Stress-state dependence of dynamic strain aging: Thermal hardening and blue brittleness

This study aims to discover the stress-state dependence of the dynamic strain aging(DSA) effect on the deformation and fracture behavior of high-strength dual-phase(DP) steel at different deformation temperatures(25–400℃) and reveal the damage mechanisms under these various configurations. To achieve different stress states, predesigned specimens with different geometric features were used. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the fracture modes(e.g., dimple or shear mode) and underlying damage mechanism of the investigated material. DSA is present in this DP steel, showing the Portevin–Le Chatelier(PLC) effect with serrated flow behavior, thermal hardening, and blue brittleness phenomena. Results show that the stress state contributes distinctly to the DSA effect in terms of the magnitude of thermal hardening and the pattern of blue brittleness. Either low stress triaxiality or Lode angle parameter promotes DSA-induced blue brittleness. Accordingly, the damage mechanisms also show dependence on the stress states in conjunction with the DSA effect.     

Effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth behavior of cast duplex stainless steels

The effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of Z3CN20-09M cast duplex stainless steel with low ferrite content was investigated in this study. The crack surfaces and crack growth paths were analyzed to clarify the FCG mechanisms. The microstructure and micromechanical properties before and after thermal aging were also studied. Spinodal decomposition in the aged ferrite phase led to an increase in the hardness and a decrease in the plastic deformation capacity, whereas the hardness and plastic deformation capacity of the austenite phase were almost unchanged after thermal aging. The aged material exhibited a better FCG resistance than the unaged material in the near-threshold regime because of the increased roughness-induced crack closure associated with the tortuous crack path and rougher fracture surface; however, the tendency was reversed in the Paris regime because of the cleavage fracture in the aged ferrite phases.     

Analysis on the deformation and fracture behavior of carbon steel by in situ tensile test

The deformation and fracture behaviors of low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel were studied on internal microstructure using the scanning electron microscopy in situ tensile test. The microstructure mechanism of their deformation and fracture behavior was analyzed. The results show that the deformation and fracture behavior of low-carbon steel depends on the grain size of ferrite, the deformation and fracture behavior of medium-carbon steel depends on the size of ferrite grain and pearlite lump,and the deformation and fracture behavior of high-carbon steel depends on the size of pearlite lump and the pearlitic interlamellar spacing.     

Stress-strain partitioning analysis of constituent phases in dual phase steel based on the modified law of mixture

A more accurate estimation of stress-strain relationships for martensite and ferrite was developed, and the modified law of mixture was used to investigate the stress-strain partitioning of constituent phases in dual phase (DP) steels with two different martensite volume fractions. The results show that there exist great differences in the stress-strain contribution of martensite and ferrite to DP steel. The stress-strain partitioning coefficient is not constant in the whole strain range, but decreases with increasing the true strain of DP steel. The softening effect caused by the dilution of carbon concentration in martensite with the increase of martensite volume fraction has great influence on the strain contribution of martensite. The strain ratio of ferrite to martensite almost linearly increases with increasing the true strain of DP steel when the martensite volume fraction is 22%, because martensite always keeps elastic. But the strain ratio of ferrite to martensite varies indistinctively with the further increase in true strain of DP steel above 0.034 when the martensite volume fraction is 50%, because plastic deformation happens in martensite. The stress ratio ofmartensite to ferrite decreases monotonously with increasing the true strain of DP steel whether the martensite volume fraction is 22% or 50%.     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions.Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly.The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions,which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix,when the Young’s modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix,the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion;otherwise,the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix.If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix,their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions.The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration.The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

Damage evolution model of strain hardening cementitious composites under the uniaxial stress state

The deformation and damage behaviors of strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) under the uniaxial stress state were investigated in this paper. Two ductile failure-based constitutive models were introduced to describe the uniaxial tension and compression properties of SHCC only using a few parameters. The computation method of model parameters was developed to ease the simulation procedures. Damage evolution of the SHCC was simulated by the formulation of continuum damage mechanics subsequently. The results show that the proposed models fit the stress-strain curves reasonably well, and the damage variables show different growth rules under uniaxial tension and compression. It is concluded that the proposed method can not only simply simulate the constitutive behavior of SHCC with the reasonable accuracy but also capture the characteristic of material degradation.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF) regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel) and Si(Si-deoxidized steel) to ultrasonic tension–compression fatigue tests(stress ratio, R =-1) and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions. Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate, respectively. The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15 μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel, and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting. Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents, the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives. The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences. Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel. By comparison, most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix, which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel. A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions. The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed. Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation. Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process; thus, these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

Effects of ultrasonic vibration on plastic deformation of AZ31 during the tensile process

An investigation on the plastic behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under ultrasonic vibration (with a frequency of 15 kHz and a maximum output of 2 kW) during the process of tension at room temperature was conducted to reveal the volume effect of the vibrated plastic deformation of AZ31. The characteristics of mechanical properties and microstructures of AZ31 under routine and vibrated tensile processes with different amplitudes were compared. It is found that ultrasonic vibration has a remarkable influence on the plastic behavior of AZ31 which can be summarized into two opposite aspects: the softening effect which reduces the flow resistance and improves the plasticity, and the hardening effect which decreases the formability. When a lower amplitude or vibration energy is applied to the tensile sample, the softening effect dominates, leading to a decrease of AZ31 deformation resistance with an increase of formability. Under the application of a high-vibrating amplitude, the hardening effect dominates, resulting in the decline of plasticity and brittle fracture of the samples.     

Fracture toughness and fracture behavior of SA508-III steel at different temperatures

The fracture toughness of SA508-III steel was studied in the temperature range from room temperature to 320°C using the J-integral method. The fracture behavior of the steel was also investigated. It was found that the conditional fracture toughness (J_Q) of the steel first decreased and then increased with increasing test temperature. The maximum and minimum values of J_Q were 517.4 kJ/m2 at 25°C and 304.5 kJ/m2 at 180°C, respectively. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) was also observed to occur when the temperature exceeded 260°C with a certain strain rate. Both the dislocation density and the number of small dislocation cells effectively increased because of the occurrence of DSA; as a consequence, crack propagation was more strongly inhibited in the steel. Simultaneously, an increasing number of fine carbides precipitated under high stress at temperatures greater than 260°C. Thus, the deformation resistance of the steel was improved and the J_Q was enhanced.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

高强度双相钢板拉弯成形断裂的微观组织形貌分析

引入拉弯比来表征高强度双相钢板在不同凸模圆角半径下的拉弯应力状态,根据不同的拉弯比判定不同的成形断裂模式,在剪切断裂试验平台上进行双相钢板的拉弯试验,并对断裂试样的微观组织形貌进行分析.结果表明:高强度双相钢的剪切断裂属于韧性断裂;凸模圆角半径越小及板料强度越高,板料越容易发生剪切断裂.     

1 200 MPa级超高强度钢板冲压成形性能及其断裂机理的实验研究

通过圆筒拉深试验研究了1 200 MPa级超高强度双相钢板（DP1200）和纯马氏体钢板（M1200）的极限拉深成形性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了钢板的微观组织形貌与结构,探讨了其微观组织结构与断裂机理的关系.结果表明：DP1200和M1200的极限拉延比分别为2.03和1.99,其单向拉伸性能不能准确地反映钢板材料在复杂应力状态下的成形性能;2种钢板的断裂模式均为断口分布着大量韧窝的韧性断裂,但其裂纹扩展机理不同.DP1200中的裂纹是以沿铁素体/马氏体相界为主,兼有穿过马氏体相并扩展的失效模式;而M1200钢中的裂纹是沿马氏体晶界扩展的失效模式.     

Zr基非晶合金准静态压缩下的多重剪切带行为

利用IUTM和SEM研究了Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu块状非晶合金的准静态单轴压缩变形和断裂行为. 研究表明:该合金的室温压缩变形过程主要表现为弹性和塑性变形,塑性变形阶段没有加工硬化现象. 在准静态压缩条件下Zr基非晶合金表现出多重剪切效应,提高了塑性. 微观研究证明,剪切带的滑移分枝与相互交叉是非晶合金塑性提高的主要机制. 沿着剪切带发现了微空洞和微裂纹,剪切带的形成与自由体积的合并有关. 塑性变形过程中形成脉纹状断口形貌,受力状态的不同脉状花纹表现为不同的形式.     

金属材料断裂与应力状态参数的关系

罗德参数、软性系数和应力三维度是研究金属材料变形、破坏时常用的应力状态参数,分析从三向压缩到三向拉伸不同应力状态下各参数值的变化,得出:应力三维度值从小向大有规律地变化,罗德参数和软性系数则不能分析裂纹体、无裂纹体金属材料断裂破坏的试验结果;同时认识到构件中,体积变形较大、形状变形较小处是材料发生脆断、准脆断的断裂萌生点,此危险点正是应力三维度有较大值处。     

一个基于孔洞演化机制的韧性断裂预测模型

在韧性断裂中微观孔洞演化机制的基础上,提出了一个基于孔洞演化机制的非耦合型韧性断裂预测模型.模型充分考虑了两种典型的孔洞演化机制:孔洞的长大机制和孔洞的拉长扭转机制.该模型引入了三个具有不同物理意义的材料参数:材料对不同孔洞演化机制的敏感度、应力状态敏感度系数和材料的损伤阈值,并使用等效塑性应变增量表征其对韧性损伤累积过程的驱动作用.为了使模型可以更好地反映三维应力状态对材料韧性断裂性能的影响,将该模型从主应力空间转换到由应力三轴度、罗德参数和临界断裂应变构成的三维空间,得到了由模型确定的三维韧性断裂曲面,并研究了相关参数对三维韧性断裂曲面及平面应力二维韧性断裂曲线的影响.利用5083-O铝合金、TRIP690钢和Docol 600DL双相钢三个典型的轻质高强板材的韧性断裂数据验证了该模型对不同材料和不同应力状态的适用性和准确性.     

基于等效龄期的钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程热应力

为揭示大直径钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程中力学性能增长的温度依赖性因素对组合结构热力作用效应的影响机理,采用有限元程序模拟钢管拱内混凝土的水化热传导过程,并与实测温度场数据进行对比,随后基于等效龄期法考虑其对管内混凝土弹性模量增长的影响,在此基础上结合热弹性力学理论得到了硬化过程中组合结构热应力的变化规律,并与未考虑温度依赖性影响的计算结果进行比较分析.结果表明,水化热温度场加快了管内混凝土硬化过程中弹性模量的增长速度,进而导致混凝土温度应力明显增大,截面径向、环向以及纵向温度应力增幅分别可达1.3倍、1.3倍和1.4倍,但对钢管应力的影响可忽略不计.因此,在分析大直径钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程中的热力作用效应时,必须考虑水化热温度场对管内混凝土弹性模量增长的影响.     

纳入蠕变变形机理的宽范围应力区下P91钢本构模型

以P91钢为对象,构建宽范围应力区基于蠕变变形机理(CDMWRS)的本构模型,采用ABAQUS软件,结合构建的CDMWRS本构模型,模拟单轴蠕变拉伸试验,并与文献数据进行对比.结果表明:宽范围应力区的不同蠕变变形机理和长期热老化都会对P91钢的蠕变应变率产生较大影响,CDMWRS模型能够较好地描述宽范围应力下P91钢的蠕变第一阶段和第二阶段变形行为,蠕变第三阶段相对偏差较大,主要原因是因为构建的CDMWRS模型未纳入损伤的影响.     

一种针对颈缩现象的高强钢板材力学行为研究方法

为表征一种双相钢板材的塑性力学行为,对其进行了4种不同应变率下的单向拉伸试验,结果表明颈缩现象存在于各应变率下的试验中. 为解决颈缩现象中三向应力状态给常规公式计算所得强化曲线带来不可靠性的问题,使用了一种试验与仿真相结合的逆向方法. 首先在试验所得曲线的基础上判断颈缩起始点,并根据该点信息使用Ludwik准则对颈缩后曲线进行外插;再将外插曲线应用于仿真,通过仿真与试验结果的对比优化外插曲线. 将该方法应用于所研究的双相钢材料后,获得了能够准确表征单向拉伸过程的材料曲线.     

高强度双相钢薄板拉弯成形试验及数值模拟

在不同凸模圆角半径下对800 MPa级双相钢板进行了拉弯成形试验,观察了不同凸模圆角半径下板材极限拉弯深度及板材的断裂位置和断口形貌,对试验结果进行数值模拟,并分析了采用屈服准则Hill、Barlat和BBC的模拟结果.结果表明：对于较大凸模圆角半径（Rp≥2.5 mm）的拉弯试验,在经典成形极限曲线（FLC）判据下,采用Hill准则能够准确预测800 MPa级双相钢板的极限拉弯破裂情况;而对于较小凸模圆角半径（Rp=1.0 mm）的拉弯试验,在FLC判据下,3种屈服准则都无法准确预测双相钢板的破裂情况.     

初始损伤对钢的延性起裂韧性影响的细观力学分析

通过力学参数测量和微观观察研究了初始损伤对钢的延性起裂韧性影响.研究结果表明,随钢组织在预加载荷中产生的微孔洞初始损伤量的增加,其延性起裂韧性降低.并进一步对初始损伤孔洞在后续加载中的演化行为的细观有限元力学进行模拟计算及微孔洞初始损伤对钢的延性起裂韧性影响的机理进行了研究.计算结果表明,初始大尺寸孔洞长大速度比较快,且在这些孔洞之间存在变形局部化,容易诱发二次小孔洞的形核和长大,从而使一次初始大孔洞连接,使材料延性起裂,因而大尺寸初始损伤孔洞主导了材料的延性起裂.随初始损伤量的增加,大尺寸孔洞的数量和尺寸增加,使孔洞聚合(延性起裂)时的应变降低,这也就是随着预载荷比P0/Pgy的增加,材料的延性起裂韧性Pi/Pgy降低的细观力学原因.