Effect of organic binders on the activation and properties of indurated magnetite pellets

In the ironmaking process, the addition of an organic binder to replace a portion of bentonite has the potential to improve the performance of pellets. The interaction between original bentonite(OB) and organic binder was investigated. Results indicated that the micromorphology of organic composite bentonite(OCB) became porous and the infrared difference spectrum exhibited a curved shape. In addition, the residual burning rates of OB and organic binder were determined to be 82.72% and 2.30%, respectively. Finally, the influence of OCB on the properties of pellets was investigated. The compressive strength of OCB-added green pellets(14.7 N per pellet) was better than that of OB-added pellets(10.3 N per pellet). Moreover, the range of melting temperature of OCB-added green pellets(173°C) was narrower than that of OBadded pellets(198°C). The compressive strength of OCB-added green pellets increased from 2156 to 3156 N per pellet with the increase in roasting temperature from 1200 to 1250°C.     

Effect of molasses binder on the physical and mechanical properties of iron ore pellets

Molasses was used as an alternative binder to the bentonite binder. The change in moisture absorption by pellets prepared with different iron ores and different molasses contents were investigated. Iron ore properties exerted the major effect on pellet behavior and final pellet quality. The absorbed moisture content of pellets prepared without binder, bentonite-added pellets, and molasses-added pellets were in the range of 7.72%-9.95%, 9.62%-10.84%, and 6.14%-6.69%, respectively. The wet pellet compressive strength of molasses-added pellets (43-230 N/pellet) was superior to that of bentonite-added pellets (9.47-11.92 N/pellet). The compressive strength of dried molasses-modified pellets increased to 222-394 N/pellet, which is currently the highest value achieved for dried pellets.     

Effect of molasses binder on the physical and mechanical properties

Molasses was used as an alternative binder to the bentonite binder. The change in moisture absorption by pellets prepared with different iron ores and different molasses contents were investigated. Iron ore properties exerted the major effect on pellet behavior and final pellet quality. The absorbed moisture content of pellets prepared without binder, bentonite-added pellets, and molasses-added pellets were in the range of 7.72%–9.95%, 9.62%–10.84%, and 6.14%-6.69%, respectively. The wet pellet compressive strength of molasses-added pellets(43–230 N/pellet) was superior to that of bentonite-added pellets(9.47–11.92 N/pellet). The compressive strength of dried molasses-modified pellets increased to 222–394 N/pellet, which is currently the highest value achieved for dried pellets.     

Two-stage reduction for the preparation of ferronickel alloy from nickel laterite ore with low Co and high MgO contents

The preparation of ferronickel alloy from the nickel laterite ore with low Co and high MgO contents was studied by using a pre-reduction-smelting method. The effects of reduction time, calcination temperature, quantity of reductant and calcium oxide (CaO), and pellet diameter on the reduction ratio of Fe and on the pellet strength were investigated. The results show that, for a roasting temperature >800℃, a roasting time >30 min, 1.5wt% added anthracite coal, 5wt% added CaO, and a pellet size of~10 mm, the reduction ratio of Fe exceeds 70% and the compressive strength of the pellets exceeds 10 kg per pellet. Reduction smelting experiments were performed by varying the smelting time, temperature, quantity of reductant and CaO, and reduction ratio of Fe in the pellets. Optimal conditions for the reduction smelting process are as follows:smelting time, 30-45 min; smelting temperature, 1550℃; quantity of reductant, 4wt%-5wt%; and quantity of CaO, 5wt%; leading to an Fe reduction ratio of 75% in the pellets. In addition, the mineral composition of the raw ore and that during the reduction process were investigated by process mineralogy.     

Effect of magnesia on the compressive strength of pellets

The compressive strength of MgO-fluxed pellets was investigated before and after they were reduced. The porosity and pore size of green pellets, product pellets, and reduced pellets were analyzed to clarify how MgO affects the strength of the pellets. Experimental results show that when the MgO-bearing flux content in the pellets increases from 0.0wt% to 2.0wt%, the compressive strength of the pellets at ambient temperature decreases, but the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction increases. Therefore, the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction exhibits no certain positive correlation with that before reduction. The porosity and pore size of all the pellets (with different MgO contents) increase when the pellets are reduced. However, the increase in porosity of the MgO-fluxed pellets is relatively smaller than that of the traditional non-MgO-fluxed pellets, and the pore size range of the MgO-fluxed pellets is relatively narrower. The reduction swelling index (RSI) is a key factor for governing the compressive strength of the reduced pellets. An approximately reversed linear relation can be concluded that the lower the RSI, the greater the compressive strength of the reduced pellets is.     

Preparation of CaO-containing carbon pellets from coking coal and calcium oxide: Effects of temperature,pore distribution and carbon structure on compressive strength in pyrolysis furnace

CaO-containing carbon pellets(CCCP) were successfully prepared from well-mixed coking coal(CC) and calcium oxide(CaO) and roasted at different pyrolysis temperatures. The effects of temperature, pore distribution, and carbon structure on the compressive strength of CCCP was investigated in a pyrolysis furnace(350–750°C). The results showed that as the roasting temperature increased, the compressive strength also increased and furthermore, structural defects and imperfections in the carbon crystallites were gradually eliminated to form more organized char structures, thus forming high-ordered CC. Notably, the CCCP preheated at 750°C exhibited the highest compressive strength. A positive relationship between the compressive strength and pore-size homogeneity was established. A linear relationship between the compressive strength of the CCCP and the average stack height of CC was observed. Additionally, a four-stage caking mechanism was developed.     

Study on the strength of cold-bonded high-phosphorus oolitic hematite-coal composite briquettes

Composite briquettes containing high-phosphorus oolitic hematite and coal were produced with a twin-roller briquette machine using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, molasses, starch, sodium silicate, and bentonite as binders. The effect of these binders on the strength of the composite briquettes, including cold strength and high-temperature strength, was investigated by drop testing and compression testing. It was found the addition of Ca(OH)₂ and Na₂CO₃ not only improved the reduction of iron oxides and promoted dephosphorization during the reduction-separation process but also provided strength to the composite briquettes during the briquetting process; a compressive strength of 152.8 N per briquette was obtained when no binders were used. On this basis, the addition of molasses, sodium silicate, starch, and bentonite improved the cold strength of the composite briquettes, and a maximum compressive strength of 404.6 N per briquette was obtained by using starch. When subjected to a thermal treatment at 1200℃, all of the composite briquettes suffered from a sharp decrease in compressive strength during the initial reduction process. This decrease in strength was related to an increase in porosity of the composite briquettes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that the decrease in strength of the composite briquettes could be caused by four factors: decomposition of bonding materials, gasification of coal, transportation of byproduct gases in the composite briquettes, and thermal stress.     

Effects of SiO_2 on the preparation and metallurgical properties of acid oxidized pellets

The effects of SiO_2 content on the preparation process and metallurgical properties of acid oxidized pellets, including compressive strength, reduction, and softening–melting behaviors, were systematically investigated.Mineralogical structures, elemental distribution, and pore size distribution were varied to analyze the mechanism of the effects.The results show that with an increase in SiO_2 content from 3.51 wt%to 7.18 wt%, compressive strength decreases from 3150 N/pellet to 2100 N/pellet and reducibility decreases from 76.5% to 71.4%.The microstructure showed that pellets with high SiO_2 content contained more magnetite in the mineralogical structures.Additionally, some liquid phases appeared, which hindered the continuous crystallization of hematite.Also, the softening–melting properties of the pellets clearly deteriorated as the SiO_2 content increased.With increasing SiO_2 content, the temperature range of the softening–melting zone decreased, and the maximum differential pressure and the comprehensive permeability index increased significantly.When acid oxidized pellets are used as the raw materials for blast furnace smelting, it should be combined with high basicity sinters to improve the softening–melting behaviors of the comprehensive charge.     

Utilization of gold-bearing and iron-rich pyrite cinder via a chlorination-volatilization process

The chlorination-volatilization process has been adopted to make full use of gold-bearing and iron-rich pyrite cinder. However, problems of low recovery rate, pulverization of pellets, and ring formation have been encountered during the industrialization of this process. The effects of various parameters on the volatilization rates of valuable metals and on the compressive strength of roasted pellets were investigated in this paper. The parameters include the CaCl₂ dosage, heating temperature, and holding time. The results show that heating temperature is the most important parameter for the recovery of target metals. More CaCl₂ was needed for the recovery of zinc than for the recovery of gold, silver, and lead. CaCl₂ started to react with sulfides/SO₂/SiO₂ at temperatures below the melting point of CaCl₂ to generate Cl₂/HCl. Gaseous CaCl₂ was formed at higher temperatures and could react with any of the components. The compressive strength of roasted CaCl₂-bearing pellets first decreased slowly with increasing temperature at temperatures lower than 873 K, which could result in the pulverization of pellets during heating. Their compressive strength increased dramatically with increasing temperature at temperatures greater than 1273 K. Certain quantities of CaCl₂ and Fe(Ⅱ) could improve the compressive strength of the roasted pellets; however, the addition of excessive CaCl₂ decreased the compressive strength of pellets.     

基于响应曲面法的铁焦冶金性能多目标协同优化

Iron carbon agglomerates (ICA) are used to realize low-carbon blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, the central composite design based on response surface methodology was used to synergistically optimize the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. Results show that the iron ore addition ratio significantly influences the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. The iron ore addition ratio and carbonization temperature or the iron ore addition ratio and carbonization time exert significant interaction effects on the compressive strength and reactivity of ICA, but it has no interaction effects on the post-reaction strength of ICA. In addition, the optimal process parameters are as follows: iron ore addition ratio of 15.30wt%, carbonization temperature of 1000°C, and carbonization time of 4.27 h. The model prediction results of compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength are 4026 N, 55.03%, and 38.24%, respectively, which are close to the experimental results and further verify the accuracy and reliability of the models.     

MHA黏结剂在钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团制备中的应用

应用已发明的MHA黏结剂替代膨润土制备钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团,获得质量优良的高炉冶炼原料。研究表明:当MHA用量为0.25%,在预热温度950℃,预热时间10 min,焙烧温度1 250℃,焙烧时间10 min的条件下,获得的预热球团抗压强度为522 N/个,焙烧球团抗压强度为3 702 N/个。与2.0%膨润土球团矿比较,MHA成品球团的抗压强度略低,而TFe品位明显提高1.11%。2种黏结剂球团矿的还原性能指标接近。MHA球团黏结剂在氧化球团矿生产中具有良好的应用前景。     

对采用有机粘结剂球团生产DRI产品的评价

以氧化铁皮为原料,采用有机粘结剂“CC”和以皂土为粘结剂,生产球团作对比试验。结果表明:有机粘结剂“CC”和皂土均可降低生球长大速度,提高生球、干球落下和抗压强度,但生产同样质量的球团矿,“CC”的用量只有皂土用量的1/10。且其直接还原铁(DIR)产品质量优于皂土球团。     

程潮铁矿球团配加黏结剂试验研究

对程潮铁矿高压辊磨前后的铁精矿分别添加膨润土、有机黏结剂、复合黏结剂进行造球试验。结果表明,单独添加少量的膨润土或有机黏结剂,其生球爆裂温度指标合格,生球强度指标不合格;采用膨润土质量分数为2.0%、有机黏结剂质量分数为0.05%的复合黏结剂,其生球抗压强度为14.5N/个、生球落下强度为(0.5m)12.1次/个、生球爆裂温度为630℃、成品球抗压强度为3 024N/个,球团质量有较大的提高。     

锰球制备条件对氮化反应的影响

利用自制的密闭氮化系统研究不同制备条件的锰球的氮化反应.考察锰粉粒度、成球压力和黏结剂添加量对氮化反应的影响,并测量锰球氮化过程中实时增重和温度曲线.实验结果表明:锰粉粒度由16 ～40目变成60 ～ 80目时,球心温度到达峰值的时间由164 s缩短为101s,球心最大温升由147℃增至233℃,氮化1h的转化率由90.81％增至93.64％;成球压力由266 MPa增至443 MPa,球心峰值温度将提前89 s到达,球心最大温升将提高22℃,氮化1h的转化率由91.59％增至94.92％;黏结剂添加量由1 g增至3 g,氮化1h的转化率由92.90％降至89.80％;正态对数分布的概率密度函数可用来近似拟合转化速率与时间的关系.     

Effects of SiO2 on the preparation and metallurgical properties of acid oxidized pellets

The effects of SiO₂ content on the preparation process and metallurgical properties of acid oxidized pellets, including compressive strength, reduction, and softening–melting behaviors, were systematically investigated.Mineralogical structures, elemental distribution, and pore size distribution were varied to analyze the mechanism of the effects.The results show that with an increase in SiO₂ content from 3.51 wt%to 7.18 wt%, compressive strength decreases from 3150 N/pellet to 2100 N/pellet and reducibility decreases from 76.5% to 71.4%.The microstructure showed that pellets with high SiO₂ content contained more magnetite in the mineralogical structures.Additionally, some liquid phases appeared, which hindered the continuous crystallization of hematite.Also, the softening–melting properties of the pellets clearly deteriorated as the SiO₂ content increased.With increasing SiO₂ content, the temperature range of the softening–melting zone decreased, and the maximum differential pressure and the comprehensive permeability index increased significantly.When acid oxidized pellets are used as the raw materials for blast furnace smelting, it should be combined with high basicity sinters to improve the softening–melting behaviors of the comprehensive charge.     

铬铁矿球团焙烧固结特性

本文系统研究铬铁矿球团的焙烧固结特性.结果表明：预热时间对于预热球强度影响不大,在预热时间为10 min时,随着预热温度的提高,预热球强度和氧化率呈直线型增加,适宜温度为1050益,此时预热球强度可达每个400 N以上;与传统铁矿球团相比,铬铁矿球团焙烧所需的温度高,焙烧时间为10 min时,焙烧温度从1250益提高到1350益,球团强度从每个1078 N提高到1973 N.在铬铁矿球团预热和焙烧过程中,铬尖晶石( Fe,Mg)( Cr,Fe,Al)2 O4氧化生成富镁的( Fe,Mg)( Cr, Fe,Al)2O4和铬铁铝复合氧化物(Cr,Fe,Al)2O3,当温度高于1000益时,(Cr,Fe,Al)2O3新相生成,其主要以环状分布在颗粒外层,颗粒内部为针状与(Fe,Mg)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4形成交织结构,降低Cr/Fe比或升高焙烧温度均有助于(Cr,Fe,Al)2O3向颗粒外层富集和再结晶长大,有利于球团的固结,提高球团强度.     

混合料润磨预处理对氧化球团矿质量的影响

研究了润磨预处理对生球强度、生球爆裂温度、预热球强度和成品球质量的影响.研究结果表明:采用润磨工艺减少了膨润土用量,提高了生球强度,但降低了生球爆裂温度;经润磨后所制备的预热球及焙烧球的强度得到了显著增强.研究结果表明:通过润磨的搓揉和挤压作用使粘结剂与矿粒紧密接触,球团内部结构更致密,从而使生球强度增强,爆裂温度降低;润磨产生新表面使矿粒比表面积增大,在预热过程中加快了磁铁矿的氧化,球团矿强度明显增强.     

优化配矿强化西澳超细粒磁铁精矿球团焙烧研究

进行了西澳超细粒磁铁精矿分别配加国产磁铁精矿和巴西赤铁精矿制备氧化球团矿的实验研究.结果表明,以100%西澳超细磁铁精矿为原料制备氧化球团矿时,球团预热及焙烧性能较差,在预热温度为1050℃、预热时间20 min及焙烧温度1300℃、焙烧时间40 min的条件下,预热球团和焙烧球团矿抗压强度分别为每个502和2313 N.西澳超细粒磁铁精矿配加40%国产磁铁精矿或20%巴西赤铁精矿时,球团适宜预热温度由1050℃分别降低到950和975℃,适宜的焙烧温度由1300℃分别降低到1250和1280℃;而且焙烧球团矿的抗压强度分别提高到每个2746 N和每个2630 N.焙烧球团矿的微观结构研究表明:配加国产磁铁精矿后,焙烧球团矿中Fe2 O3晶粒发育优良,晶粒间互联程度提高,晶粒粗大,孔隙率低,固结更加紧密.配加20%巴西赤铁精矿时,焙烧球团矿中Fe2 O3晶粒基本连接成片,Fe2 O3晶体发育良好.优化配矿是改善西澳超细粒磁铁精矿球团矿预热及焙烧性能的有效途径.     

酸性护炉球团矿焙烧工艺及固结机理

研究了新型炉料酸性含钛护炉球团矿的焙烧工艺及固结机理,结果表明利用钒钛磁铁精矿和普通磁铁精矿的混合矿在预热和焙烧条件分别为950℃,15min和1200℃,15min时制取的酸性含钛护炉氧化球团矿,其品位为TFe58．56％、TiO