黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩储层裂缝特征

以黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层为研究对象,通过岩心、薄片、场发射扫描电镜和测试分析等手段,对牛蹄塘组页岩储层裂缝发育特征和主控因素进行了分析.结果表明:研究区牛蹄塘组页岩岩心裂缝以构造裂缝为主,包括高角度剪性裂缝、高角度张性裂缝、低角度滑脱缝,岩心裂缝充填程度较高,以方解石充填为主;镜下微观裂缝以非构造缝为主,包括层间缝、粒内缝和粒间缝.微裂缝的发育对页岩气藏丰度、页岩气井单井产能都有积极贡献.同时,对裂缝发育的主控因素研究发现,构造因素是裂缝发育最主要的控制因素.此外,同一构造背景下受不同岩性、岩石力学性质、矿物组成、有机质含量等因素影响,裂缝发育程度和性质也存在差异.其中总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量与裂缝发育程度并非单一的线性关系,当TOC过高时(6％～8％),裂缝发育程度明显降低;具有高弹性模量、低抗拉强度的碳质页岩,在区域应力作用下更易形成构造裂缝.     

黔西北地区构造对下寒武统页岩气藏保存的影响

针对黔西北地区构造条件的复杂性,通过对黔西北地区构造演化特征、褶皱断裂发育分布特征研究,结合本区页岩的沉积环境、厚度、TOC和R_o等,对黔西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气藏的保存条件进行了研究,参照页岩气藏保存条件评价指标,划分出了页岩气藏保存条件的有利区。同时,对其他地区页岩气藏保存条件的研究具有重要的参考价值。认为黔西北地区褶皱断裂非常发育,发育了以隔槽式为主的褶皱和不同期次下4组走向的断裂体系,使页岩气藏的保存条件得到了不同程度的破坏。页岩气藏保存条件有利的地区主要分布在黔西北中部的大方县和黔西县大部分地区、黔西北东北部的桐梓县以及仁怀市部分地区。     

贵州地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩地质特征及其油气资源意义

贵州地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩发育广泛,并受该区早寒武世岩相古地理类型的控制,主要发育在中、东部地区的页岩盆地相地区中,少部分发育在页岩盆地相和碎屑岩台地相的过渡相中,极少发育在西部的碎屑岩台地相中.研究区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩沉积环境为缺氧还原性沉积环境,有机质母源主要为水生低等菌藻类生物,并混有少部分陆源高等植物.研究区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩具有有机质丰度高、母质类型好、有机质转化为烃类能力强的特征,显示出较大的生烃潜力和油气资源意义.但其高演化阶段作为成油的烃源岩意义不明显,作为成页岩气的源岩则前景乐观.     

川南长宁地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝发育特征

四川盆地南部下志留统龙马溪组黑色页岩广泛发育,通过对川南长宁地区龙马溪组页岩的系统观察、分析,发现该地区龙马溪组裂缝非常发育,并且多为中-高角度缝,裂缝的展布规律在不同的构造部位差别较大,同一地点的不同层段裂缝的发育特征也有所不同。根据川南地区区域构造背景、构造应力场及长宁构造几何学特征初步分析,控制长宁地区裂缝发育的主要因素为多期复合、联合的构造应力场和构造部位,岩石中脆性矿物的含量也是影响因素之一。长宁地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝发育特征的研究对于日后该地区页岩气的勘探开发具有借鉴意义。     

复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集差异性及其意义：以湘西北古生界为例

针对湘西北地区寒武系牛蹄塘组和奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组富有机质海相页岩勘探效果巨大差异,比较复杂地质条件区聚集特征,分析差异性原因,指出未来勘探方向。研究结果表明:1)牛蹄塘组页岩有机质质量分数w(TOC)及厚度异常高,明显比五峰组—龙马溪组的高;2)牛蹄塘组以热水沉积作用下的硅质页岩为主,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,而五峰组—龙马溪组以生物作用下的硅质页岩和硅质岩为主,黏土矿物主要为伊/蒙混层;3)牛蹄塘组储层中孔(孔径为2～50 nm)和小孔(孔径2 nm)更加发育,吸附能力比五峰组—龙马溪组的强;4)牛蹄塘组热演化程度高,主要生气期与燕山—喜山期构造运动时期相一致;5)牛蹄塘组含气量低,甲烷体积分数低,残余气体积分数超过65%;而五峰组—龙马溪组含气性较好,甲烷体积分数超过90%,解吸气体积分数超过50%。产生这种差异性的原因在于:不同的沉积环境影响页岩品质,尤其是w(TOC)及厚度;牛蹄塘组顶底板条件较差,影响页岩气保存;燕山—喜山期断裂与滑脱双重作用导致牛蹄塘组含气性较差。复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集的关键因素为:沉积条件控制页岩气聚集的物质基础,保存条件控制页岩气富集程度。未来牛蹄塘组勘探应该重视寻找"外源供给型"气藏,五峰组—龙马溪组应重视残留向斜内滑脱作用形成的"甜点区"。     

四川盆地外复杂地质条件区海相页岩气“甜点区”优选:以湘西北地区古生界为例

针对湘西北地区古生界页岩气勘探困难等问题,分析多年来钻井地质成果,对海相页岩气聚集条件进行研究,提出四川盆地外复杂地质条件区"甜点区"评价参数体系,量化界线及权重,涵盖4个方面16个指标,并强调生烃条件和保存条件,优选勘探"甜点区"。研究结果表明:黑色页岩主要发育于深水陆棚相,有机质类型较好,以Ⅰ型干酪根为主;牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩厚度及其丰度明显比国内其他勘探层系的高;五峰组—龙马溪组有机质丰度与四川盆地的相似,但厚度(仅20～30 m)不足;有机质热演化进入高成熟阶段,有利于勘探与开发;页岩矿物质量分数具有"两低—高"的特征,即低质量分数的碳酸盐岩、低质量分数的黏土矿物和高质量分数的石英;页岩储层微观发育多种类型孔隙和微裂缝,但有机质孔控制储层特征,如渗透率、吸附能力等;对于五峰组—龙马溪组,向斜核部属于残留型保存构造样式;对于牛蹄塘组,背斜核部属于破坏型保存构造样式,而向斜核部属于残留型或完整型保存构造样式;优选牛蹄塘组"甜点区"位于雪峰隆起的北西缘逆冲推覆带下盘,而五峰组—龙马溪组"甜点区"应该靠近四川盆地龙山一带的残留向斜。     

湘西北地区牛蹄塘组页岩气有利地质条件及成藏区带优选

在对湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩露头观察和取样分析基础上,对黑色页岩的平面展布、岩性特征、有机质类型、有机碳质量分数、页岩成熟度、储层矿物特征、页岩气储盖特征等参数进行评价。应用地质类比法评价研究区的各地质参数。研究结果表明:区内页岩厚度大,平面分布稳定,有机质类型以Ⅰ和Ⅱ1型为主,有机碳质量分数高,成熟度高,脆性矿物丰富,储盖条件较好;研究区与沃斯堡盆地Barnett页岩较相似;评价区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的评价参数的地质风险得分为0.052,下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气地质资源量为(2.54~3.38)×1012 m3;温塘—大庸—慈利一带为页岩气勘探目标区,花垣—保靖—永顺及龙山茨岩塘一带为勘探有利区,桑植—石门复向斜南翼为勘探远景区。     

张家界地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩孔隙特征研究

微孔隙作为页岩气的赋存场所和运移通道,对于页岩气的研究与开发具重要作用。通过对张家界地区SC剖面下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的微孔隙进行扫描电镜观察和能谱分析,将该地区的微孔隙划分为5种类型:粒间骨架孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。其中粒间骨架孔与微裂缝为该地区主要发育的两种孔隙类型,揭示了张家界地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组良好的页岩气开发前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段富有机质页岩裂缝特征及形成机制

为了解研究区页岩中裂缝发育状况,考察鄂尔多斯盆地东南部地区地表露头,分析得出延长组长7段富有机质页岩中发育构造裂缝,以高角度为主,倾角大于70°,走向集中在NW、NE、近EW、近SN向。岩心观察表明,富有机质页岩段以高角度缝为主,裂缝多被方解石充填。裂缝的成因与基底断裂的再活动和古构造应力场(方向)的作用有关,其形成时期为燕山期和喜山期。     

海相页岩与海陆过渡相页岩吸附气量主控因素及其差异性

以黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相页岩和南华北地区下二叠统太原-山西组海陆过渡相页岩为研究对象,分析页岩有机地化、储层、吸附气量特征,进而研究页岩吸附气量影响因素及其差异性。研究结果表明:页岩有机碳含量大于2%,两者均为优质的烃源岩;但有机碳含量相差甚大。牛蹄塘组页岩矿物组成主要为石英,其次为黏土矿物,而太原-山西组页岩以富集黏土矿物为特征。牛蹄塘组页岩比表面积和吸附气量大于太原-山西组页岩;而总孔体积和平均孔径均小于后者。页岩岩石组成与吸附气量之间的关系如下:牛蹄塘组页岩TOC与吸附气量呈正相关关系且TOC是吸附气量的主要影响因素;而太原-山西组页岩TOC与吸附气量之间关系不明显。牛蹄塘组页岩石英与吸附气量呈正相关性,其原因是石英为生物成因,伴随有机质富集;而太原-山西组页岩石英与吸附气量具有负相关性,其原因为TOC和黏土矿物随石英的增加而减少,且TOC、黏土矿物与吸附气量呈正相关关系。牛蹄塘组页岩伊利石和太原-山西组页岩黏土矿物均与吸附气量具有正相关性,原因为黏土矿物吸附有机质且黏土矿物中各组分发育大量孔隙。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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