Multiple pathways cooperate in the suppression of genome instability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Gross chromosome rearrangements (GCRs), such as translocations, deletion of a chromosome arm, interstitial deletions and inversions, are often observed in cancer cells. Spontaneous GCRs are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, the existence of mutator mutants with increased genome instability suggests that GCRs are actively suppressed. Here we show by genetic analysis that these genome rearrangements probably result from DNA replication errors and are suppressed by at least three interacting pathways or groups of proteins: S-phase checkpoint functions, recombination proteins and proteins that prevent de novo addition of telomeres at double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mutations that inactivate these pathways cause high rates of GCRs and show synergistic interactions, indicating that the pathways that suppress GCRs all compete for the same DNA substrates.     

粗糙脉孢霉arg—13 cDNA能互补酿酒酵母arg11突变侏

以粗糙脉孢霉Neurospora crassa arg-13基因作为探针筛选λgt10 cDNA文库,获得全长arg-13cDNA并能表型拯救arg-13突变株,进行了arg-13cDNA测序,为了进一步证实arg-13的功能,构建了GALI诱导表达的arg-13cDNA的载体,该载体能表型互补酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cervisiae arg11突变株,证实arg-13编码线粒体内膜鸟铵酸转运酶 ,并表明酶母线粒体膜易位蛋白复合物能定位粗糙脉孢霉线粒体内膜蛋白质。     

Transposable mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A functional copy of the alpha mating type gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by transformation in yeast. Using the Southern Blotting procedure it has been shown that three distinct genetic loci implicated in mating type interconversion (HML, HMR and MAT) contain sequences homologous to the clone fragment. The restriction fragment associated with each locus exhibits a characteristic size which can be correlated with the mating type allele present at that locus. The characteristic size difference between the a and alpha genetic elements made it possible to demonstrate that the homothallic interconversion of mating types in this yeast occurs by DNA rearrangement as proposed in the 'cassette hypothesis'.     

从椭圆酿酒酵母中提取核酸

采用正交设计试验等方法研究了从椭圆酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中提取RNA的适宜条件为NaOH浓度1．5％,SDS浓度2％,NaCl浓度4％,抽提温度95℃,抽提时间2h。RNA粗品收率85．1％,纯度90．5％,可满足核苷酸的生产要求。     

脂肪酸碳链延长酶与脱饱和酶在酿酒酵母中共表达

为了利用转基因技术在酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae中生产二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22∶6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19n-3),构建了同时含C20-Δ5脂肪酸碳链延长酶(TFD5)和C22-Δ4脂肪酸碳链脱饱和酶(FAD4)基因的共表达质粒pYTFD5-FAD4.该质粒是通过基因重组的方法,使脂肪酸碳链延长酶与脱饱和酶基因置于各自启动子和终止子下获得的.共表达质粒pYTFD5-FAD4转化酿酒酵母所得到基因工程菌,在添加终质量分数为2%的半乳糖,终体积分数为1%的NP-40和0.3 mmol/L的底物二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20∶5Δ5,8,11,14,17n-3)下进行诱导,可直接转化二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20∶5Δ5,8,11,14,17n-3)生成二十二碳五烯酸(DPA,22∶5Δ4,7,10,13,16n-3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22∶6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19n-3).     

Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome

Determining the effect of gene deletion is a fundamental approach to understanding gene function. Conventional genetic screens exhibit biases, and genes contributing to a phenotype are often missed. We systematically constructed a nearly complete collection of gene-deletion mutants (96% of annotated open reading frames, or ORFs) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA sequences dubbed 'molecular bar codes' uniquely identify each strain, enabling their growth to be analysed in parallel and the fitness contribution of each gene to be quantitatively assessed by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays. We show that previously known and new genes are necessary for optimal growth under six well-studied conditions: high salt, sorbitol, galactose, pH 8, minimal medium and nystatin treatment. Less than 7% of genes that exhibit a significant increase in messenger RNA expression are also required for optimal growth in four of the tested conditions. Our results validate the yeast gene-deletion collection as a valuable resource for functional genomics.     

酿酒酵母功能基因组学研究进展

随着各种微生物基因组序列信息的积累和测序工作的不断完成,酿酒酵母基因组学研究的重点已由传统的结构基因组学发展到了功能基因组学,并从单一的基因功能研究转向多个或整个基因组系统地去了解真核生物生命活动的本能。对基因组学水平上酿酒酵母功能基因的生物芯片分析,代谢通路和功能图谱,以及比较基因组学研究进行综述。     

木糖发酵重组酿酒酵母研究进展

近年来针对木质纤维素类原料生物转化乙醇的研究引起了广泛关注。乙醇的高产依赖于木质纤维素水解液中六碳糖和五碳糖的共同发酵。但是,传统产乙醇酵母酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 既不能发酵木糖, 也不能利用该五碳糖生长。因此, 研究人员尝试各种方法构建重组酵母菌以提高木糖发酵能力。作者综述了木糖发酵重组酿酒酵母菌的研究进展,包括天然木糖发酵微生物、木糖代谢途径、S. cerevisiae 的代谢工程、原生质体融合以及基因组改组技术, 同时也对目前研究存在的问题及研究前景进行了讨论。     

固定化酵母乙醇发酵研究

用聚乙烯酸(PVA)作载体,采用“T固化薄片成型”技术包埋酿酒酵母细胞进行乙醇发酵.批式发酵周期4.5h,乙醇浓度9.0%,乙醇产率14.4gL~(-1)h~(-1);连续发酵当稀释率为0.72h~(-1)时,乙醇浓度6.0%,乙醇产率21.6gL~(-1)h~(-1)该PVA固化酵母凝胶至少可重复使用180d以上.表明本研究可大幅度提高乙醇连续发醇效率.     

啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)营养缺陷型的筛选及原生质体融合

本文采用营养缺陷型的互补进行了啤酒酵母原生质体融合产物的筛选。从DNA含量分析看,融合子多为三倍体,少数为四倍体,融合子的生长速度和酒精产率都比亲株高,种内原生质体融合率为1.21×10~(-4)。     

ras-Related gene sequences identified and isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The oncogenes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses (v-rasH and v-rasK) and their cellular homologues (c-rasH and c-rasK) constitute two members of the ras gene family. Each functional member of the ras gene family encodes a 21,000 molecular weight protein (p21ras). ras genes have been detected in a wide variety of vertebrate species, including Xenopus laevis (R. E. Steele, personal communication), and in Drosophila melanogaster. We report here the detection of ras-related genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the isolation of two ras-related molecular clones, c-rassc-1 and c-rassc-2, from the DNA of Saccharomyces. Both c-rassc-1 and c-rassc-2 hybridize specifically to probes prepared from mammalian ras DNA. Sequencing of c-rassc-1 reveals extensive amino acid homology between the protein encoded by c-rassc-1 and the p21 encoded by c-rasH. Our studies suggest that these clones can be used to elucidate the normal cellular functions of ras-related genes in this relatively simple eukaryotic organism.