Gui-Pi-Wan extract acts as a radioprotective agent

The radioprotective effects of 6 Gui-Pi-Wan extracts were investigated by examining cell viability and 30-d survival of mice after total-body ⁶⁰Co irradiation. Pretreatment with Gui-Pi-Wan precipitate by water extraction and alcohol precipitation (PWA) prior to irradiation resulted in significantly higher cell survival and lower apoptosis rates at 24 h after 5 Gy radiation, and increased 30-d survival in mice after exposure to a potentially lethal dose of 8 Gy. These results collectively indicate that PWA of Gui-Pi-Wan extracts is an effective radioprotective agent.     

Nir2碳端结构域的晶体结构

Nir2蛋白具有多个结构域，在生物体中可能发挥多种生理功能。本实验用MAD软件对大肠杆菌BL21（plys）原核表达的Nir2蛋白碳端进行了晶体结构分析。结果显示，硒蛋氨酸取代蛋白晶体及未取代蛋白晶体同属空间群P212121,晶胞参数a=109.468 Å, b=120.621 Å, c=70.315 Å，分辨率分别为2.2 Å和2.7 Å。一个不对称单位含有三个分子，含水量为48%。Nir2蛋白碳端由C片层和N片层构成，其中C片层与钙ATPase的催化区域P相似，N片层为许多不相关的功能性蛋白所共有。研究证明二者之间的静电作用是影响Nir2蛋白碳端与Pyk2 FERM区域结合的主要因素。该晶体结构的分析结果为进一步研究Nir2蛋白碳端的潜在功能提供了结构基础。     

A cytosolic protein contains a cryptic mitochondrial targeting signal

Cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase from mouse contains a cryptic mitochondrial targeting sequence. If this sequence is attached to the amino terminus of 'passenger' proteins which by themselves cannot enter mitochondria, the resulting fusion proteins are transported into yeast mitochondria.     

APJ acts as a dual receptor in cardiac hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy is initiated as an adaptive response to sustained overload but progresses pathologically as heart failure ensues. Here we report that genetic loss of APJ, a G-protein-coupled receptor, confers resistance to chronic pressure overload by markedly reducing myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. In contrast, mice lacking apelin (the endogenous APJ ligand) remain sensitive, suggesting an apelin-independent function of APJ. Freshly isolated APJ-null cardiomyocytes exhibit an attenuated response to stretch, indicating that APJ is a mechanosensor. Activation of APJ by stretch increases cardiomyocyte cell size and induces molecular markers of hypertrophy. Whereas apelin stimulates APJ to activate Gαi and elicits a protective response, stretch signals in an APJ-dependent, G-protein-independent fashion to induce hypertrophy. Stretch-mediated hypertrophy is prevented by knockdown of β-arrestins or by pharmacological doses of apelin acting through Gαi. Taken together, our data indicate that APJ is a bifunctional receptor for both mechanical stretch and the endogenous peptide apelin. By sensing the balance between these stimuli, APJ occupies a pivotal point linking sustained overload to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.     

EGFR基因C端结构域真核表达载体的构建

构建EGFR基因C端结构域的真核表达载体.应用PCR技术,从含EGFR基因C端结构域的大肠杆菌DH 5α中扩增其序列,亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( )中,经酶切及测序进行验证.PCR扩增片段与预期结果相符,真核表达载体构建成功,测序结果与GenBank公布的基因一致.成功地构建了EGFR基因C端两个结构域的真核表达载体.     

异步时钟域信号同步的实现

随着数字电子系统设计的快速发展,FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)在一些实际应用系统中通常包含有多个不同时钟,而系统功能实现的前提就是要完成数据在多个不同的时钟域之间进行传输,通常会产生亚稳态危害,为了较小亚稳态风险,本文分析了在跨时钟域时系统可能出现的亚稳态问题,提出了在FPGA工程设计中实现不同时钟域间的数据同步方法,对异步FIFO缓存法做了重点介绍.读写地址指针均采用了格雷码的形式,格雷码的特点是的相邻元之间每一次只有一位数据发生变化,所以系统的亚稳态风险会减小,通过Modelsim软件的仿真,验证了异步FIFO的应用可以有效的解决数据的跨时钟域传输问题.     

Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis

The hormone insulin is stored in secretory granules and released from the pancreatic beta-cells by exocytosis. In the consensus model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ATP is generated by mitochondrial metabolism, promoting closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which depolarizes the plasma membrane. Subsequently, opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) which constitutes the main trigger initiating insulin exocytosis. Nevertheless, the Ca2+ signal alone is not sufficient for sustained secretion. Furthermore, glucose elicits a secretory response under conditions of clamped, elevated [Ca2+]c. A mitochondrial messenger must therefore exist which is distinct from ATP. We have now identified this as glutamate. We show that glucose generates glutamate from beta-cell mitochondria. A membrane-permeant glutamate analogue sensitizes the glucose-evoked secretory response, acting downstream of mitochondrial metabolism. In permeabilized cells, under conditions of fixed [Ca2+]c, added glutamate directly stimulates insulin exocytosis, independently of mitochondrial function. Glutamate uptake by the secretory granules is likely to be involved, as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport suppress the glutamate-evoked exocytosis. These results demonstrate that glutamate acts as an intracellular messenger that couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.     

DNA primase acts as a molecular brake in DNA replication

A hallmark feature of DNA replication is the coordination between the continuous polymerization of nucleotides on the leading strand and the discontinuous synthesis of DNA on the lagging strand. This synchronization requires a precisely timed series of enzymatic steps that control the synthesis of an RNA primer, the recycling of the lagging-strand DNA polymerase, and the production of an Okazaki fragment. Primases synthesize RNA primers at a rate that is orders of magnitude lower than the rate of DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerases at the fork. Furthermore, the recycling of the lagging-strand DNA polymerase from a finished Okazaki fragment to a new primer is inherently slower than the rate of nucleotide polymerization. Different models have been put forward to explain how these slow enzymatic steps can take place at the lagging strand without losing coordination with the continuous and fast leading-strand synthesis. Nonetheless, a clear picture remains elusive. Here we use single-molecule techniques to study the kinetics of a multiprotein replication complex from bacteriophage T7 and to characterize the effect of primase activity on fork progression. We observe the synthesis of primers on the lagging strand to cause transient pausing of the highly processive leading-strand synthesis. In the presence of both leading- and lagging-strand synthesis, we observe the formation and release of a replication loop on the lagging strand. Before loop formation, the primase acts as a molecular brake and transiently halts progression of the replication fork. This observation suggests a mechanism that prevents leading-strand synthesis from outpacing lagging-strand synthesis during the slow enzymatic steps on the lagging strand.     

Phosphoglycerate kinase acts in tumour angiogenesis as a disulphide reductase

Disulphide bonds in secreted proteins are considered to be inert because of the oxidizing nature of the extracellular milieu. An exception to this rule is a reductase secreted by tumour cells that reduces disulphide bonds in the serine proteinase plasmin. Reduction of plasmin initiates proteolytic cleavage in the kringle 5 domain and release of the tumour blood vessel inhibitor angiostatin. New blood vessel formation or angiogenesis is critical for tumour expansion and metastasis. Here we show that the plasmin reductase isolated from conditioned medium of fibrosarcoma cells is the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. Recombinant phosphoglycerate kinase had the same specific activity as the fibrosarcoma-derived protein. Plasma of mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumours contained several-fold more phosphoglycerate kinase, as compared with mice without tumours. Administration of phosphoglycerate kinase to tumour-bearing mice caused an increase in plasma levels of angiostatin, and a decrease in tumour vascularity and rate of tumour growth. Our findings indicate that phosphoglycerate kinase not only functions in glycolysis but is secreted by tumour cells and participates in the angiogenic process as a disulphide reductase.     

探地雷达信号的EEMD时域分析方法

经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)方法不能解决探地雷达信号的混频现象,文章提出了探地雷达信号时域集合经验模分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)分析方法。通过分析可知,EEMD方法可以克服EMD方法的模态混频现象。文中由时域有限差分(finite difference time domain,FDTD)方法正演出探地雷达模型的信号,利用EEMD方法分离探地雷达特征模量,并对不同的特征模量进行分析,将受到白噪声干扰的探地雷达正演信号通过EEMD方法去噪,结果表明去除干扰效果显著。     

NAD synthase NMNAT acts as a chaperone to protect against neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration can be triggered by genetic or environmental factors. Although the precise cause is often unknown, many neurodegenerative diseases share common features such as protein aggregation and age dependence. Recent studies in Drosophila have uncovered protective effects of NAD synthase nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) against activity-induced neurodegeneration and injury-induced axonal degeneration. Here we show that NMNAT overexpression can also protect against spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1)-induced neurodegeneration, suggesting a general neuroprotective function of NMNAT. It protects against neurodegeneration partly through a proteasome-mediated pathway in a manner similar to heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70). NMNAT displays chaperone function both in biochemical assays and cultured cells, and it shares significant structural similarity with known chaperones. Furthermore, it is upregulated in the brain upon overexpression of poly-glutamine expanded protein and recruited with the chaperone Hsp70 into protein aggregates. Our results implicate NMNAT as a stress-response protein that acts as a chaperone for neuronal maintenance and protection. Our studies provide an entry point for understanding how normal neurons maintain activity, and offer clues for the common mechanisms underlying different neurodegenerative conditions.     

Homology of a yeast actin-binding protein to signal transduction proteins and myosin-I

In yeast, the cortical actin cytoskeleton seems to specify sites of growth of the cell surface. Because the actin-binding protein ABP1p is associated with the cortical cytoskeleton of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it might be involved in the spatial organization of cell surface growth. ABP1p is localized to the cortical cytoskeleton and its overproduction causes assembly of the cortical actin cytoskeleton at inappropriate sites on the cell surface, resulting in delocalized surface growth. We have now cloned and sequenced the gene encoding ABP1p. ABP1p is a novel protein with a 50 amino-acid C-terminal domain that is very similar to the SH3 domain in the non-catalytic region of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (including those encoded by the proto-oncogenes c-src and c-abl), in phospholipase C gamma and in alpha-spectrin. We also identified an SH3-related motif in the actin-binding tail domain of myosin-I. The identification of SH3 domains in a family of otherwise unrelated proteins that associate with the membrane cytoskeleton indicates that this domain might serve to bring together signal transduction proteins and their targets or regulators, or both, in the membrane cytoskeleton.     

The MAPK kinase Pek1 acts as a phosphorylation-dependent molecular switch.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a highly conserved eukaryotic signalling cascade that converts extracellular signals into various outputs, such as cell growth and differentiation. MAPK is phosphorylated and activated by a specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK): MAPKK is therefore considered to be an activating regulator of MAPK. Pmk1 is a MAPK that regulates cell integrity and which, with calcineurin phosphatase, antagonizes chloride homeostasis in fission yeast. We have now identified Pek1, a MAPKK for Pmk1 MAPK. We show here that Pek1, in its unphosphorylated form, acts as a potent negative regulator of Pmk1 MAPK signalling. Mkh1, an upstream MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK), converts Pek1 from being an inhibitor to an activator. Our results indicate that Pek1 has a dual stimulatory and inhibitory function which depends on its phosphorylation state. This switch-like mechanism could contribute to the all-or-none physiological response mediated by the MAPK signalling pathway.     

Hedgehog acts as a somatic stem cell factor in the Drosophila ovary

Secreted signalling molecules of the Hedgehog (Hh) family have many essential patterning roles during development of diverse organisms including Drosophila and humans. Although Hedgehog proteins most commonly affect cell fate, they can also stimulate cell proliferation. In humans several distinctive cancers, including basal-cell carcinoma, result from mutations that aberrantly activate Hh signal transduction. In Drosophila, Hh directly stimulates proliferation of ovarian somatic cells. Here we show that Hh acts specifically on stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. These cells cannot proliferate as stem cells in the absence of Hh signalling, whereas excessive Hh signalling produces supernumerary stem cells. We deduce that Hh is a stem-cell factor and suggest that human cancers due to excessive Hh signalling might result from aberrant expansion of stem cell pools.     

Structure of the C-terminal domain of FliG, a component of the rotor in the bacterial flagellar motor.

Many motile species of bacteria are propelled by flagella, which are rigid helical filaments turned by rotary motors in the cell membrane. The motors are powered by the transmembrane gradient of protons or sodium ions. Although bacterial flagella contain many proteins, only three-MotA, MotB and FliG-participate closely in torque generation. MotA and MotB are ion-conducting membrane proteins that form the stator of the motor. FliG is a component of the rotor, present in about 25 copies per flagellum. It is composed of an amino-terminal domain that functions in flagellar assembly and a carboxy-terminal domain (FliG-C) that functions specifically in motor rotation. Here we report the crystal structure of FliG-C from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. Charged residues that are important for function, and which interact with the stator protein MotA, cluster along a prominent ridge on FliG-C. On the basis of the disposition of these residues, we present a hypothesis for the orientation of FliG-C domains in the flagellar motor, and propose a structural model for the part of the rotor that interacts with the stator.     

Phosphorylcholine acts as a Ca2+-dependent receptor molecule for lymphocyte perforin

Large granular lymphocytes and cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL) contain numerous cytoplasmic granules thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the cytolytic activity of these effector cells. Isolated granules are lytic for a variety of target cells and the granule proteins are specifically released upon target-cell interaction. Major proteins in mouse CTL granules are a family of seven serine proteases designated granzymes A to G, and a pore-forming protein called perforin (cytolysin). Purified perforin is cytolytic in the presence of Ca2+ and shows ultrastructural, immunological and amino-acid sequence similarities to complement component C9. Despite these similarities, perforin and C9 are clearly distinct in their mode of target-cell recognition. Whereas C9 insertion is absolutely dependent on a receptor moiety assembled from the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, and C8 on the target-cell membrane, no requirement for a receptor molecule has been reported for perforin. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylcholine acts as a specific, Ca2+-dependent receptor molecule for perforin.     

Notch activity acts as a sensor for extracellular calcium during vertebrate left-right determination

During vertebrate embryo development, the breaking of the initial bilateral symmetry is translated into asymmetric gene expression around the node and/or in the lateral plate mesoderm. The earliest conserved feature of this asymmetric gene expression cascade is the left-sided expression of Nodal, which depends on the activity of the Notch signalling pathway. Here we present a mathematical model describing the dynamics of the Notch signalling pathway during chick embryo gastrulation, which reveals a complex and highly robust genetic network that locally activates Notch on the left side of Hensen's node. We identify the source of the asymmetric activation of Notch as a transient accumulation of extracellular calcium, which in turn depends on left-right differences in H+/K+-ATPase activity. Our results uncover a mechanism by which the Notch signalling pathway translates asymmetry in epigenetic factors into asymmetric gene expression around the node.     

Dephosphorylated SRp38 acts as a splicing repressor in response to heat shock

The cellular response to stresses such as heat shock involves changes in gene expression. It is well known that the splicing of messenger RNA precursors is generally repressed on heat shock, but the factors responsible have not been identified. SRp38 is an SR protein splicing factor that functions as a general repressor of splicing. It is activated by dephosphorylation and required for splicing repression in M-phase cells. Here we show that SRp38 is also dephosphorylated on heat shock and that this dephosphorylation correlates with splicing inhibition. Notably, depletion of SRp38 from heat-shocked cell extracts derepresses splicing, and adding back dephosphorylated SRp38 specifically restores inhibition. We further show that dephosphorylated SRp38 interacts with a U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) protein, and that this interaction interferes with 5'-splice-site recognition by the U1 snRNP. Finally, SRp38-deficient DT40 cells show an altered cell-cycle profile consistent with a mitotic defect; they are also temperature sensitive and defective in recovery after heat shock. SRp38 thus plays a crucial role in cell survival under stress conditions by inhibiting the splicing machinery.     

基于频域去相关的语音信号分离

目前基于纯净语音信号的语音识别系统和说话人识别系统都已达到了很高的识别率,但是当信号中含有噪声,特别是含有语音噪声时,识别率就会大大降低.解决这一问题的关键是实现语音与噪声的自动分离.考虑到语音信号的非平稳特性,把时域去相关的思想推广到频域,提出了频域去相关算法,实验结果显示了算法的有效性.