庞泉沟国家级自然保护区蝶类的多样性

通过对山西省庞泉沟国家级自然保护区蝶类资源的调查,共发现蝶类25种,隶属7科,25属。区系分析结果表明,该地区蝶类以古北界种为主,东洋界与古北界共有种次之,东洋界种类最少。结合保护区的地理地貌、植被类型、土壤、气候等生态地理因素,分析了保护区蝶类的垂直分布特征。     

福州十邑传统村落空间格局特征及其影响因素

基于2018年第二次全国土地调查变更数据和2022年吉林一号高分遥感影像,运用景观格局指数、平均最近邻分析、核密度分析和全局/局部空间自相关等研究方法,对福州十邑地区的195个传统村落的空间格局及其影响因素进行分析。研究表明：（1）福州十邑传统村落聚落规模空间分异较大,具有明显的冷热点差异,研究区北部乡村聚落规模最大,南部地区次之,中部地区聚落规模最小;（2）传统村落聚落在形态上可以划分为团块型、条带型、散点型和团簇型4种类型,其中团块型村落的数量最多,条带型数量最少,不同类型乡村聚落景观格局指数差异较大,且分布数量和规模与不同的地貌之间关系紧密;（3）传统村落聚落在空间上主要沿着十邑西部边缘地区大致呈C字型分布,表明古田、屏南、永泰和闽清4县的传统村落是历史上以福州城为中心的乡村地域的重要组成部分;（4）福州十邑传统村落的空间分布受到高程、河流、道路、经济发展水平、城镇化率和行政中心的影响较为明显,海拔越高、距河流越近的传统村落数量和规模越大,距离道路和行政中心越远、经济发展水平和城镇化率越低的传统村落数量和规模越大。     

Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change.

Habitat degradation and climate change are thought to be altering the distributions and abundances of animals and plants throughout the world, but their combined impacts have not been assessed for any species assemblage. Here we evaluated changes in the distribution sizes and abundances of 46 species of butterflies that approach their northern climatic range margins in Britain-where changes in climate and habitat are opposing forces. These insects might be expected to have responded positively to climate warming over the past 30 years, yet three-quarters of them declined: negative responses to habitat loss have outweighed positive responses to climate warming. Half of the species that were mobile and habitat generalists increased their distribution sites over this period (consistent with a climate explanation), whereas the other generalists and 89% of the habitat specialists declined in distribution size (consistent with habitat limitation). Changes in population abundances closely matched changes in distributions. The dual forces of habitat modification and climate change are likely to cause specialists to decline, leaving biological communities with reduced numbers of species and dominated by mobile and widespread habitat generalists.     

4种地被竹大个体空间分布的点格局分析

【目的】植物个体大小存在的差异,是植物种群空间结构的重要影响因素,笔者探究大个体在种群空间中分布的类型、大小个体间的相互作用,为城市绿化提供基础数据。【方法】选取南京林业大学校园内翠竹(Pleioblastus pygmaeus)、髯毛箬竹(Indocalamus barbatus)、菲白竹(P. fortunei)和铺地竹(Pleioblastus argenteostriatus)4种地被竹种,依据竹株高度分为大个体组(观测组)和小个体组(控制组),运用空间聚集性的二阶分析法,并结合Monte-Carlo检验,分析大个体的空间分布类型,使用估计的方法计算空间强度趋势面。【结果】翠竹、髯毛箬竹、铺地竹的大个体竹株分别在其给定的距离尺度下呈现出显著的随机分布,未表现出聚集性特征; 菲白竹大个体则在给定的距离尺度下呈现出较弱的随机分布; 4种地被竹在各自样地内的分布存在不同特征上的理论强度。【结论】地被竹个体大小的差异影响个体在生长空间、资源等方面的竞争,大个体的空间分布是地被竹种群在生境中综合能力的外在表现。自然环境中,地被竹种群在个体差异基础上,通过自身调节机制和一系列生态过程,形成特定的空间结构。     

用最大信息原理讨论核酸序列的进化

通过约束条件（Ｍａｒｋｏｖ熵，Ｇ＋Ｃ含量等选择约束因素）下的熵极大化导出核苷酸序列的碱基概率分布．理论值和实验资料的差别小于１０％．发现拉格朗日乘子随着物种进化有系统变化．     

城市土地利用空间结构分析的尺度效应

以蛇口工业区为例，采用土地利用信息图的方法、引入均质度的概念研究了城市土地利用空间结构，分五种网格尺度讨论了均质度随网格大小变化的规律，研究表明，土地利用的均质度随着划分的网格尺度的变化而相应变化，信息单元的尺度越小，土地利用的均质度也越小．其原因是网格越大，越能掩盖零散分布的细小土地斑块，强化了区域内主要的土地利用类型；相反，随着网格的缩小，小地块的信息就可以逐渐提取出来，提取的土地利用信息变得复杂。     

Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients

Despite two centuries of effort in characterizing environmental gradients of species richness in search of universal patterns, surprisingly few of these patterns have been widely acknowledged. Species richness along altitudinal gradients was previously assumed to increase universally from cool highlands to warm lowlands, mirroring the latitudinal increase in species richness from cool to warm latitudes. However, since the more recent general acceptance of altitudinal gradients as model templates for testing hypotheses behind large-scale patterns of diversity, these gradients have been used in support of all the main diversity hypotheses, although little consensus has been achieved. Here we show that when resampling a data set comprising 400,000 records for 3,046 Pyrenean floristic species at different scales of analysis (achieved by varying grain size and the extent of the gradients sampled), the derived species richness pattern changed progressively from hump-shaped to a monotonic pattern as the scale of extent diminished. Scale effects alone gave rise to as many conflicting patterns of species richness as had previously been reported in the literature, and scale effects lent significantly different statistical support to competing diversity hypotheses. Effects of scale on current studies may be affected by human activities, because montane ecosystems and human activities are intimately connected. This interdependence has led to a global reduction in natural lowland habitats, hampering our ability to detect universal patterns and impeding the search for universal diversity gradients to discover the mechanisms determining the distribution of biological diversity on Earth.     

Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests

Recent advances in understanding insect communities in tropical forests have contributed little to our knowledge of large-scale patterns of insect diversity, because incomplete taxonomic knowledge of many tropical species hinders the mapping of their distribution records. This impedes an understanding of global biodiversity patterns and explains why tropical insects are under-represented in conservation biology. Our study of approximately 500 species from three herbivorous guilds feeding on foliage (caterpillars, Lepidoptera), wood (ambrosia beetles, Coleoptera) and fruit (fruitflies, Diptera) found a low rate of change in species composition (beta diversity) across 75,000 square kilometres of contiguous lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea, as most species were widely distributed. For caterpillars feeding on large plant genera, most species fed on multiple host species, so that even locally restricted plant species did not support endemic herbivores. Large plant genera represented a continuously distributed resource easily colonized by moths and butterflies over hundreds of kilometres. Low beta diversity was also documented in groups with differing host specificity (fruitflies and ambrosia beetles), suggesting that dispersal limitation does not have a substantial role in shaping the distribution of insect species in New Guinea lowland rainforests. Similar patterns of low beta diversity can be expected in other tropical lowland rainforests, as they are typically situated in the extensive low basins of major tropical rivers similar to the Sepik-Ramu region of New Guinea studied here.     

竹类入侵干扰对桫椤种群空间分布格局的影响

选取了方差均值比(ID)、聚集度大小指数(ICS)、Green指数(CI)、聚集频度指数(ICF)、平均拥挤度指数(IMC)、聚块性指数(IP)、Morista指数(IM)等7项指数,分析研究了桫椤种群在楠竹(Phyllostachys pupescens)和慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)等竹类入侵干扰下,不同层次和整体水平上的空间分布格局变化特征.结果表明,桫椤种群在幼苗阶段→小树阶段→大树阶段发展过程中,总体表现为由聚集分布逐渐向随机分布过渡,在没有竹类入侵干扰的情况下多发展为规则分布,不同竹类干扰会导致桫椤种群在各层次上的空间分布格局存在差异;在整体空间分布格局上,桫椤种群呈现随机分布,而在竹类干扰条件下,多表现为聚集分布状态.研究结果为桫椤种群的研究和保护提供理论参考.     

西藏地区种子植物多样性分布格局和多样性分化特点

以大尺度的植物分布信息为基础,结合地理信息系统和统计学分析,对西藏地区的种子植物多样性地理分布格局和多样性分化特点进行了探讨.结果表明,从种到科,植物多样性和区系分化强度的数据集离散度呈递减趋势.与科相比,种、属的植物多样性的空间变异程度更为明显,这可能与种、属和科所代表的不同时期的地质历史有关.相对中部和北部而言,无论是在种、属水平,还是在科水平,西藏地形更为复杂的南部尤其是东南部拥有更高的植物多样性.种子植物的区系分化强度与表征地形复杂度的海拔高差存在显著的正相关关系,这说明复杂的地形可能有利于区系的分化.区系分化强度对研究区域植物多样性的地理分布格局存在明显的影响,这可能与西藏地质历史上地层的差异性抬升引起的气候变迁有关.     

DNA中性标记反映的非随机亲缘地理格局——以东亚植物物种为例

基于DNA中性分子标记的亲缘地理学研究却多获得非随机的空间遗传格局,与气候、环境因子或者表型性状具有很好的一致性,这种非随机格局是如何形成和维持的.本文以东亚植物物种为例,分析了其空间遗传格局的非随机性及其一般特点,讨论了其可能的成因.冰期避难所隔离、物种分布区变化等中性过程是目前大多研究采用的解释,然而仍有部分线索暗示可能存在自然选择导致的适应性进化.我们认为这种基于"中性"分子标记的亲缘地理研究对未来适应性进化研究具有重要的启发作用,提出可能的一般研究框架,并展望了二代测序技术在未来适应性进化研究中的作用.     

Climate change threats to protected plants of China: an evaluation based on species distribution modeling

Climate change poses major new challenges to biodiversity conservation. Distribution ranges of species have been proven to be affected by climate anomalies. Detecting the extent of protected species response to climate change can help formulate flexible conservation strategies to overcome the changing climate. Using species distribution modeling and high resolution climate data, we simulated current distribution patterns of 233 protected plants in China. Those patterns were then projected into future suitable habitats for each species under nine climate change scenarios, with no migration or full migration hypotheses. Under the most extreme climate change scenario （CGCM-B2a）, we evaluated species extinction risks. Sixteen percent of protected plants are expected to lose more than 30 % of their current ranges. By calculating areal shifts, hotspots for emigrants, immigrants, and persistent species were identified under climate change. Flexible conservation strategies were addressed for those regions. Those strategies strongly depend on the migration types of species and sensitivity of the hotspots to changing climate. In hotspots for emigrants, the main conservation strategy is ex situ protection; protected species from these regions should be stored in seed banks or botanical gardens. For hotspots of immigrants, enough space should be maintained for new species, and some measures are necessary to assist dispersal. For hotspots of persistent species, more natural reserves are needed. We highlight related fields that can help conserve protected species in the future, such as conserving the soil seed bank and understanding of the effects of migration ability and interactions between protected species.     

青海省东北边缘地区蝴蝶多样性

为积累探讨蝴蝶的起源进化及其与环境演变的关系和蝴蝶预测预示环境的变化与优劣作用的基础资料,调查组于2011年7-8月对青海东北边缘地区蝴蝶采用样线法进行了调查,分4个植被小区进行分析讨论,获知该地区共分布蝶类161种(含文献记载),隶属于8科82属,14种是青海省新纪录.本次调查获知87种,隶属于8科,49属.分布的粉蝶和蛱蝶种类最多,均为34种,眼蝶30种,灰蝶29种,凤蝶和蚬蝶只有3种.5种生境中,农田物种数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度均最高,是这个地区特有的现象.从数量等级分析,13种历史记载为优势种的蝴蝶,有5种数量等级保持不变,有5种降为常见种,3种降为少见种,同时新增6个优势种,反映了过去10多年间该地区环境的某种变化.冷龙岭和黄湟谷地小区系统中,优势种比例高,罕见种比例低,预示着系统的健康状况低、或者有下降可能.青海东北边缘地区蝴蝶分布型具有非常明显的边缘效应特征,其泛布种、广布种和共有种127个,占全区分布蝴蝶的78.88%;该地区区系具备基本古北区性质,古北种27个;占16.77%;由于青海东北边缘地区非常突出的过渡性质,特有种非常罕见,共7个,仅占4.35%,其中青藏区3个,西南、东北、华北和华中区各1个.青海东北边缘地区分布的蝴蝶中,有哪些种类地理分布范围的某段边界线是在我们调查的这个区域内值得进一步研究.     

基于气候和土壤要素的中国耕地适宜性指数构建

中国历史土地利用的重建工作主要分为数据重建和空间重建,而建立具有空间指示作用的参数对于历史土地利用的空间重建具有举足轻重的指示意义.本文基于此想法,参考前人经验,构建了一套耕地适宜性指数,作为历史土地利用空间重建的基础.首先通过分析影响耕地时空分布的多种自然要素和人文因素,从中厘定土壤和气候这2个关键要素,然后基于此构建了一套计算耕地适宜性指数的方法.通过获取的气候适宜性与土壤适宜性的空间分布图与实际土地利用的相关性分析验证了这2个要素的一定代表性.本文最终的结果代表自然状态下耕地分布的最初可能性,具体特征有:1)对耕地分布起影响的气候适宜性分为4个等级的块状分布;2)对耕地分布有影响的土壤适宜性比较零散,但是大体还是以秦岭-淮河一线为分界线,呈现北高南低的分布;3)对于不同地区耕地分布,影响的主导因素有区别,西北为土壤要素,东南为气候要素;4)耕地适宜性最高的地区基本集中在华北平原、长江中下游平原区域,而青藏高原地区的适宜性最低.结合人口、经济等因素,这样一套耕地适宜性分布图对历史土地利用空间分布有重要的空间指示作用.     

How does contemporary climate versus climate change velocity affect endemic plant species richness in China？

Climate change is considered a top threat to biodiversity, but the relative roles of contemporary climate versus the rate of climate change in determining spatial patterns of biodiversity are far from clear. China has a very diverse flora and harbors a high percentage of endemic species, but the mechanisms underlying spatial patterns of plant endemism are poorly understood. This study explores the geographical patterns of a representative sample of 555 endemic seed plant species at the scale of 0.5° latitude × 0.5°longitude. Ordinary least squares and spatial autoregressive models were compared to assess the relationship between richness of endemics and the rate of climate change in the past century, as well as a group of contemporary climate variables. In China, a high level of endemism was associated with high elevation and low rate of climate change. However, contemporary climate had a stronger impact than climate change velocity in the past century on endemic species richness patterns. Specifically,mean annual precipitation and annual range of temperature were important contemporary climatic factors. The rate of change of annual mean temperature, but not that of annual precipitation, also significantly contributed to the spatial pattern of plant endemic species richness. We found no significant relationship between topographic variation and endemic species richness, while temperature variability at multiple time scales was strongly correlated with the species richness pattern. Future work should consider the direction of climate change and incorporate higher-resolution data.     

基于MODIS数据的2001-2018年黑龙江省林火时空分布

[目的]黑龙江省是中国重要的林业省份之一,也是受林火危害最严重的地区之一.通过遥感数据获取森林火点信息,充分了解近年来黑龙江省林火发生的时空分布格局,探索林火发生规律.[方法]根据黑龙江省2001—2018年MODIS(分辨率成像光谱仪)遥感图像的MCD64A1火烧迹地产品数据集,提取林火火点信息,结合历史火灾记录资料...     

Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity.

Ecologists still search for common principles that predict well-known responses of biological diversity to different factors. Such factors include the number of available niches in space, productivity, area, species' body size and habitat fragmentation. Here we show that all these patterns can arise from simple constraints on how organisms acquire resources in space. We use spatial scaling laws to describe how species of different sizes find food in patches of varying size and resource concentration. We then derive a mathematical rule for the minimum similarity in size of species that share these resources. This packing rule yields a theory of species diversity that predicts relations between diversity and productivity more effectively than previous models. Size and diversity patterns for locally coexisting East African grazing mammals and North American savanna plants strongly support these predictions. The theory also predicts relations between diversity and area and between diversity and habitat fragmentation. Thus, spatial scaling laws provide potentially unifying first principles that may explain many important patterns of species diversity.     

基于SD-CA模型的快速城市化地区土地利用空间格局变化预测

利用未来用地模拟(FLUS)模型预测土地利用变化,探讨深圳市在快速城市化进程中土地利用格局的时空演变特征.首先,基于2004-2018年的历史数据,用系统动力学(SD)模型预测未来用地需求.然后,使用元胞自动机(CA)模型,基于2014年土地利用图,预测2025年的耕地、园地、林地、草地、城镇用地、交通用地、水域和其他...     

秦岭南坡蝶类区系研究

记录了陕西省洋县地区所辖秦岭南坡大熊猫保护区内的蝶类191种,并对其中179种的垂直分布与区系进行了分析。其区系成分中东洋、古北种混杂,东洋种占一定优势,这与秦岭的地理位置相一致。秦岭对东洋种的阻隔作用大于对古北种的作用。中山地带(800～2600m)即暖温带落叶阔叶林和中山针阔叶混交林带环境状况良好,气候条件优越,受人为干扰少,因而物种丰富、多样性较大。研究地区具有很高的保护价值。     

Freshwater fishes distribution in Taiwan and continent of China and its biogeographical significance

Through the comparative analysis of primary freshwater fishes in Chinese continent and the Taiwan Island, we summarize the three distinctions of distribution of freshwater fishes in these areas: (i) there exists a high similarity of freshwater fish fauna between Taiwan and the southeastern shore of the continent; (ii) some species of freshwater fish are found both in the Taiwan Island and East Himalayans; (iii) different freshwater fishes have different distributions in island arch of western Pacific where Taiwan is located, but the distribution pattern shows a similarity to that of adjacent continent. The characteristic distributions of the fishes are closely related to the change in paleogeography and geology in the area. The parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE analysis) indicates that the three distribution patterns can be explained by the vicariance theory.