Origin and evolution of the genus Homo.

It is remarkable that the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known representatives of our own genus, Homo, remain obscure. Advances in techniques for absolute dating and reassessments of the fossils themselves have rendered untenable a simple unilineal model of human evolution, in which Homo habilis succeeded the australopithecines and then evolved via H. erectus into H. sapiens-but no clear alternative consensus has yet emerged.     

Cladistic analysis of continuous modularized traits provides phylogenetic signals in Homo evolution

Evolutionary novelties in the skeleton are usually expressed as changes in the timing of growth of features intrinsically integrated at different hierarchical levels of development. As a consequence, most of the shape-traits observed across species do vary quantitatively rather than qualitatively, in a multivariate space and in a modularized way. Because most phylogenetic analyses normally use discrete, hypothetically independent characters, previous attempts have disregarded the phylogenetic signals potentially enclosed in the shape of morphological structures. When analysing low taxonomic levels, where most variation is quantitative in nature, solving basic requirements like the choice of characters and the capacity of using continuous, integrated traits is of crucial importance in recovering wider phylogenetic information. This is particularly relevant when analysing extinct lineages, where available data are limited to fossilized structures. Here we show that when continuous, multivariant and modularized characters are treated as such, cladistic analysis successfully solves relationships among main Homo taxa. Our attempt is based on a combination of cladistics, evolutionary-development-derived selection of characters, and geometric morphometrics methods. In contrast with previous cladistic analyses of hominid phylogeny, our method accounts for the quantitative nature of the traits, and respects their morphological integration patterns. Because complex phenotypes are observable across different taxonomic groups and are potentially informative about phylogenetic relationships, future analyses should point strongly to the incorporation of these types of trait.     

Biomechanics: independent evolution of running in vampire bats

Most tetrapods have retained terrestrial locomotion since it evolved in the Palaeozoic era, but bats have become so specialized for flight that they have almost lost the ability to manoeuvre on land at all. Vampire bats, which sneak up on their prey along the ground, are an important exception. Here we show that common vampire bats can also run by using a unique bounding gait, in which the forelimbs instead of the hindlimbs are recruited for force production as the wings are much more powerful than the legs. This ability to run seems to have evolved independently within the bat lineage.     

Genetics and the making of Homo sapiens

Understanding the genetic basis of the physical and behavioural traits that distinguish humans from other primates presents one of the great new challenges in biology. Of the millions of base-pair differences between humans and chimpanzees, which particular changes contributed to the evolution of human features after the separation of the Pan and Homo lineages 5-7 million years ago? How can we identify the 'smoking guns' of human genetic evolution from neutral ticks of the molecular evolutionary clock? The magnitude and rate of morphological evolution in hominids suggests that many independent and incremental developmental changes have occurred that, on the basis of recent findings in model animals, are expected to be polygenic and regulatory in nature. Comparative genomics, population genetics, gene-expression analyses and medical genetics have begun to make complementary inroads into the complex genetic architecture of human evolution.     

耐久跑教学初探

学校体育应本着“健康第一”的指导思想,以学生的发展为根本出发点。针对当代职校学生耐久跑素质不断下降的现状,应采取一些积极的策略和方法提高学生的耐久跑能力。     

赛艇运动中的耐力训练

介绍了耐力的两种类型——有氧耐力和无氧耐力的基本训练方法,以及青少年阶段和青年阶段的训练方法和有关注意的问题。赛艇是以有氧耐力为主导的体能类水上项目。随着经济运动的发展,赛艇作为一个综合性素质很强的周期性经济运动项目,要取得较好的成绩,就不能忽视重视耐力的训练。     

如何提高篮球运动员的耐力水平

篮球是以有氧耐力为基础,以无氧耐力为主要特征的运动项目。为此,我们必须遵循篮球运动耐力发展的规律,从当前与今后发展的需要出发,进行有针对性的实战训练,以达到迅速提高篮球运动员耐力水平之目的。     

田径耐力项目运动营养调配的问题探讨

文章通过对体能耐力类运动项目的生理特点、供能特点进行分析。根据6大营养物质在耐力运动中所起的作用,结合马拉松、中长跑、竞走等耐力性运动的训练和比赛的特点,对运动员的营养调配提出合理的建议。为耐力类运动员的科学训练和疲劳恢复提供理论依据。     

耐力训练中常见问题及处理措施

许多人通过耐力性项目跑步、自行车和铁人三项进行健身,在竞技水平上,这些耐力性项目均需要进行艰苦的训练,耐力性项目运动员常见损伤是过度使用的结果。大强度的训练和恢复期之间的不平衡,破坏组织的修复机制,最终引起过度使用损伤。运动常见的医学问题包括运动性哮喘、运动性崩溃和过度训练综合征,通过适当医学干预,可以治疗和预防这些症状。     

移民心理承受能力及其数学模型的研究

在调查研究的基础上，对移民心理承受能力进行了定性描述及定量分析，建立了心理承受能力的判别形式与数学模型，并提出了相应的对策及建议。     

论当代大学生挫折承受力的培养

近年来,大学生的心理健康状况令人担忧,他们的心理承受力弱、耐挫能力较差是普遍存在的一个问题。因此,为使每一位大学生都能成为“四有”新人,高校必须培养大学生经受挫折的能力,让他们学会在逆境中保护自己;在顺境中发掘潜能,完善自我。     

饮食、肌糖元与耐力运动成绩

本文试对大强度长时间的运动中饮食，肌糖元与耐力运动成绩之间的关系进行综述和探讨．     

耐力训练中的血乳酸指标及其运用

由确定血乳酸阈值、控制运动负荷强度出发,论述了乳酸的产生、消除及其乳酸阈的确定,分析了血乳酸测试在耐力训练中的应用。     

耐力训练和力量训练相结合时的生理适应比较

同时进行耐力和力量训练是许多运动员采取的训练手段,以满足机体对这两种素质的需要,但同时进行耐力和力量训练对机体产生的神经肌肉适应及运动能力的提高等,人们在认识上存在差异.目前,大部分研究认为同时进行力量和有氧耐力训练与单独进行力量训练相比,前者会抑制力量的发展;而同时进行力量和有氧耐力训练,有氧耐力的提高不受影响.