Pollen records of Holocene vegetation and climate changes in the Longzhong Basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Pollen records with an average time resolution of 20-200 years from Holocene loess sections at Dingxi, Qin'an, and other localities of Gansu Province reveal a detailed history of vegetation and climate changes in the western Loess Plateau. For most time of the Holocene, the landscape was dominated by grasslands or forest steppes. However, during the middle Holocene (7.5-5.8 ka BP), relatively dense forests developed, and the endemic vegetation flourished, suggesting a much warmer and more humid climate condition than the present. Superimposed upon this general pattern are several dry intervals marked by the episodic expansion of grasslands or forest steppe. Xeric vegetation expanded after 3.8 ka BP, indicating a trend towards dry conditions.     

黄土高原景观生态特征及其生态恢复的意义

对黄土高原景观生态学特征的分析表明：黄土高原景观在空间上具有明显的分带性,显著的黄土垂直节理特征,独特的坡面景观结构、微地貌景观以及农业景观,呈现以景观带为基质,斑、廊、缘为点缀的复杂景观镶嵌格局;在时间上存在明显的季节景观变化和地质时间尺度景观变化,沟蚀系统的发展决定了其地貌景观的基本骨架和发展方向．黄土高原的生态恢复要遵从景观生态学原理,科学理解黄土高原生态恢复的涵义,合理选择林草恢复措施等．     

Climate as the dominant control on C<Subscript>3</Subscript> and C<Subscript>4</Subscript> plant abundance in the Loess Plateau: Organic carbon isotope evidence from the last glacial-interglacial loess-soil sequences

Two modes of photosynthesis predominate in terres-REPORTS trial plants: the C3 and C4 modes[1]. The C3 mode is used by all of trees, bushes, and cold season grasses. The C4 mode is used by the most of tropical and warm season grasses. They are disadvantaged relative to C3 plants at high CO2/O2 ratios because of the additional energy ex-pense needed to concentrate CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells. At low CO2/O2, however, C4 plants can achieve a relatively high quantum yield by suppressin…     

黔东南生态文明建设试验区石漠化演变规律与发展趋势研究

截至2005年,以贵州高原为中心的中国南方喀斯特地区石漠化土地总面积已经达到12.96×104km2,中国南方石漠化与西北地区的沙漠化、黄土高原的水土流失成为我国三大生态灾害。以黔东南自治州为主要对象,研究了生态综合治理下黔东南州2000~2005年石漠化的变化特征,应用空间转移矩阵预测未来发展趋势。数据表明:黔东南州石漠化面积从2000年1 638.46km2发展到2005年的1 753.60 km2,5年间平均每年增加23km2,到2050年石漠化面积将达到2 634.45 km2,占全州国土面积的8.68%。虽然黔东南州石漠化低于贵州平均水平,但是石漠化防治工作不容忽视,要建设黔东南生态文明试验区,石漠化治理仍是一个长期、艰巨的任务。     

黄土高原构造侵蚀期研究

根据野外调查和实际测量资料，研究了黄土高原构造侵蚀期和期内造成的侵蚀。资料表明，黄土高原约160万年以来发生了6次构造侵蚀期，各次侵蚀期下切深度存在差别，深度变化一般在5－130m之间。黄土高原构造侵蚀期与海、湖盆地构造侵蚀期不同，它所造成的侵蚀主要限于沟谷、丘陵区和塬边。构造侵蚀期的多次发生是黄土高原分割和沟谷发育的主要原因。     

Holocene vegetation cover in Qin’an area of western Chinese Loess Plateau revealed by n-alkane

Previous studies have found that wetlands prevailed in western Chinese Loess Plateau and pine pollen could reach up to 80% in Qin＇an area of the plateau during middle Holocene. It was then deduced that forest vegetation covered Qin＇an area in a warm and wet climate during middle Holocene. The proxies of molecule biomarkers from two Holocene sections, a swamp-alluvial loess section and a typical Ioess-paleosol section are used to reconstruct regional vegetation history. It is found that the heavy-molecular-weight （HMW） homologues of the n-alkanes in all samples exhibit a pronounced odd-over-even predominance, maximizing at C31 and the abundance of the nC27-alkanes is the lowest in nC27, nC29, nC31, i.e. C27〈C29〈C31, a typical grass n-alkanes model. The results are the same as those of model surface soil samples under grass cover but different from both forest cover and modern pine leaves, which yield preferentially nC29-alkanes peak. It could be inferred that the area was dominated by grass cover but not forest cover during whole Holocene epoch. The study shows that combining both molecule biomarkers and pollen analysis can avoid the disadvantage of pollen analysis in reconstruction of regional vegetation cover.     

黄土山地典型覆被类型对土壤水分运动的影响

黄土高原山区土地覆被发生了巨大变化,为研究退耕还林后,覆被类型对黄土高原土壤水分的影响,对典型覆被类型的山区土地开展了不同季节土壤含水率变化监测研究.结果表明,不同深度土壤水分随季节发生了较大的变化,而相同季节不同的覆被类型对降水入渗及土壤水运动也有极大影响,且对土壤水分有效性有显著影响.植树造林有利于林地0～3m土壤水的补给,但仍会出现土壤干层,且下部土壤水的补给明显受到该干层的影响.覆被类型不同,土壤水分的变化趋势不同,当土壤水分改变后,又反作用于植被.土壤水与植被之间存在一个平衡状态,当平衡状态被打破时,直接影响植被的生长,而影响土壤水分的运动.     

历史时期华北平原的植被变迁

全新世中期由于全球处于冰后期的气候温暖期，所以我国华北平原北部分布着含有亚热带植物种属的暖温带落叶阔叶林，而该平原中南部则分布着北亚热带落叶阔叶与常绿阔叶混交林．到全新世晚期，即我国自西周以来的近三千年时期中，由于全球气候变得较前干冷，整个华北平原均变为暖温带落叶阔叶林区；随着人为活动的不断增强，人工栽培植被分布范围几经扩缩后，终于成为这一平原植被的主体，自然植被则几近消失．     

Sedimentary records of black carbon in the sea area of the Nansha Islands since the last glaciation

Core 17962 taken from the sea area of the Nansha Islands recorded a sedimentary history of more than 30 000 years. The black carbon data from the core, which can inform us of the history of vegetation fires, show that during the last glaciation, especially during the last glacial maximum at about 18 kaBP, the fluctuation of the concentration and accumulation rate of the black carbon was relatively great, whereas it was small during the Holocene. The isotope composition of the black carbon indicates that the precursors of black carbon were mainly grasses from the last glaciation to the Holocene. The sub-alpine and alpine vegetation zones covered mainly with grass and bush on the lands around the southern South China Sea were probably the sources of black carbon. The altitudinal vegetation changes from the last glaciation to the Holocene gave rise to the changes of the sedimentary characteristics of black carbon.     

A mid－Holocene drought interval as evidenced by lake desiccation in the Alashan Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China

The mid-Holocene in China is traditionally thought to be a warm and humid period with a strong sum-mer monsoon, and is often termed the Holocene Climatic Optimum or Megathermal Period. Here we present lakegeomorphologic and lithologicai evidence from the Alashan Plateau, part of the Mongolian Plateau, that indicates stronglake desiccation during the mid-Holocene. High resolution pollen data from Zhuyeze Lake, at the present summermonsoon margin, is also presented. These data show that present lakes and wetlands in the Juyanze Lake basin west of the Badain Jaran desert, in the Zhuyeze Lake basin between the Badain Jaran and Tengger deserts, and in lakes in the eastern Tengger desert, dried or experienced low lake levelsin the mid-Holocene around 5000-7000 cal yr BP. Pollen data further indicate that the vegetation cover declined in both the local areas and in the Qilian Mountains, suggesting the climate was drier than that associated with the presentAsian summer monsoon. This mid-Holocene drought interval was present throughout a quite large region of the south In-ner Mongolian Plateau. The period was also probably colder,at least in the high Asian plateaus and mountains.     

热带亚热带喀斯特森林树种的水分生理研究进展

热带亚热带喀斯特地区具有丰富且独特的自然资源,是我国重要的生态功能区,但也面临严重的石漠化问题。水分是影响该地区天然林结构功能和石漠化植被修复的关键环境因素。基于树木水分生理的研究有助于深入地了解喀斯特树种干旱适应策略,可为气候变化背景下喀斯特地区森林(天然林和人工林)的可持续发展提供理论依据。本文从水分来源、木质部水力结构以及蒸腾耗水等方面总结了近年来该区域喀斯特天然林树种在水分适应策略方面的研究进展,发现典型喀斯特树种能够稳定地利用岩溶水,其蒸腾耗水量的季节动态较小,且其茎木质部的抗栓塞能力强,在极端干旱时期可通过脆弱性分割维持水力安全。另外,基于树木水分生理的研究还能够为石漠化生态恢复适宜树种的筛选和人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。部分抗性强、耗水少的珍贵用材树种兼顾生态和经济效益,可用于石漠化地区的植被修复。建议今后的研究结合控制实验平台,长期监测树种生长和水分动态变化,基于多重机制系统阐明喀斯特森林树种的生态适应策略。     

黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究进展

黄土高原是引人注目的生态环境脆弱区,它的历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究是其历史时期生态环境变迁研究的重要内容,也是黄土高原生态环境建设的基础性课题.回顾了黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究的过程,总结了研究取得的主要进展,指出了研究存在的不足和今后深化的方向.经过数十年的积累,黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究取得了重要的进展:较深入地研究了历史时期黄土塬区地貌演变的特征和规律,揭示了历史时期渭河河谷地貌的演变,研究了历史时期黄河中游的河道变迁,提出了黄土高原的侵蚀期,得出了历史时期黄土高原的土壤侵蚀历史、侵蚀速率.今后的研究应应用现代研究手段,以长时段、短周期、高分辨的研究为研究深化的方向.     

Vegetation evolution on the central Chinese Loess Plateau since late Quaternary evidenced by elemental carbon isotopic composition

There are many controversial issues in loess studies such as natural vegetation types on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the historical periods and the spatial and temporal evolution of C3/C4 plants. Elemental carbon isotopic composition （δ^13Cec） in the loess section may offer new evidence for these problems. Elemental carbon （EC） is produced by incomplete combustion of vegetation, and its carbon isotopic composition has a very small difference from that of the formal vegetation, then δ^13Cec can be used as a record to recover the changes of vegetation. Elemental carbon was extracted by applying the oxidation method from the Ioess-paleosol sequence in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and its car- bon isotope composition was analyzed by the isotope mass spectrometer. The results showed that the vegetation in this region was a mixed type of C3 and C4 plants, dominated with C3 plants in most of the time. Since late Quaternary, C3/C4 plants may not follow a simple glacial-interglacial cycle mode on the Chinese Loess Plateau, but showing fluctuations. C3 plants increased gradually in L4 period, and more C3 plants occurred during $3 period, and C4 plants increased again during L3-- L2 periods, after that, Cs plants dominated again during S1 --S0 periods. During periods of paleosol development, C3 plants were abundant in S3 and S1, and there were more Ca plants in S2 and SO. During periods of loess sedimen- tation, there were more C3 plants in L4 and L1, and there were more C4 plants in L3 and L2. On the orbital timescale, the vegetation variations revealed by δ^13Cec record are consistent with the results of pollen data and also similar to the results obtained by organic carbon isotopic composition since the last glacial period.     

川西高山高原过渡带植被对气候变化的响应

植被是陆地生态系统的主体,被认为是人类环境评价和监测的重要参数,利用遥感技术来监测植被生长及其对气候因子的响应成为当前全球变化研究的热点之一.川西高山高原区是我国地势最高一级的青藏高原向川西南山地和四川盆地的过渡地带,属生态环境脆弱区,对全球气候变化敏感.基于MODIS植被产品及气温、降水站点数据对2001-2010年川西高山高原过渡带的气温和降水的年际变化、NDVI的时空演变及其与气候因子的相关关系,较好的揭示了研究区的植被生长对气候因子变化的响应特点.研究结果表明:NDVI与降水量和气温均呈正相关关系.温度是春季植被生长的主要影响因素,降水量是秋季植被生长的主要影响因素.     

关于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被地貌演化与土壤侵蚀的复杂响应研究现状及趋势

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被地貌演化与土壤侵蚀的复杂响应研究现状及趋势进行了系统分析。指出植被是影响生态环境质量的基本要素,且对土壤侵蚀与地貌演化具有重要的作用。针对目前黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被分布现状,可以采用以空间代时间的研究方法对不同地貌特征、弃耕地的植被类型与群落特征进行调查。并运用人工降雨、径流场观测设施与野外观测资料与航片、地形图分析相结合,地貌演化与土壤侵蚀理论相交叉的研究方法,探讨植被自然演替规律、坡沟地貌演化与土壤侵蚀．坡沟地貌形态、水流特征对沟缘线地貌侵蚀演化的交互作用影响,揭示植被演替规律、坡沟地貌形态演化速率与土壤侵蚀的复杂影响机制。对于不断深化植被建设、地貌发育与土壤侵蚀理论的研究,为探索黄土高原植被建设、水土保持治理与决策提供科学依据．并具有重要的学术价值与实践意义。     

黄土高原植被建设应从扩大面积向提升质量转变

 自1999年退耕还林还草政策实施以来,黄土高原的植被覆盖显著增加,有效遏制了该区水土流失。目前黄土高原的植被净初级生产力已经接近该区水资源承载力阈值,进一步扩大该区植被建设面积将不可避免地加剧水资源短缺等问题。为进一步巩固退耕还林成果,黄土高原未来的植被建设应从扩大面积向提升质量转变。     

中国土地资源生态敏感性评价与空间格局分析

基于资源环境基础数据库,构建土地生态敏感性评价指标体系,进行中国土地资源生态敏感性评价,揭示土地生态敏感性的空间分布特点,进而对不同土地资源和不同农业区土地资源的生态敏感性进行差异分析,得到如下结果.1)中国土地资源生态敏感性空间差异显著,高度生态敏感区集中在4个区域:北方干旱/半干旱沙漠(地)的土地沙化敏感区、黄土高...     

黄土高原退耕还林（草）以来植被水分利用效率的时空特征及预测

 水分利用效率（WUE）是评估生态系统水碳循环的重要指标。基于PT-JPL模型的区域尺度实际蒸散发（ET）的模拟结果，结合黄土高原的总初级生产力（GPP），分析了退耕还林（草）工程实施后黄土高原水分利用效率WUE的时空变化趋势，结合CMIP6对未来3种情景下黄土高原的ET、GPP和WUE进行了预测。结果表明：2001-2015年，黄土高原植被显著增加， GPP和ET分别以每年3.59 g C·m^-2和4.39 mm的速率增加。WUE在72.68%的地区呈增加趋势，区域增长率为0.003 g C·mm^-1·m^-2·a^-1。在2015-2100年的3种情景中， ET均呈增加趋势，而GPP和WUE在SSP126中变化不大，在SSP245、SSP370情景中显著增加， WUE随着GPP的增加而增加。WUE结合了水资源的“消耗”和“利用”来阐明退耕还林（草）工程的成效，植被恢复虽然增加了区域耗水量，但是显著改善了植被覆盖情况，有效地提高了植被的固碳能力和水分利用效率，整个黄土高原植被的抗旱能力在增强。未来需进一步分析不同树种的WUE，筛选出抗旱性更高的树种进行植被恢复工作。     

黄土高原地区归一化植被指数时空动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

以SPOT NDVI及GIMMS NDVI为数据源,结合RS和GIS地统计空间分析技术,对1998—2007年黄土高原地区植被覆盖的时空差异及1991—2000年归一化植被指数(NDVI)与月均温、降水量的关系进行了研究.结果表明:NDVI值(7、8月平均值)在空间上表现出明显的区域差异性,NDVI指数由北向南递增,南部、东部及西南角部分的NDVI值较高,北部、西北部地区较低;1999—2007年整体呈波动上升态势,区域NDVI值的季节差异特征明显,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;土地利用类型影响NDVI值,林地的值最大,荒漠最小,土地利用结构的优化将改善黄土高原地区地表植被指数偏低的现状;气温、降水是决定黄土高原地区植被生长的主要气候因子,与NDVI指数呈现较高的正相关关系.     

An ice-core record of vegetation and climate changes in the central Tibetan Plateau during the last 550 years

We present a 550-year ice-core pollen record with a 5-year resolution from the Puruogangri ice field in the central Tibetan Plateau.Analysis of the relationship between pollen record and instrumental observations suggests that the sum of the steppe and meadow pollen taxa is a good indicator of summer (June-August) temperature,whereas the ratios of Cyperaceae/(Gramineae+Artemisia) [Cy/(G+A)] as well as M/S (meadow to steppe percentages) are indicative of humidity changes in this region.Together with δ18O and...