贵州主汛期季节内振荡特征

利用NCEP提供的OLR逐日再分析资料与贵州省气象局提供的85站逐日降水资料通过小波分析、序列相关、带通滤波、合成分析等方法,分析了1979—2012年大气季节内振荡与贵州主汛期降水的相关性和影响区域.分析得到:大气季节内振荡的对流活动对贵州主汛期降水占主要贡献,且大值区分布在贵州省中东部.通过将1979—2012年中大气季节内振荡活跃与不活跃的年份进行挑选,对其波动特征、影响区域以及传播路径进行对比分析.结果表明,ISO活跃年时,ISO波动强度大周期较明显,6—7月上旬从副热带西太平洋向西传播到孟加拉湾北部,7月下旬—8月从副热带西太平洋向西传播到孟加拉湾西北部;ISO不活跃年时,ISO波动强度小周期不明显,6—7月下旬和7月中旬—8月底从阿拉伯海北部向东传播到副热带西太平洋.     

向外长波辐射(OLR)年际变化的时空分布分析

 运用1980～2001年7°S～7°N,0°～360°向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,计算获得各月OLR的均方差.结果表明:从全年的变化趋势来看,就整个全球纬向平均而言,低纬地区向外长波辐射的变化比中高纬地区向外长波辐射的变化约大1个量级;在80°E～10°W热带中东印度洋、西太平洋暖池以及热带中东太平洋一带(20°S～20°N)的OLR变化最显著,约在1 W/m²左右;其中特别是"暖池"附近OLR的年际变化最大,其次是热带中东太平洋地区,再次是中东印度洋地区;1年当中,夏季6～8月OLR年际变化较小,平均在11 W/m²左右;冬季12～2月OLR年际变化大,平均在1W/m²左右.低纬地区向外长波辐射的变化具有明显的季节性突变特征,主要突变时间发生在春末夏初的,6月和秋季的10月.同时,根据上述OLR变化特征确定了OLR年际变化最大的关键区.     

夏季欧亚海平面气压场主要非线性模态的时空变化

用非线性主成分分析方法研究了欧亚地区1948-2007年60年夏季海平面气压距平场主要空间模态的非线性特征.结果表明,夏季欧亚地区海平面气压场异常变率具有显著的非线性特征,非线性主成分分析法有能力表示出更一般的低维结构特征.当第一非线性主成分取不同异常值时,对应的海平面气压异常空间分布型具有显著的非对称性.其解释方差为47.5%,比线性PCA第一模态高出12.8%,因而非线性较强.同时,第一非线性主成分时间变化表现为不均匀的周期为2～4年的年际振荡,其强度在1967年以后迅速增强.这个主要非线性空间模态与东亚地区大气内部非线性相互作用密切相关,反映了夏季欧亚地区环流非线性低频波活动的时空不对称性.     

冬季北半球Hadley环流圈的增强及其与ENSO关系

对1948—2005年冬季(12月—次年2月)的质量流函数进行了经验正交分析(EOF),结果显示其主要是由两个空间模态组成,即关于赤道非对称和对称模态.进一步分析表明这两个模态具有明显不同的时间变化特征,它们分别代表了冬季北半球Hadley环流圈在年代际和年际尺度上的变化.非对称模态的时间系数(定义为非对称模态的强度指数AMI)呈现出显著的年代际增强趋势,表明该模态对北半球冬季Hadley环流圈在最近几十年的增强具有显著贡献.同时它还与热带海洋,尤其是印度洋到西太平洋暖池地区的海温相关显著.而对称模态时间系数(定义为对称模态强度指数SMI)主要体现了Hadley环流在年际尺度上的变化,它与ENSO之间的相关系数在整个时段都是显著的.结果还显示:冬季北半球Hadley环流与ENSO之间的相关系数在20世纪70年代中后期发生的年代际突变也很可能是由于非对称模态引起的.     

华北夏季降水80年振荡及其与东亚夏季风的关系

根据1470～1999年共530 a中国东部25个站旱涝等级资料和1951～1999年共49 a中国160个站降水的观测资料,利用相关分析、功率谱分析和小波分析对中国华北地区降水的年代际振荡及其与东亚夏季风的关系进行了研究,结果表明华北降水的80 a振荡与东亚夏季风强度的长期变化有很好的对应关系.CCM2.0 30 a模拟研究进一步证明了中国东部降水与东亚夏季风之间的密切关系.     

冬季太平洋海表温度与北半球中纬度大气环流异常的共变模态

根据近50年的全球海洋和大气再分析资料,利用奇异值分解和子波变换分析方法及绕极涡分析途径,揭示了冬季太平洋海表温度（SST）与北半球中纬度大气环流异常共变模态的时空特征．结果表明,冬季太平洋SST与北半球中纬度大气环流异常之间主要表现为两种时空结构显著不同的共变模态,即年际的ENSO模态和准20a时间尺度的年代际北太平洋模态．二者在空间结构上具有明显差异．对于年际ENSO模态,海洋异常表现为典型的ENSO型SST异常分布．其主信号在热带中东太平洋,次信号在北太平洋,两者变化位相相反;大气异常主要为PNA型波列,局限于太平洋一北美地区,具有局域性特征,对于年代际北太平洋模态,SST异常则主要限于中纬度北太平洋地区,表现为北太平洋中西部与北美西岸SST异常呈反相变化;大气异常则表现为整个中纬度西风带上纬向波列分布,具有纬向全球性特征,即不仅与PNA遥相关型联系,而且与太平洋上游的欧亚大气环流异常也有密切关系,当中纬度北太平洋异常冷时,则中纬度大气整个定常槽脊系统加强,反之,则减弱．进一步对大西洋分析表明,年代际北太平洋模态的产生很有可能与“两个海洋与一个大气”的耦合相互作用机制有关．     

2010年1月渤海海冰成因分析

通过对2009—2010年冬季大气环流资料的分析发现:①混合厄尔尼诺年西太平洋高压减弱,东亚大气经向型环流的加强,冬季冷空气活跃气温降低,北方雨雪偏多,是渤海冰情加重主要原因。②极涡的变化是影响我国冬季天气气候特征变化的重要因素,北极涛动负相位将极地冷空气挤向中纬度地区;对渤海气温降低及海冰生成起着直接作用。③混合厄尔尼诺和"拉马德雷""、冷位相"加强了北半球的经向环流,使西太平洋副高减弱,导致极地冷空气长期影响东亚地区;1月渤海有负距平中心,冷空气长时间控制渤海地区,导致渤海严重冰灾。     

北太平洋海面高度低频变化特征及其影响因素

为了解北太平洋海面高度年际、年代际变化特征及其影响,基于1961年1月至2010年12月的简单海洋资料同化(SODA)海面高度再分析资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)、小波分析、交叉小波等方法研究北太平洋海面高度低频时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:1961-2010年期间,北太平洋沿岸地区和副热带海域海面高度存在明显上升趋势,而中纬度太平洋存在下降趋势;海面高度EOF第一模态为年际变化,呈东西反位相分布;第二模态为年代际变化,以黑潮主轴(约30°N)为界,呈"跷跷板"式分布;海面高度异常与Nino3.4指数在热带太平洋和东太平洋呈正相关,在西太平洋为负相关,且相关性随纬度升高而减弱;海面高度异常与太平洋10年涛动(PDO)指数在大洋中纬度海域显著相关,热带中东太平洋海域二者为正相关;北太平洋海面高度年代际变化和年际变化的主要影响因素分别为PDO振荡、厄尔尼诺/南方涛动现象(ENSO)。     

四川南部秋季降水变化及相应大气环流异常特征

利用1961—2014年全国756站的降水资料和美国NOAA-CIRES的20CR月平均再分析资料,研究了四川南部秋季(9～11月)降水变化及其相应的大气环流异常特征。结果表明,四川南部秋季降水具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,其年际周期以2～4 a和准6 a为主,年代际周期以9～15 a为主。它与黄淮流域同期降水存在显著的负相关关系,与四川南部秋季降水关系密切的大气环流结构是北大西洋—俄罗斯西部—蒙古西部—东亚(NRMA)遥相关波列,NRMA遥相关波列在东亚地区激发出一个气旋性环流,与此同时,中南半岛西侧存在一个反气旋性环流,以上环流型有利于北方冷空气和来自孟加拉湾的暖湿气流在四川南部地区汇合,从而容易导致该地区降水的产生,反之亦然。     

2011年7月中旬长江下游地区强降水期间低频环流延伸期预报试验

 用2011年5-7月逐日东亚地区850hPa经向风场资料建立主振荡预测模型(POP),对影响7月中旬长江下游地区强降水过程的主要低频经向风场(20-30d时间尺度)的时空变化进行10-30d延伸期独立预报试验。结果表明,在60次预测中提前20d预报的相关预报技巧在0.50以上,很好地预报了2011年7月18日长江下游特大暴雨过程对应的关键区20-30d时间尺度的低频经向风变化过程。     

Covarying modes of the Pacific SST and northern hemispheric midlatitude atmospheric circulation anomalies during winter

The interannual-to-interdecadal relationship between the Pacific sea surface temperature （SST） and the northern hemispheric midlatitude＇s atmosphere represented by the circumpolar vortex was documented with the global oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data of recent 50 years. Two covarying modes of the Pacific SST and northern circumpolar vortex anomalies during winter were examined using the singular value decomposition and wavelet analysis techniques. One is the interannual, ENSO-related mode and the other is the interdecadal, North Pacific SST-related mode with a period of around 20 years. The two modes exhibit distinct spatial structures. For the interannual mode, the SST anomaly is characterized by a typical ENSO pattern with the principal signature in the tropical eastern Pacific and secondary one in the central North Pacific, while the atmospheric anomaly is regional, characterized by a Pacific-North American pattern. For the inter- decadal mode, large SST anomaly is located in the central North Pacific, while the atmospheric anomaly is zonally global, associated with the midlatitute＇s standing long-wave variations. When the central North Pacific is colder, the long-wave is stronger, and vice versa. Further investigations suggest that the interdecadal mode could involve an interaction between ＂two oceans and an atmosphere＂.     

An integrative estimation model of summer rainfall-band patterns in China

Three variation indices are defined to objectively and quantitatively represent fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns in summers in China for the period from 1951 to 2005, and the variation features of these indices are analyzed on both of interdecadal and interannual scales. A new method is proposed to establish an integrative estimation model based on the analysis of rainfall-band indices, and the model is applied to air, ocean factors to estimate their roles on variations of three rainfall-band patterns on different time-scales. The tests of estimation effects show that the fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns are composed of variations on both significant inter-decadal and interannual scales, of which the interannual variation is mainly influenced by the Elnino/Lanina events, the East Asia monsoon and the ridge locations of subtropical high pressures in western pacific, while the interdecadal variation is mainly controlled by the Pacific decadal oscillation and interdecadal oscillations of the Arctic oscillation, ENSO, Nino3 sea surface temperature and summer monsoon. The estimated results from the integrative estimation model of rainfall-band patterns suggest that the way of estimation first according to each time scale of both the interdecadal and interannual scales, then estimating with an integration, which is proposed in this paper, has an obvious improvement on that without separation of time scales.     

An integrative estimation model of summer rainfall-band patterns in China

Three variation indices are defined to objectively and quantitatively represent fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns in summers in China for the period from 1951 to 2005, and the variation features of these indices are analyzed on both of interdecadal and interannual scales. A new method is proposed to establish an integrative estimation model based on the analysis of rainfall-band indices, and the model is applied to air, ocean factors to estimate their roles on variations of three rainfall-band patterns on different time-scales. The tests of estimation effects show that the fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns are composed of variations on both significant inter-decadal and interannual scales, of which the interannual variation is mainly influenced by the Elnino/Lanina events, the East Asia monsoon and the ridge locations of subtropical high pressures in western pacific, while the interdecadal variation is mainly controlled by the Pacific decadal oscillation and interdecadal oscillations of the Arctic oscillation, ENSO, Nino3 sea surface temperature and summer monsoon. The estimated results from the integrative estimation model of rainfall-band patterns suggest that the way of estimation first according to each time scale of both the interdecadal and interannual scales, then estimating with an integration, which is proposed in this paper, has an obvious improvement on that without separation of time scales.     

Inter-hemispheric comparison of climate change in the last millennium based on the ECHO-G simulation

The commonality and difference in the variations of temperature and precipitation between the Northern Hemisphere （NH） and Southern Hemispheres （SH） in the last millennium are investigated by analysis of the millennium simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model. The NH mean temperature variations are generally consistent with those of the SH counterpart on the interannual, decadal and centennial time scales. But, the transition times between the medieval warm period （MWP）, the little ice age （LIA）, and the present-day warm period （PWP） in the NH leads that in the SH; and the anomaly amplitude in the NH is significantly larger than the SH counterpart. For the precipitation variations, the NH mean precipitation varies in-phase with the SH mean precipitation on decadal and centennial scales （mainly in the mid-high latitudes） but out-of-phase on the interannual scale （mainly in the low latitudes）. During the MWP the warming has comparable amplitude in the NH and SH; however, during the PWP the NH warming is considerably stronger than the SH warming. Further, the present-day temperature rises in the NH high latitudes but decreases in the SH high latitudes, which is very different from the warming pattern during the MWP. Since during the MWP the greenhouse gases （GHG） concentration stayed at a low level, we infer that the present-day opposite temperature tendency in the high latitudes between the two hemispheres may be related to the increase of the GHG concentration.     

Interannual variation of North China rainfall in rainy season and SSTs in the equatorial eastern Pacific

The rainfall in North China during rainy season （July and August （JA）） exhibits a strong interannual variability. In this study, the atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies associated with the interannual variation of JA North China rainfall are examined. It is found that on the interannual timescale, the JA North China rainfall is associated with significant SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific, and the North China rainfall and SST anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific correspond to the similar variation of the upper-level westerly jet stream over East Asia. A possible mechanism is proposed for the influence of the SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific on the North China rainfall.     

Interannual variability of the Meiyu onset over Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley and analyses of its previous strong influence signal

Meiyu onset (MO) over Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley (YHRV) possesses obvious characteristics of interannual variations. Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets, NOAA OLR and ERSST data, the in-terannual variability of MO(IVMO) and its previous strong influence signal (PSIS) are investigated. The possible mechanisms that the PSIS affecting IVMO are also discussed. The results show that the pre-vious CP-ENSO (Central Pacific El Nio/Southern Oscillation) event is the PSIS affecting IVMO and it has a better accu...     

东亚夏季风异常的研究

本文运用经验正交函数分析方法,对10～65°N,90°E～175°W范围内近30年逐年7月和8月平均海平面气压场进行了分析研究.结果表明,第一、第三特征向量与东亚季风异常有关,第二特征向量与西风环流异常有关.讨论了东亚季风异常与大气环流的关系,以及季风异常对华北东部地区降水时空分布的影响.     

Monsoonal oscillation revealed by the upper-troposphere water vapor band brightness temperature

The measurements of brightness temperature (BT) from the upper-troposphere water vapor channel 12 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar satellites from 1979 through 1995 are used to analyze the interannual variations of the global monsoon strength. Results show that in the interannual time-sclae the BT variability in the equatorial eastern Pacific (EEP) is out of phase with the BT variabilities in other four regions, i. e. South Asia, tropical south American, two subtropical areas in the South and North Pacific. The BT interannual variation mode may be called monsoonal oscillation (MO). The MO is the result of the atmospheric circulation anomaly in the troposphere.     

太平洋海表面温度季节内振荡特征

为了研究太平洋海表面温度季节内振荡的特征,利用NOAA(national oceanic and atmospheric ad-ministration)周平均SST资料,采用谐波方法重构了太平洋海表面温度季节内振荡信号,针对不同海域,用小波分析等方法,揭示了SST季节内振荡的空间、频谱、季节性和传播特征.结果表明:海表面温度季节内振荡在黑潮区、黑潮续流区和赤道东太平洋较活跃,在赤道东西太平洋有相对重要的地位;在北太平洋谱特征均为单峰结构,在赤道东西太平洋呈双峰结构.不同海域海表面温度季节内振荡的活跃期分别为:北太平洋夏秋季,赤道东太平洋春和秋季,热带西太平洋活跃期较分散;在北太平洋以缓慢东传为主,在赤道东太平洋以西传为主,在热带西太平洋无明显传播.     

Interannual variability of Mascarene high and Australian high and their influences on summer rainfall over East Asia

Based on the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR and other observational data,interannual variability of Mascarene high(MH) and Australian high(AH) from 1970 to 1999 is examined.It is shown that interannual variability of MH is dominated by the Antarctic oscillation(AAO),when the circumpolar low in the high southern latitudes deepens,the intensity of MH will be intensified.On the other hand,AH is correlated by AAO as well as EI Nino and South Oscillation(ENSO),the intensity of AH will be intensified when EI Nino occurs.Both correlation analysis and case study demonstrate that summer rainfall over East Asia is closely related to MH and AH.When MH intensifies from boreal spring to summer (i.e.from austral autumn to winter),there is more rainfall over regions from the Yangtze River valley to Japan,in contrast,less rainfall is found over southern China and western Pacific to the east of Taiwan,and most of regions in mid-latitudes of East Asia.Compared with MH,the effect of AH on summer rainfall in East Asia is limited to localized regions,there is more rainfall over southern China with the intensification of AH.The results in this study show that AAO is a strong signal on interannual timescale,which plays an important role in summer rainfall over East Asia.This discovery is of real importance to revealingt the physical mechanism of interannual variability of East Asian summer monsoon and prediction of summer precipitation in China.