海洋二甲基硫的研究进展

近20年来,海洋二甲基硫研究一直是海洋科学研究领域中的一个热点,生源硫化物－－二甲基硫,是海洋主要的挥发性硫化物,也是大气硫化物的重要来源,其在大气中的氧化产物关系着酸雨形成、全球气候变化等全球变化问题,因此该研究有着重要的意义,国际上许多大型研究计划都将其作为一项重要的研究内容,根据20多年来国际上有关海洋二甲基硫的研究成果,对二甲基硫的生产机制、转化过程、海－气通量及其对全球变化的影响等方面进行了分析总结,并结合我国这方面的工作,对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为我国的海洋二甲基硫研究提供参考,促进我国在该研究领域与国际接轨。     

海洋菌YM8产挥发性二甲基三硫抑制黄曲霉菌的分子机制

<正>我校生命科学学院宫安东博士2017年获批国家自然科学基金青年项目:海洋菌YM8产挥发性二甲基三硫抑制黄曲霉菌的分子机制,项目编号:31701740.黄曲霉菌是一种重要的植物真菌病害,侵染后不仅导致严重的作物产量损失,还可产生对人体有毒且     

基于二甲基硫模型预测北极海表温度的研究进展

生源硫化物二甲基硫(DMS),是参与全球硫循环的最主要硫化物,也是海洋最主要的挥发性硫化物.DMS海空通量将影响大气的云凝结核(CCN),从而改变区域乃至全球气候.文章对DMS的几种模型进行了介绍和比较,其中较为详细地介绍了由Gabric等人建立的二甲基硫模型(G93模型)以及基于该模型预测北极地区海表温度的相关结论.指出在北极洋与1×CO2条件下相比,3×CO2条件下DMS年际综合通量会增长了86%.因此,海表温度也相应地有所增长.     

二甲基硫光化学氧化反应的动力学研究

实验研究水溶液中二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ）的光化学氧化反应的动力学。结果表明：在入射光频率与强度一定条件下，ＤＭＳ进行光化学氧化反应的速率会受到介质，ｐＨ重金属离子的影响。Ｈｇ＾２＋能显加入人工海水介质中的ＤＭＳ的光氧化速率，ＤＭＳ进行光氧化的一级速率常数为４．４６×１０＾－５～３０．４×１０＾－５ｓ＾－１。其在光照下的人工海水介质中的半寿期为３．６ｈ，这说明光化学过程对于影响和控制ＤＭＳ在海洋中的浓度     

辐照猪肉挥发性成分研究

试验采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用法分析辐照猪肉中的挥发性成分.结果表明猪肉经辐照处理后挥发性成分的种类和峰面积都较未辐照的多,产生了较多的C5~C9醇和醛类,它们是不饱和脂肪酸的氧化产物;另外,也产生了阈值较低的二甲基硫、二甲基二硫等含硫化合物,经试验推测它们可能是含硫氨基酸辐照降解后的产物,并对猪肉辐照异味起主要贡献作用.     

海水样品中二甲基硫的气相色谱测定

建立了海水中二甲基硫的顶空固相微萃取 气相色谱 脉冲火焰光度检测的分析方法.二甲基硫的检测限达0.001ng·mL-1,平行测定的相对标准偏差为3.39%(n=4),加标回收率为94.8%.用此方法实测了厦门岛附近一些表层海水样品中二甲基硫的含量.     

二硫纶.联吡啶过渡金属配合物的红外光谱与配位方式

详细报道了二硫纶．联吡啶过渡金属配合物Ｍ，Ｍ＝Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ的红外光谱实验数据。对比二硫纶．二甲基联吡啶金属配合物Ｍ和二硫纶．邻菲咯啉金属配合物Ｍ的红外光谱，分析了Ｍ的简正坐标，并结合热谱，电子光谱等性质研究了二氰基二硫纶和联吡啶与金属离子的配位方式。     

大亚湾海洋细菌Pseudomonas sp.中的红色素

海洋细菌Pseudomonas sp.，采集于大亚湾，从该菌的菌体提取物分离得到2个红色素：灵菌红素A和新的衍生物二甲基灵菌红素B。它们的结构通过NMR，LC-MS等确定，并得出灵菌红素是具有强烈抗微生物和细胞毒性的化合物，同时研究了它的培养条件。     

选择性氧化结合红外光谱定量分析减压渣油中的硫醚硫

减压渣油中的硫主要是硫醚硫和噻吩硫，但因渣油结构组成复杂，很难直接定量。若用选择性氧化剂将减压渣油中的硫醚硫选择性氧化成相应亚砜，借助亚砜Ｓ＝Ｏ键在１０３０ｃｍ＾－１附近的强红外振动吸收，就可用红外光谱仪测定亚砜，从而得到相应硫醚硫含量。     

气提—冷阱气相色谱测定海水中的二甲基硫

二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ）在大气化学和全球生物地球化学循环中起了重要作用,是影响气候变化的重要痕量气体,本文采用气提－冷阱捕集法处理水样品,用带有火焰光度检测器的气相色谱仪分析,此方法的精密度为５．５％,回收率为８５％,最低检出限为５０ｐｇＳ（ＤＭＳ）。用此测定了实测了胶州湾及其附近海域表层海水的二甲基硫的含量。     

渔业专题海图源数据库的设计与建设

渔业专题电子海图集成了海洋地理空间、渔场环境、渔业生产等综合信息,是现代海洋渔业信息化装备的重要组成部分。为实现渔业专题电子海图的标准化生产,本文基于国内目前的海图生产体系,以IHO S-57电子海图国际标准为基础,通过扩展海洋渔业专题物标和专题属性,应用以XML文档为数据载体的转换方法,实现了远洋渔业数据的编码、转换与整合,构建了渔业专题海图源数据库。研究结果将有利于促进海洋渔业专题海图产品的研发与生产,支持现代渔业的安全生产与管理、科学研究与决策以及渔业资源的可持续利用等。     

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol

Marine aerosol contributes significantly to the global aerosol load and consequently has an important impact on both the Earth's albedo and climate. So far, much of the focus on marine aerosol has centred on the production of aerosol from sea-salt and non-sea-salt sulphates. Recent field experiments, however, have shown that known aerosol production processes for inorganic species cannot account for the entire aerosol mass that occurs in submicrometre sizes. Several experimental studies have pointed to the presence of significant concentrations of organic matter in marine aerosol. There is some information available about the composition of organic matter, but the contribution of organic matter to marine aerosol, as a function of aerosol size, as well as its characterization as hydrophilic or hydrophobic, has been lacking. Here we measure the physical and chemical characteristics of submicrometre marine aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during plankton blooms progressing from spring through to autumn. We find that during bloom periods, the organic fraction dominates and contributes 63% to the submicrometre aerosol mass (about 45% is water-insoluble and about 18% water-soluble). In winter, when biological activity is at its lowest, the organic fraction decreases to 15%. Our model simulations indicate that organic matter can enhance the cloud droplet concentration by 15% to more than 100% and is therefore an important component of the aerosol-cloud-climate feedback system involving marine biota.     

Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2

The formation of calcareous skeletons by marine planktonic organisms and their subsequent sinking to depth generates a continuous rain of calcium carbonate to the deep ocean and underlying sediments. This is important in regulating marine carbon cycling and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange. The present rise in atmospheric CO2 levels causes significant changes in surface ocean pH and carbonate chemistry. Such changes have been shown to slow down calcification in corals and coralline macroalgae, but the majority of marine calcification occurs in planktonic organisms. Here we report reduced calcite production at increased CO2 concentrations in monospecific cultures of two dominant marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. This was accompanied by an increased proportion of malformed coccoliths and incomplete coccospheres. Diminished calcification led to a reduction in the ratio of calcite precipitation to organic matter production. Similar results were obtained in incubations of natural plankton assemblages from the north Pacific ocean when exposed to experimentally elevated CO2 levels. We suggest that the progressive increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may therefore slow down the production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean. As the process of calcification releases CO2 to the atmosphere, the response observed here could potentially act as a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2 levels.     

广西海洋生物制药产业发展对策

作为我国的海洋资源大省,广西的海洋生物制药开发利用具有广阔的潜力。本文阐述了广西海洋生物制药产业目前在科研、开发和生产方面的现状,并对广西当前在海洋生物制药发展存在的问题进行分析,为确定广西的海洋生物制药产业发展策略提供研究基础。在此基础上通过对比国内外成功经验,分析广西加快发展海洋生物制药产业的现实可行性,从提高认识,把握原则及采取相应对策等一系列问题进行了思考,以期为相关政府部门提供有益的参考。     

凡纳滨对虾体内大黄苷的药代动力学特征

作为我国的海洋资源大省，广西的海洋生物制药开发利用具有广阔的潜力。本文阐述了广西海洋生物制药产业目前在科研、开发和生产方面的现状，并对广西当前在海洋生物制药发展存在的问题进行分析，为确定广西的海洋生物制药产业发展策略提供研究基础。在此基础上通过对比国内外成功经验，分析广西加快发展海洋生物制药产业的现实可行性，从提高认识，把握原则及采取相应对策等一系列问题进行了思考，以期为相关政府部门提供有益的参考。     

Cell cycle and cell signal transduction in marine phytoplankton

tAs unicellular phytoplankton, the growth of a marine phytoplankton population results directly from the completion of a cell cycle, therefore, cell-environment communication is an important way which involves signal transduction pathways to regulate cell cycle progression and contribute to growth, metabolism and primary production and respond to their surrounding environment in marine phytoplankton. Cyclin-CDK and CaM/Ca²⁺ are essentially key regulators in control of cell cycle and signal transduction pathway, which has important values on both basic research and applied biotechnology. This paper reviews progress made in this research field, which involves the identification and characterization of cyclins and cell signal transduction system, cell cycle-control mechanisms in marine phytoplankton cells, cell cycle proteins as a marker of a terminal event to estimate the growth rate of phytoplankton at the species level, cell cycle-dependent toxin production of toxic algae and cell cycle progression regulated by environmental factors.     

Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions

The formation of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei--from which marine clouds originate--depends ultimately on the availability of new, nanometre-scale particles in the marine boundary layer. Because marine aerosols and clouds scatter incoming radiation and contribute a cooling effect to the Earth's radiation budget, new particle production is important in climate regulation. It has been suggested that sulphuric acid derived from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide is responsible for the production of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. It was accordingly proposed that algae producing dimethyl sulphide play a role in climate regulation, but this has been difficult to prove and, consequently, the processes controlling marine particle formation remains largely undetermined. Here, using smog chamber experiments under coastal atmospheric conditions, we demonstrate that new particles can form from condensable iodine-containing vapours, which are the photolysis products of biogenic iodocarbons emitted from marine algae. Moreover, we illustrate, using aerosol formation models, that concentrations of condensable iodine-containing vapours over the open ocean are sufficient to influence marine particle formation. We suggest therefore that marine iodocarbon emissions have a potentially significant effect on global radiative forcing.     

海洋牧场海草床生境构建技术

海洋牧场的基石是丰富的初级生产,大型底栖植被群落的构建是海洋牧场生境修复的优选途径之一。本文主要阐述海草场构建在海洋牧场建设中的重要性及其构建方法。海草床在海洋牧场中的重要性与功能,包括食物供给、栖息地(包括产卵场、育幼场和庇护场所)、营养盐调控、固碳(气候调节)等方面。海草是海洋中唯一一类高等植物。海草床的构建包括种类选择、移植(或播种)及养护等方面。移植和种植,在海草(如鳗草)床构建中都很重要。     

基于数据融合技术的智慧养殖服务平台

针对近岸养殖海域管理效率低、传统养殖服务平台数据融合度差的问题,以养殖海域为对象,运用高分辨率摄像数据、高分辨率卫星遥感数据、卫星定位数据、水质环境监测数据、养殖区域规划数据等的融合算法,研发智慧养殖公共服务平台,实现海域环境电子围栏、养殖密度监测、海洋执法等智慧化应用。提出利用基于Canny算子的HSV预处理算法对养殖密度进行检测。结果表明:相比传统方法智慧养殖服务平台的监测数据更接近于实际养殖密度,该研究对海水养殖的生产管理、政府执法、海洋环境保护等具有现实意义。