Wear and mechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel produced by powder metallurgy

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated. Alloys 1 and 2(with 0.2 wt% C and 0.25 wt% C, respectively) were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300, 1400, or1500°C for 1 h. The ideal sintering temperature of 1400°C was determined. Afterward, Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400°C were carburized at 925°C for 4 h. The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness, tensile, and wear tests. After carburization, the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4% and 138.1%, respectively. However, the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6% and 64.7%, respectively. The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of30 N were 231.2 and 100.1 μm, respectively. Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.     

Studies on induction hardening of powder-metallurgy-processed Fe-Cr/Mo alloys

Induction hardening of dense Fe-Cr/Mo alloys processed via the powder-metallurgy route was studied. The Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo, Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo, and Fe-0.85Mo pre-alloyed powders were mixed with 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 0.8wt% C and compacted at 500, 600, and 700 MPa, respectively. The compacts were sintered at 1473 K for 1 h and then cooled at 6 K/min. Ferrite with pearlite was mostly observed in the sintered alloys with 0.4wt% C, whereas a carbide network was also present in the alloys with 0.8wt% C. Graphite at prior particle boundaries led to deterioration of the mechanical properties of alloys with 0.8wt% C, whereas no significant induction hardening was achieved in alloys with 0.4wt% C. Among the investigated samples, alloys with 0.6wt% C exhibited the highest strength and ductility and were found to be suitable for induction hardening. The hardening was carried out at a frequency of 2.0 kHz for 2-3 s. A case depth of 2.5 mm was achieved while maintaining the bulk (interior) hardness of approximately HV 230. A martensitic structure was observed on the outer periphery of the samples. The hardness varied from HV 600 to HV 375 from the sample surface to the interior of the case hardened region. The best combination of properties and hardening depth was achieved in case of the Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo alloy with 0.6wt% C.     

Preparation of high-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe alloy via heat treatment and rolling

An Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe alloy was solid-solution treated at 560°C for 3 h and then cooled by water quenching or furnace cooling. The alloy samples which underwent cooling by these two methods were rolled at different temperatures. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled alloys were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile testing. For the water-quenched alloys, the peak tensile strength and elongation occurred at a rolling temperature of 180°C. For the furnace-cooled alloys, the tensile strength decreased initially, until the rolling temperature of 420°C, and then increased; the elongation increased consistently with increasing rolling temperature. The effects of grain boundary hardening and dislocation hardening on the mechanical properties of these rolled alloys decreased with increases in rolling temperature. The mechanical properties of the 180°C rolling water-quenched alloy were also improved by the presence of β″ phase. Above 420°C, the effect of solid-solution hardening on the mechanical properties of the rolled alloys increased with increases in rolling temperature.     

超细贝氏体钢在低温等温淬火下的力学性能和耐磨性

The mechanical properties and wear resistance of the ultrafine bainitic steel austempered at various temperatures were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure. The worn surfaces were observed via laser scanning confocal microscopy and SEM. Results indicated that, under low austempering temperatures, the mechanical properties differed, and the wear resistance remained basically unchanged. The tensile strength of the samples was above 1800 MPa, but only one sample austempered at 230°C had an elongation of more than 10%. The weight loss of samples was approximately linear with the cycles of wear and nonlinear with the loads. The samples showed little difference in wear resistance at different isothermal temperatures, whereas the thickness of their deformed layers varied greatly. The results are related to the initial hardness of the sample and the stability of the retained austenite. Meanwhile, the experimental results showed that the effect of austempering temperature on the wear resistance of ultrafine bainitic steel can be neglected under low applied loads and low austempering temperature.     

Mechanical properties and wear resistance of ultrafine bainitic steel under low austempering temperature

The mechanical properties and wear resistance of the ultrafine bainitic steel austempered at various temperatures were investigated.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure. The worn surfaces were observed via laser scanning confocal microscopy and SEM. Results indicated that, under low austempering temperatures, the mechanical properties differed, and the wear resistance remained basically unchanged. The tensile strength of the samples was above 1800 MPa, but only one sample austempered at 230°C had an elongation of more than 10%. The weight loss of samples was approximately linear with the cycles of wear and nonlinear with the loads. The samples showed little difference in wear resistance at different isothermal temperatures, whereas the thickness of their deformed layers varied greatly. The results are related to the initial hardness of the sample and the stability of the retained austenite. Meanwhile, the experimental results showed that the effect of austempering temperature on the wear resistance of ultrafine bainitic steel can be neglected under low applied loads and low austempering temperature.     

Effects of overaging temperature on the microstructure and properties of 600 MPa cold-rolled dual-phase steel

C–Mn steels prepared by annealing at 800°C for 120 s and overaging at 250–400°C were subjected to pre-straining (2%) and baking treatments (170°C for 20 min) to measure their bake-hardening (BH2) values. The effects of overaging temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and BH2 behavior of 600 MPa cold-rolled dual-phase (DP) steel were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile tests. The results indicated that the martensite morphology exhibited less variation when the DP steel was overaged at 250–350°C. However, when the DP steel was overaged at 400°C, numerous non-martensite and carbide particles formed and yield-point elongation was observed in the tensile curve. When the overaging temperature was increased from 250 to 400°C, the yield strength increased from 272 to 317 MPa, the tensile strength decreased from 643 to 574 MPa, and the elongation increased from 27.8% to 30.6%. Furthermore, with an increase in overaging temperature from 250 to 400°C, the BH2 value initially increases and then decreases. The maximum BH2 value of 83 MPa was observed for the specimen overaged at 350°C.     

Effects of conform continuous extrusion and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-13Si-7.5Cu-1Mg alloy

The effects of conform continuous extrusion and subsequent heat treatment on the mechanical and wear-resistance properties of high-alloying Al-13Si-7.5Cu-1Mg alloy were investigated. The microstructures of alloys before and after conform processing and aging were compared by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results reveal that the primary phases were broken and refined by intense shear deformation during conform processing. After the conform-prepared Al-13Si-7.5Cu-1Mg alloy was subjected to solid-solution treatment at 494℃ for 1.5 h and aging at 180℃ for 4 h, its hardness improved from HBS 115.8 to HBS 152.5 and its ultimate tensile strength increased from 112.6 to 486.8 MPa. Its wear resistance was also enhanced. The factors leading to the enhanced strength, hardness, and wear resistance of the alloy were discussed in detail.     

Mechanical properties and friction behaviors of CNT/AlSi_(10)Mg composites produced by spark plasma sintering

The mechanical properties and friction behaviors of CNT/AlSi_(10)Mg composites produced by spark plasma sintering(SPS) were investigated.The results showed that the densities of the sintered composites gradually increased with increasing sintering temperature and that the highest microhardness and compressive strength were achieved in the specimen sintered at 450°C.CNTs dispersed uniformly in the AlSi_(10)Mg matrix when the addition of CNTs was less than 1.5wt%.However,when the addition of CNTs exceeded 1.5wt%,the aggregation of CNTs was clearly observed.Moreover,the mechanical properties(including the densities,compressive strength,and microhardness) of the composites changed with CNT content and reached a maximum value when the CNT content was 1.5wt%.Meanwhile,the minimum average friction coefficient and wear rate of the CNT/AlSi_(10)Mg composites were obtained with 1.0wt% CNTs.     

Microwave sintering effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–51at%Ni shape memory alloys

Ti–51at%Ni shape memory alloys(SMAs) were successfully produced via a powder metallurgy and microwave sintering technique.The influence of sintering parameters on porosity reduction,microstructure,phase transformation temperatures,and mechanical properties were investigated by optical microscopy,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),compression tests,and microhardness tests.Varying the microwave temperature and holding time was found to strongly affect the density of porosity,presence of precipitates,transformation temperatures,and mechanical properties.The lowest density and smallest pore size were observed in the Ti–51at%Ni samples sintered at 900°C for 5 min or at 900°C for 30 min.The predominant martensite phases of β2 and β19′ were observed in the microstructure of Ti–51at%Ni,and their existence varied in accordance with the sintering temperature and the holding time.In the DSC thermograms,multi-transformation peaks were observed during heating,whereas a single peak was observed during cooling;these peaks correspond to the presence of the β2,R,and β19′ phases.The maximum strength and strain among the Ti–51at%Ni SMAs were 1376 MPa and 29%,respectively,for the sample sintered at 900°C for 30 min because of this sample's minimal porosity.     

机械合金化法制备的Cu/SiC纳米复合材料的组织、热性能和力学性能评估

Nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC: 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, and 8wt%) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix nanocomposites were manufactured, pressed, and sintered at 775 and 875°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The density, thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content, the microstrain and dislocation density increased, while the crystal size decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix. The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures, where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt% SiC and sintered at 875°C were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%?1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature. The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties.     

Mechanical properties and friction behaviors of CNT/AlSi10Mg composites produced by spark plasma sintering

The mechanical properties and friction behaviors of CNT/AlSi10Mg composites produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) were investigated.The results showed that the densities of the sintered composites gradually increased with increasing sintering temperature and that the highest microhardness and compressive strength were achieved in the specimen sintered at 450℃.CNTs dispersed uniformly in the AlSi10Mg matrix when the addition of CNTs was less than 1.5wt％.However,when the addition of CNTs exceeded 1.5wt％,the aggregation of CNTs was clearly observed.Moreover,the mechanical properties (including the densities,compressive strength,and microhardness) of the composites changed with CNT content and reached a maximum value when the CNT content was 1.5wt％.Meanwhile,the minimum average friction coefficient and wear rate of the CNT/AlSi10Mg composites were obtained with 1.0wt％ CNTs.     

Effect of reinforcement content on the adhesive wear behavior of Cu10Sn5Ni/Si3N4 composites produced by stir casting

The main objective of this paper was to fabricate Cu10Sn5Ni alloy and its composites reinforced with various contents of Si3N4 particles (5wt％,10wt％,and 15wt％) and to investigate their dry sliding wear behavior using a pin-on-disk tribometer.Microstructural examinations of the specimens revealed a uniform dispersion of Si3N4 particles in the copper matrix.Wear experiments were performed for all combinations of parameters,such as load (10,20,and 30 N),sliding distance (500,1000,and 1500 m),and sliding velocity (1,2,and 3 m/s),for the alloy and the composites.The results revealed that wear rate increased with increasing load and increasing sliding distance,whereas the wear rate decreased and then increased with increasing sliding velocity.The primary wear mechanism encountered at low loads was mild adhesive wear,whereas that at high loads was severe delamination wear.An oxide layer was formed at low velocities,whereas a combination of shear and plastic deformation occurred at high velocities.The mechanism at short sliding distances was ploughing action of Si3N4 particles,which act as protrusions;by contrast,at long sliding distances,direct metal-metal contact occurred.Among the investigated samples,the Cu/10wt％ Si3N4 composite exhibited the best wear resistance at a load of 10 N,a velocity of 2 m/s,and a sliding distance of 500 m.     

TiB2和Al3Ti对近共晶Al?12.6Si合金组织、力学性能和断裂行为的影响

A near eutectic Al?12.6Si alloy was developed with 0.0wt%, 2.0wt%, 4.0wt%, and 6.0wt% Al?5Ti?1B master alloy. The microstructural morphology, hardness, tensile strength, elongation, and fracture behaviour of the alloys were studied. The unmodified Al?12.6Si alloy has an irregular needle and plate-like eutectic silicon (E_Si) and coarse polygonal primary silicon (P_Si) particles in the matrix-like α-Al phase. The P_Si, E_Si, and α-Al morphology and volume fraction were changed due to the addition of the Al?5Ti?1B master alloy. The hardness, UTS, and elongation improved due to the microstructural modification. Nano-sized in-situ Al₃Ti particles and ex-situ TiB₂ particles caused the microstructural modification. The fracture images of the developed alloys exhibit a ductile and brittle mode of fracture at the same time. The Al?5Ti?1B modified alloys have a more ductile mode of fracture and more dimples compared to the unmodified alloy.     

基于优化氧化铁皮和焦粉配比的铁矿烧结过程NOx减排研究

Reducing NO_x emission of iron ore sintering process in a cost effective manner is a challenge for the iron and steel industry at present. Effects of the proportion of mill scale and coke breeze on the NO_x emission, strength of sinter, and sinter indexes were studied by combustion and sinter pot tests. Results showed that the peak value of NO concentration, total of NO emission, and fuel-N conversion rate gradually decreased as the proportions of the mill scale increased because NO was reduced to N₂ by Fe₃O₄, FeO, and Fe in the mill scale. The strength of sinter reached the highest value at 8.0wt% mill scale due to the formation of minerals with low melting point. The fuel-N conversion rate slightly fluctuated and total NO_x emission significantly decreased with the decreased proportions of coke breeze because CO formation and content of N element in the sintered mixture decreased. However, the sinter strength also decreased due to the decrease in the amount of the melting minerals. Furthermore, results of the sinter pot tests indicated that NO_x emission decreased. The sinter indexes performed well when the proportions of mill scale and coke breeze were 8.0wt% and 3.70wt% respectively in the sintered mixture.     

长周期堆垛有序结构强化Mg-Zn-Y合金的组织与性能

为研究长周期堆垛有序( LPSO)结构对Mg-Zn-Y变形镁合金组织与性能的影响,通过铸造和热挤压工艺制备了Mg97Zn1Y2和Mg94Zn2Y4合金.采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及电子万能试验机等研究了2种合金在铸态、退火态以及挤压态下的显微组织和力学性能.研究结果表明,Mg97Zn1Y2和Mg94Zn2Y4合金的铸态组织均由α-Mg和18R型LPSO相构成,LP-SO相连接成网状分布在晶界.经500℃退火36 h后,Mg97 Zn1 Y2合金中部分块状LPSO相分解为细层片状,结构由18R转变为14H,但在Mg94Zn2Y4合金中未观察到LPSO相结构类型的转变.通过挤压变形,LPSO相沿挤压方向排列,合金强度得到大幅度提高,Mg97Zn1Y2和Mg94Zn2Y4合金的抗拉强度分别达到319和390 MPa.     

碳纳米管/铝基复合材料的制备与性能

采用石蜡作为修饰剂分别对CNTs-COOH和纯Al粉进行修饰,物料经过粉碎、球磨、干压成型后,分别在650℃、670℃、690℃、720℃进行烧结,将烧成的坯体在500℃、30MPa压力下进行热压后挤出成型.分别采用硬度仪、万能试验机测试了样品的硬度及拉伸性能,利用扫描电镜观察烧结样品的断面形貌.结果表明:采用石蜡修饰后的CNTs,表现出较好的分散性;当复合材料的烧结温度为670℃时,制备得到CNTs(石蜡)/Al复合材料具有较高的硬度和较大的拉伸应力,复合材料呈现明显韧性断裂.     

含氟聚氨酯的制备研究

以蓖麻油、甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯(F3MA)、过氧化苯甲酰、N,N-二甲基苯胺为原料合成了含氟聚氨酯.采用红外光谱、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、热失重曲线(TGA)及质量损失率曲线(DTG)等测试手段研究了含氟聚氨酯的结构与性能.研究结果表明:FPU表面氟含量为12.2 wt.%,远高于其本体含量(5.3 wt.%);随着含氟丙烯酸酯用量的增加,样品的拉伸强度和永久形变有所提高;当PF3MA含量为10.2 wt.%时起始分解温度较蓖麻油聚氨酯提高了近20℃.     

Ce—Y—TZP陶瓷中的马氏体相变与形状记忆效应

用共沉淀法制备了8mol?O2-0.25mol%Y2O3-ZrO2(8Ce-0.25Y-TZP)、8Ce-0.50Y-TZP和8Ce-0.75Y-TZP3种成分的超细粉,于1500℃分别烧结2、3、6h成形。8Ce-0.25Y-TZP的马氏体相变开始温度Ms在室温以上,室温下基本上不具有形状记忆效应;8Ce-0.50Y-TZP的形状记忆效应最佳,其中烧结6h的试样最大可恢复应变为1.18%;8Ce-0.75Y-TZP的形状记忆效应较差。Ms与材料的强度密切相关,晶粒大小和密度等也有影响。     

In situ reaction mechanism of MgAlON in Al-Al2O3-MgO composites at 1700℃ under flowing N2

The Al-Al2O3-MgO composites with added aluminum contents of approximately 0wt％,5wt％,and 10wt％,named as M1,M2,and M3,respectively,were prepared at 1700℃ for 5 h under a flowing N2 atmosphere using the reaction sintering method.After sintering,the Al-Al2O3-MgO composites were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The results show that specimen M1 was composed of MgO and MgAl2O4.Compared with specimen M1,specimens M2 and M3 possessed MgAlON,and its production increased with increasing aluminum addition.Under an N2 atmosphere,MgO,Al2O3,and Al in the matrix of specimens M2 and M3 reacted to form MgAlON and AlN-polytypoids,which combined the particles and the matrix together and imparted the Al-Al2O3-MgO composites with a dense structure.The mechanism of MgAlON synthesis is described as follows.Under an N2 atmosphere,the partial pressure of oxygen is quite low;thus,when the Al-Al2O3-MgO com-posites were soaked at 580℃ for an extended period,aluminum metal was transformed into AlN.With increasing temperature,Al2O3 diffused into AlN crystal lattices and formed AlN-polytypoids;however,MgO reacted with Al2O3 to form MgAl2O4.When the temperature was greater than (1640 ± 10)℃,AlN diffused into Al2O3 and formed spinel-structured AlON.In situ MgAlON was acquired through a solid-solution reaction between AlON and MgAl2O4 at high temperatures because of their similar spinel structures.