Effect of nonmetallic inclusions on localized corrosion of spring steel

Certain inclusions in high-strength 60 Si2Mn–Cr spring steel result in poor resistance to localized corrosion. In this work, to study the effect of inclusions on the localized corrosion behavior of spring steel, accelerated corrosion tests were performed by immersing spring steel in 3 wt% FeCl_3 solution for different times. The results show that severe corrosion occurred in areas of clustered Ca S inclusions. Sulfide inclusions containing Ca and Mg induced the strongest localized corrosion susceptibility. For the case of(Ca,Mn,Mg)S inclusions, the ability to induce localized corrosion susceptibility is ranked as follows: Mg S Ca S Mn S. Moreover, Ca S,(Ca,Mn)S, and(Ca,Mn,Mg)S inclusions were mainly responsible for inducing environmental embrittlement.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

Effect of Al content on the reaction between Fe-10Mn-xAl(x=0.035wt%,0.5wt%,1wt%,and 2wt%)steel and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag

The effect of Al content(0.035 wt%,0.5 wt%,1 wt%,and 2 wt%)on the composition change of steel and slag as well as inclusion transformation of high manganese steel after it has equilibrated with Ca O-Si O₂-Al₂O₃-Mg O slag was studied using the method of slag/steel reaction.The experimental results showed that as the initial content of Al increased from 0.035 wt%to 2 wt%,Al gradually replaced Mn to react with Si O₂in slag to avoid the loss of Mn due to the reaction;this process caused both Al₂O₃in slag and Si in steel to increase while Si O₂and Mn O in slag to reduce.In addition,the type of inclusions also evolved as the initial Al content increased.The evolution route of inclusions was Mn O→Mn O-Al₂O₃-Mg O→Mg O→Mn O-Ca O-Al₂O₃-Mg O and Mn O-Ca O-Mg O.The shape of inclusions evolved from spherical to irregular,became faceted,and finally transformed to spherical.The average size of inclusions presented a trend that was increasing first and then decreasing.The transformation mechanism of inclusions was explored.As the initial content of Al increased,Mg and Ca were reduced from top slag into molten steel in sequence,which consequently caused the transformation of inclusions.     

Inclusion variations and calcium treatment optimization in pipeline steel production

SiCa line and SiCaBaFe alloy were injected into liquid pipeline steel at the end of LF refining as calcium treatment, and samples were taken from the ladles, mould, and slabs. Analysis of Ca content and inclusions shows that Ca content in steel decreases obviously in the following process after calcium treatment; the compositions, morphology, and sizes of inclusions also vary much in the production; primary inclusions in the ladles prior to calcium treatment are mainly Al₂O₃ inclusions, but they turn to fine irregular CaS-CaO-Al₂O₃ compound inclusions after the treatment, then become fine globular CaO-Al₂O₃ inclusions in the mould, and finally change to a few larger irregular CaS-CaO-Al₂O₃ complex inclusions in the slabs. Thermodynamic study reveals that inclusion variations are related with the preferential reactions among Ca, Al₂O₃, and S and the precipitation of S in CaO-Al₂O₃ inclusions with high sulfur capacity. New evaluation standards for calcium treatment in high-grade pipeline steel were put forward according to the inclusion variations and requirements of pipeline steel on inclusion controlling, and the calcium process was studied and optimized.     

Morphology,size and distribution of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment

This article reports the morphology, size, and distribution evolution of Mn S inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment. The variation of single large-sized Mn S inclusions at high temperature was observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope(CSLM). The slender Mn S inclusions first changed to pearl-like strings. These small-sized pearls subsequently coalesced and became closer together as the temperature increased. Large-sized Mn S inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel samples with different thermal histories were investigated with respect to the evolution of their morphology, size, and distribution. After 30 min of ovulation at 1573 K, the percentage of Mn S inclusions larger than 3 μm decreased from 50.5% to 3.0%. After a 3 h soaking period, Ostwald ripening occurred. Most Mn S inclusions moved from the grain boundaries to the interior. The present study demonstrates that heat treatment is an effective method of changing the morphology, size, and distribution of Mn S inclusions, especially large-sized ones.     

Susceptibility of two types of low-alloy hull steels to pit initiation

Four low-alloy hull steels with different alloy elements were selected. Their susceptibility to pitting corrosion was compared by means of electrochemical polarization test. The inclusions in the steels and their pitting corrosion characteristics were studied by an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). The results indicate that some inclusions are the main sources of pitting corrosion.The susceptibility of nickel-chromium steel to pit initiation is less than that of manganese steel. Under the same conditions, nickelchromium steel is easier to passivate than manganese steel, and the passive films on nickel-chromium steel surface are more stable than that on manganese steel. In low-alloy steels, the higher the contents of nickel and chromium, the lower the critical passive pH value. In the same kind of steel, multi-phase inclusions containing sulfide are easier to initiate pitting corrosion than other inclusions.     

Novel mechanism for the modification of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-based inclusions in ultra-low carbon Al-killed steel considering the effects of magnesium and calcium

Many researchers have explored the inclusion modification mechanism to improve non-metallic inclusion modifications in steelmaking. In this study, two types of industrial trials on inclusion modifications in liquid steel were conducted using ultra-low-carbon Al-killed steel with different Mg and Ca contents to verify the effects of Ca and Mg contents on the modification mechanism of Al₂O₃-based inclusions during secondary refining. The results showed that Al₂O₃-based inclusions can be modified into liquid calcium aluminate or a multi-component inclusion with the addition of a suitable amount of Ca. In addition,[Mg] in liquid steel can further reduce CaO in liquid calcium aluminate to drive its evolution into CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃ multi-component inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the reaction between[Mg] and CaO in liquid calcium aluminate occurs when the MgO content of liquid calcium aluminate is less than 3wt% and the temperature is higher than 1843 K.     

Novel mechanism for the modification of Al_2O_3-based inclusions in ultra-low carbon Al-killed steel considering the effects of magnesium and calcium

Many researchers have explored the inclusion modification mechanism to improve non-metallic inclusion modifications in steelmaking. In this study, two types of industrial trials on inclusion modifications in liquid steel were conducted using ultra-low-carbon Al-killed steel with different Mg and Ca contents to verify the effects of Ca and Mg contents on the modification mechanism of Al_2O_3-based inclusions during secondary refining. The results showed that Al_2O_3-based inclusions can be modified into liquid calcium aluminate or a multi-component inclusion with the addition of a suitable amount of Ca. In addition, [Mg] in liquid steel can further reduce CaO in liquid calcium aluminate to drive its evolution into CaO–MgO–Al_2O_3 multi-component inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the reaction between [Mg] and CaO in liquid calcium aluminate occurs when the MgO content of liquid calcium aluminate is less than 3 wt% and the temperature is higher than 1843 K.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF) regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel) and Si(Si-deoxidized steel) to ultrasonic tension–compression fatigue tests(stress ratio, R =-1) and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions. Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate, respectively. The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15 μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel, and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting. Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents, the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives. The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences. Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel. By comparison, most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix, which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel. A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions. The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed. Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation. Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process; thus, these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

Formation and thermodynamics of CaS-bearing inclusions during Ca treatment in oil casting steels

Industrial experiments were carried out to investigate the formation of CaS-bearing inclusion during Ca double modification in oil casting steels using polished cross sections and electrolytic extraction. Immediately after Ca addition, the role of newly generated CaS as an intermediate reaction product, which modified the Al_2O_3 inclusion into a liquid calcium aluminate, was confirmed. The formation of transient CaS was attributed to the high surface segregation of S at the liquid steel-calcium vapor interface, where a simple site coverage model based upon the Langmuir adsorption equation was established. Moreover, a CaS outer layer surrounding the liquid calcium aluminate was attained mainly in the tundish, which was distributed unevenly on the surface of liquid particles according to the three-dimensional mapping results. The surface of a well-modified calcium aluminate with higher CaO activity and Al_2O_3 activity under bulk composition conditions in the tundish acted as a favorable site for the generation of CaS. Additionally, CaS could be precipitated directly onto existing inclusions during solidification of the steel, which led to various morphologies of CaS-bearing inclusions in slabs. Furthermore, the phase transformation of inclusions during solidification was strongly influenced both by the S content and the Ca/S ratio in the tundish via thermodynamics.     

含0.065%Ti的高强度低合金钢中夹杂物

本文用扫描电镜分析了钛质量分数为0.065%的高强度低合金钢在钙处理后铸坯和板材中夹杂物的形貌和大小;用EDS探针分析了夹杂物的成分.结果表明钛质量分数为0.065%的高强度低合金钢的夹杂物绝大部分为CaO-Al2O3-TiOx-CaS系夹杂物,并有少量的TiN,统计表明钢液钙处理效果良好.最后通过热力学计算分析了钢中TiN、CaS夹杂物的析出规律.     

高品质GCr15轴承钢二次精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律

采用FE-SEM/EDS研究了转炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢LF、RH精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律,分析了其演变机理。结果表明:钢中复合夹杂物的演变规律可归纳为:Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→(CaO-MgO-Al2O3-(CaS))复合氧化物夹杂和Al2O3→(Al2O3-MnS)→(Al2O3-MnS-Ti(C,N))复合氧硫碳氮物夹杂2种方式。LF精炼过程脱硫作用明显,钢中的硫化物夹杂数量大幅减少。LF精炼初期钢中主要是MnS、Al2O3、TiN的单相夹杂物。LF精炼结束后钢中的夹杂物演变为Al2O3为核心外包氧化物及MnS、TiN、Ti(C,N)、CaS的复合夹杂物。精炼渣中的CaO和耐火材料中的MgO经还原后与钢中溶解氧反应导致LF精炼结束时D类夹杂物增加。RH及软吹处理进一步强化了去除钢中的硫化物,但D类及其与A、T类复合的夹杂物含量增加。在LF阶段,夹杂物尺寸主要集中在1~3μm范围内,到RH阶段,夹杂物尺寸则主要集中分布在小于1μm的粒度范围。最大夹杂物尺寸由10.79μm降到5.68μm,单位面积夹杂个数由372个/mm2降到258个/mm2。RH及软吹处理有效地降低了钢中大于3μm的夹杂物。     

16Mn(HIC)钢硫化物应力腐蚀开裂实验研究

采用恒应变和慢应变速率拉伸实验的方法,研究了16Mn(HIC)和16Mn钢母材、焊缝在H2S环境中应力腐蚀开裂.结果表明:两种材料在酸性H2S介质中均发生穿晶型硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC);与16Mn钢相比,16Mn(HIC)钢有更好的抗SSCC性能,钢中的C,Mn,P和S的含量降低有利于提高钢的抗SSCC性能.焊缝及热影响区在焊接过程中,产生的粗大魏氏组织、偏析、缩孔和夹杂等缺陷,降低了焊缝的抗SSCC能力.但是,通过焊后热处理可以适当提高焊缝的抗SSCC能力.     

X80管线钢CaS形成机理研究

通过热力学计算,研究了Ca-Al,Al-S,Ca-S平衡关系.以Ca-Al,Al-S两个平衡为参考,在固定S含量的基础上,建立了液态钙铝酸盐区域分布图.结果表明:对X80管线钢wAlT=0.03%~0.06%,wCaT0.001 7%~0.002 7%就可以生成液态钙铝酸盐,此时当钢液中wS0.001 8%~0.002 8%即可有Ca与S直接反应生成CaS;Al2O3夹杂物变性程度对CaS的生成与否影响很大;随钢液中S含量的增加,钙铝酸盐夹杂物边缘生成CaS的可能性增加.通过工业实验,证明了热力学计算结果与实际生产符合得很好.找到了以不同方式形成的两种CaS,从而证明了预测CaS生成方式的合理性.     

20#低碳钢腐蚀因素分析

油气田生产系统中钢材的腐蚀严重影响了油田的正常生产。研究认为油气田生产系统中钢材的腐蚀程度取决于钢材所处的环境和钢材的材质。选取一种常用的钢材20#进行腐蚀因素影响分析,考察了温度、CL-1含量、Ca2+和Mg2+含量等因素对腐蚀速率的影响。实验发现上述因素对钢材腐蚀速率和规律影响程度差别很大,在不同的环境下需要考虑的因素也有差异,这为以后钢材防腐蚀提供了一定的理论依据。     

阳离子类型对钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的影响

采用饱和Ca(OH)2溶液和水泥浸泡液2种混凝土模拟孔溶液,选用NaCl,KCl,MgCl2和CaCl2等4种氯盐,通过逐级添加氯盐方式腐蚀钢筋,以半电池电位法测得的自腐蚀电位和电化学阻抗技术测得的腐蚀电流密度分别判定钢筋起始腐蚀对应的临界氯离子浓度.研究结果表明:阳离子类型对钢筋腐蚀的临界氯离子浓度有明显影响;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中,Mg2+和Ca2+降低了钢筋腐蚀的临界氯离子浓度;在水泥浸泡液中,Mg2+和Ca2+则提高了钢筋腐蚀的临界氯离子浓度;在2种混凝土模拟孔溶液中,同价阳离子的临界氯离子浓度相同.     

油田注入水中不同离子对低碳钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学方法测量了不同pH值的SO4^2-、Cl^-、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、HCO3^-等离子对低碳钢腐蚀行为的影响。根据极化曲线及实验电位－pH图分析,指出pH值对低碳钢腐蚀行为具有相当的影响,Ca^2 、Mg^2 、HCO3^-等离子对低碳钢腐蚀具有抑制作用,Cl^-使低碳钢腐蚀加重。     

X65管线钢抗H_2S腐蚀的试验研究

研究了不同显微组织管线钢抗H2S腐蚀的行为·结果表明,酒钢生产的X65管线钢,当显微组织是以针状铁素体为主的混合型组织时,管线钢具有优良的抗H2S腐蚀性能·经硫化氢腐蚀试验后,除出现程度不等的氢鼓泡外,试样断面上基本没有产生裂纹·氢鼓泡是由于钢中夹杂物处吸收由腐蚀而产生的氢所引起的·当钢表面上因腐蚀而释放出原子态氢后,由于硫化氢的催化作用,促进原子氢向钢中扩散,并在夹杂物与基体的界面上聚集形成分子氢·随着过程的进行,产生很高的压力,从而形成鼓泡·