth elements, La, Sm, Pr, and Ce, which have the large negative mixing enthalpies with Si, can be selected as modifying agents for eutectic silicon morphology. The element with the largest negative mixing enthalpy is Ce. Furthermore, the microstructures indicate that these four elements can effectively modify the eutectic (α)Al-Si crystals in Al-7Si alloy, and the most effective one is also Ce. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that the eutectic temperature depressions due to the additions of modifying agents are the important reasons for the modification of eutectic (α)Al-Si crystals.     

Mechanical,electrical, and thermal properties of the directionally solidified Bi-Zn-Al ternary eutectic alloy

A Bi-2.0Zn-0.2Al (wt%) ternary eutectic alloy was prepared using a vacuum melting furnace and a casting furnace. The samples were directionally solidified upwards at a constant growth rate (V = 18.4 μm/s) under different temperature gradients (G = 1.15–3.44 K/mm) and at a constant temperature gradient (G = 2.66 K/mm) under different growth rates (V = 8.3–500 μm/s) in a Bridgman-type directional solidification furnace. The dependence of microstructure parameter (λ) on the solidification parameters (G and V) and that of the microhardness (Hv) on the microstructure and solidification parameters were investigated. The resistivity (ρ) measurements of the studied alloy were performed using the standard four-point-probe method, and the temperature coefficient of resistivity (α) was calculated from the ρ-T curve. The enthalpy (ΔH) and the specific heat (C_p) values were determined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. In addition, the thermal conductivities of samples, obtained using the Wiedemann-Franz and Smith-Palmer equations, were compared with the experimental results. The results revealed that, the thermal conductivity values obtained using the Wiedemann-Franz and Smith-Palmer equations for the Bi-2.0Zn-0.2Al (wt%) alloy are in the range of 5.2–6.5 W/Km and 15.2–16.4 W/Km, respectively.     

变质工艺对复合铝合金钎焊层Si的形貌及尺寸的影响

4045铝合金铸造过程中分别采用Na盐、Al-Sr中间合金、Al-P中间合金等不同的变质剂进行变质处理,检测并分析了铸造组织中的初晶Si、共晶Si以及复合铝合金钎焊层Si的形貌与尺寸。结果显示,经Al-Sr中间合金变质处理的铸造组织中没有块状初晶Si,且共晶Si为球化的短棒状。对复合铝合金钎焊层的形貌进行检测发现,经变质处理的试样中Si颗粒发生球化且呈短棒状,未发现大的块状Si颗粒;而未经变质处理的试样中有明显的呈长条状的Si颗粒,且平均最大Feret直径、平均最小Feret直径、平均颗粒面积、颗粒总面积、颗粒面积分数等较大。表明Al-Sr中间合金变质剂对高硅铝合金铸造组织中的Si相以及复合铝合金钎焊层Si颗粒的形貌与尺寸有明显改善作用。     

Characterization of tensile fracture in heavily alloyed Al-Si piston alloy

This paper focuses on a typical automotive piston material to characterize its fractographic appearance after tensile rupture. The fracture of this heavily alloyed Al—Si alloy takes place in a brittle manner.The consecutive eutectic zone is found to break by debonding of Si platelets from the Al matrix or by fracturing of Si platelets.The various intermetallic particles break up complicatedly under the stress field of the propagating crack.The fracture tends to pass through or approach to the boundary be...     

Dendrite growth and micromechanical properties of rapidly solidified ternary Ni-Fe-Ti alloy

The rapid solidification of undercooled liquid Ni_(45)Fe_(40)Ti_(15)alloy was realized by glass fluxing technique.The microstructure of this alloy consists of primaryγ-(Fe,Ni)phase and a small amount of interdendritic pseudobinary eutectic.The primaryγ-(Fe,Ni)phase transferred from coarse dendrite to fragmented dendrite and the lamellar eutectic became fractured with the increase of undercooling.The growth velocity ofγ-(Fe,Ni)dendrite increased following a power relation with the rise of undercooling.The addition of solute Ti suppressed the rapid growth ofγ-(Fe,Ni)dendrite,as compared with the calculation results of Fe-Ni alloy based on LKT model.The microhardness values of the alloy and the primaryγ-(Fe,Ni)phase increased by 1.5 times owing to the microstructural refinement caused by the rapid dendrite growth.The difference was enlarged as undercooling increases,resulting from the enhanced hardening effects on the alloy from the increased grain boundaries and the second phase.     

热处理对增材制造AlSi10Mg合金组织性能及残余应力的影响

 增材制造AlSi10Mg合金通常存在较大的残余应力,对材料的服役使用产生不利影响,故需要采用热处理对残余应力予以控制甚至消除。利用X射线衍射、光学显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、背散射电子衍射、维氏硬度和拉曼光谱试验,研究了成形态和退火态合金的显微组织、性能及残余应力。结果表明,成形态合金由过饱和Al固溶体和Si相组成,其中, Si相以网状共晶硅和弥散分布的纳米硅颗粒2种形态存在。同时,成形态合金的晶粒细小,其晶粒尺寸分布的d₅₀值约为10.4 μm。250~300℃退火使合金元素从过饱和Al固溶体中析出,形成平衡相Mg₂Si和Si相;且随着退火温度升高,合金元素析出越彻底。此外,退火还引起网状共晶硅和纳米硅颗粒粗化,促使晶粒长大并诱发再结晶。由于退火后合金中的细晶强化、固溶强化和弥散强化效果减弱,故合金的维氏硬度下降。然而,退火可以显著降低合金的残余应力,下降幅度达到60%~80%。因此,为更好地实现组织和性能调控,有必要针对增材制造铝合金的特点开发新的热处理制度。     

Effects of high-pressure rheo-squeeze casting on the Fe-rich phases and mechanical properties of Al-17Si-(1,1.5)Fe alloys

The effects of high pressure rheo-squeeze casting (HPRC) on the Fe-rich phases (FRPs) and mechanical properties of Al-17Si-(1,1.5)Fe alloys were investigated. The alloy melts were first treated by ultrasonic vibration (UV) and then formed by high-pressure squeeze casting (HPSC). The FRPs in the as-cast HPSC Al-17Si-1Fe alloys only contained a long, needle-shaped β-Al₅FeSi phase at 0 MPa. In addition to the β-Al₅FeSi phase, the HPSC Al-17Si-1.5Fe alloy also contained the plate-shaped δ-Al₄FeSi₂ phase. A fine, block-shaped δ-Al₄FeSi₂ phase was formed in the Al-17Si-1Fe alloy treated by UV. The size of FRPs decreased with increasing pressure. After UV treatment, solidification under pressure led to further refinement of the FRPs. Considering alloy samples of the same composition, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the HPRC samples was higher than that of the HPSC samples, and the UTS increased with increasing pressure. The UTS of the Al-17Si-1Fe alloy formed by HPSC exceeded that of the Al-17Si-1.5Fe alloy formed in the same manner under the same pressure. Conversely, the UTS of the Al-17Si-1Fe alloy formed by HPRC decreased to a value lower than that of the Al-17Si-1.5Fe alloy formed in the same manner.     

Microstructural characteristics and electrical resistivity of rapidly solidified Co-Sn alloys

The rapid solidification behavior of Co-Sn alloys was investigated by melt spinning method.The growth morphology of αCo phase in Co-20% Sn hypoeutectic alloy changes senistively with cooling rate.A layer of columnar αCo dendrite forms near the roller side at low colling rates.This region becomes small and disappears as the cooling rate increases and a kind of very fine homogeneous microstructure characterized by the distribution of equiaxed αCo dendrites in γCo3Sn matrix is subsequently produced.For Co-34.2% Sn eutectic alloy,anomalous eutectic forms within the whole range of cooling rates.The increase of cooling rate has two obvious effects on both alloys:one is the microstructure refinement,and the other is that it produces more crystal defects to intensify the seattering of free electrons,leading to a remarkable increase of electrical resistivity,Under the condition that the grain boundary reflection coefficient γ approaches 1,the resistivity of rapidly solidified Co-Sn alloys can be predicted theoretically.