柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料的试验研究

以汽油为助溶剂配制出均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,在单缸四气门135柴油机上对燃用不同配比混合燃料及使用不同油嘴型式进行了性能试验。结果表明:燃用适当配比的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,柴油机动力性、经济性基本不变,碳烟和NOx排放下降明显;着火滞燃期延长,缸内平均温度下降,燃烧速率加快,燃烧持续期缩短;当使用HL伞喷油嘴燃用E20G15燃料时,着火滞燃期进一步延长,油气混合速率和混合气均匀度明显提高,在整个工况范围内,气缸压力和缸内平均温度均较低,碳烟和NOx排放同时降低,其燃烧过程具有明显的热预混合燃烧特征。     

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料的试验研究

以汽油为助溶剂配制出均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料，在单缸四气门135柴油机上对燃用不同配比混合燃料及使用不同油嘴型式进行了性能试验。结果表明：燃用适当配比的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料，柴油机动力性、经济性基本不变，碳烟和NOx排放下降明显；着火滞燃期延长，缸内平均温度下降，燃烧速率加快，燃烧持续期缩短；当使用HL伞喷油嘴燃用E20G15燃料时，着火滞燃期进一步延长，油气混合速率和混合气均匀度明显提高，在整个工况范围内，气缸压力和缸内平均温度均较低，碳烟和NOx排放同时降低，其燃烧过程具有明显的热预混合燃烧特征。     

一种新型含氧燃料对柴油机燃烧特性的影响

为解决柴油机的碳烟颗粒和氮氧化物排放难以同步降低的矛盾,在一台TY1100直喷柴油机上对新设计的一种含氧添加剂乙酸-2-甲氧基乙酯(MEA)和柴油的混合燃料进行了燃烧和排放的试验研究.结果表明:MEA可与柴油实现良好的互溶;在相同的工况下,随着混合燃料中MEA比例的增加,柴油机缸内的最高压力变化较小,但滞燃期略有延长,瞬时放热率增加,燃烧持续时间变短;MEA可以显著降低柴油机的碳烟排放,可使HC和CO的排放有一定程度的降低,但对发动机NOx的排放没有明显的影响;在不改变发动机结构参数的条件下,当燃用体积分数为15%的MEA混合燃料时,发动机的碳烟排放平均降低约50%,发动机的标定功率下降约5%,而热效率提高约2%.     

柴油-丙烷发动机不同喷油提前角时的燃烧和排放特性

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上开展了不同喷油提前角下燃用柴油和柴油-丙烷混合燃料时的燃烧和排放特性研究.研究结果表明:柴油-丙烷混合燃料的燃烧与排放参数随喷油提前角的变化趋势与燃用纯柴油时基本相同;对于给定的平均有效压力,柴油-丙烷混合燃料的放热率峰值和NOx排放随喷油提前角的推迟而减小,而总燃烧持续期、CO、HC和碳烟排放随喷油提前角的推迟而增加;对于给定的平均有效压力和喷油提前角,放热率峰值和NOx排放随混合燃料中丙烷含量的增加而增大,而总燃烧持续期、CO、HC和碳烟排放随丙烷含量的增加而减小.     

掺混聚甲氧基二甲醚对中国第六阶段标准柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响

为研究高含氧、高十六烷值的新型替代燃料聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODEn)掺混柴油对中国第六阶段标准柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响,在一台增压中冷高压共轨的潍柴动力WP12.460柴油机上开展了不同PODEn比例(体积分数分别为10%、20%、30%)PODEn/柴油混合燃料燃烧特性、燃油经济性及排放特性的试验研究。试验结果表明,随着PODEn掺混比例的增大,缸内最大爆发压力、缸内温度峰值及瞬时放热率峰值均逐渐降低,且各峰值对应相位逐渐前移;燃烧持续期缩短0.6°～2.1°(曲轴转角),放热更加集中,有效热效率最高可提升2.43%;有效燃油消耗率逐渐增加,但当量有效燃油消耗率逐渐降低,最大降幅为4.23%;NOx排放量略有升高,CO排放量、HC排放量和碳烟排放量均逐渐降低,其中CO排放量和碳烟排放量在高负荷工况下降低幅度较大,最高降幅分别为64.5%和75.8%。     

柴油机同时降低碳烟与NOx的一种方法

通过试验研究了柴油与二甲氧基甲烷（DMM）的混合燃料及纯柴油在不同负荷条件下的碳烟和NOx的排放,同时研究了EGR对柴油机碳烟及NOx排放的影响．试验结果表明,柴油机碳烟排放随混合燃料中DMM含量的增加而降低,但NOx的排放有所增加;随着EGR率的增大．NOx的排放得到了很好的控制,但碳烟的排放有所恶化．运用DMM混合燃料同时控制EGR率在10％～15％左右时,可达到同时降低碳烟与NOx的目的．     

新型氧化添加剂EGM影响柴油机性能和排放特性的研究

提出了用含氧柴油添加剂EGM降低柴油机碳烟排放的方法,建立了超声波EGM-柴油在线混合装置,在4JB1直喷柴油机上试验研究了含氧添加剂对发动机性能和排放特性的影响。结果表明,在大负荷时随着混合燃料中的EGM增加,碳烟和CO的排放显著降低;对NOx的排放影响很小;在小负荷时HC的排放增加。     

新型氧化添加剂EGM影响柴油机性能和排放特性的研究

提出了用含氧柴油添加剂EGM降低柴油机碳烟排放的方法，建立了超声波EGM-柴油在线混合装置，在4JB1直喷柴油机上试验研究了含氧添加剂对发动机性能和排放特性的影响。结果表明，在大负荷时随着混合燃料中的EGM增加，碳烟和CO的排放显著降低；对NOx的排放影响很小；在小负荷时HC的排放增加。     

柴油机掺烧醇类燃料燃烧排放特性的试验研究

针对不同醇类组分对柴油机的实用性影响进行研究。在单缸柴油机上分别燃用纯柴油、乙醇柴油和正丁醇柴油三种燃料,并进行负荷特性的燃烧排放对比试验。结果表明,与纯柴油相比,正丁醇柴油和乙醇柴油的滞燃期延长0.1°～2°曲轴转角,最大放热率峰值升高最大可达36％,最大爆发压力推迟约0.4°～4°曲轴转角;中等转速1500 r/min时,正丁醇柴油和乙醇柴油的动力性优于纯柴油;高转速2000 r/min时,正丁醇柴油、乙醇柴油与纯柴油动力相当,正丁醇柴油的当量燃油消耗率与乙醇柴油、纯柴油相比分别减少约2.5％和4％。正丁醇柴油的NOx排放大多数工况下低于纯柴油约17％～39％,且降低效果较乙醇柴油更为明显,而乙醇柴油在标定转速中高负荷工况时NOx排放高于纯柴油;醇类柴油的碳烟排放比纯柴油降低,正丁醇柴油相对于乙醇柴油抑制碳烟生成的工况点更多,在标定点工况下正丁醇柴油比纯柴油的碳烟可降低62％。可见作为柴油机的替代燃料,在大多数工况下正丁醇柴油燃烧排放性能优于乙醇柴油。该研究为柴油机燃用正丁醇的推广提供了试验依据。     

EGR率对正丁醇/柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响

采用不同EGR率,对柴油机燃用含正丁醇质量分数为10%的混合柴油(N10)进行了台架试验,研究了EGR率对燃用正丁醇/柴油的燃烧过程与排放的影响.结果表明:相同工况下,随着EGR率的增加,最大爆发压力下降,压力急剧升高点所对应的曲轴转角后移,主燃烧开始时刻和瞬时放热峰值也发生明显后移,滞燃期有所延长,放热峰值逐渐下降;柴油机HC,CO,碳烟排放随着EGR率的增加而有所升高,但碳烟排放仍低于柴油;NOx排放随着EGR率的增加而逐渐降低,且高负荷时,降低趋势更为明显,负荷为75%时,与EGR率为0相比,EGR率为10%时NOx排放降低了47.2%,EGR率为20%时NOx排放降低了86.3%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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