苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯醛三元无皂乳液共聚合动力学研究

以苯乙烯 (St)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)为主单体 ,丙烯醛 (AL)为功能单体进行了无皂乳液批量共聚合 .考察了功能单体浓度、引发剂过硫酸铵ATP浓度及聚合温度对其动力学行为的影响 ,用Gamma积分函数拟合了转化率 -时间关系曲线 ,获得了聚合过程的重要特征参数如 :平均成核速率 (Nv) ,聚合最大速率(Mv)和平稳期平均聚合速率 (Av)及成核结束和聚合进入完成期对应的转化率 .同时对聚合速率与以上各聚合参数的关系数据进行了非线性拟合 ,得到了聚合速率与以上各单个聚合参数的关系式及综合关系式 .结果表明 :聚合速率随功能单体浓度、ATP浓度及聚合温度增大而增大 ,但增大幅度逐渐减小 ;聚合过程中ATP起决定作用 .     

肌动蛋白在子代杆状病毒胞内运输过程中的作用

重组病毒AcMNPV-GFP-actin(ph-)能在晚期和极晚期成功表达外源肌动蛋白,其生长特性与野生型AcMNPV没有明显的差别.在重组病毒同步感染的Sf9细胞中,肌动蛋白从细胞质转运到细胞核内,然后又向细胞质转运并且发生聚合;到感染极晚期从细胞核全部转运到细胞质,此时受染细胞核中进行正常的病毒粒子的组装.用CD处理重组病毒感染的细胞并不能阻止肌动蛋白在细胞内转运的变化规律,只是推迟了变化出现的时间,并使肌动蛋白发生聚合.     

运动对骨骼肌肌动蛋白的影响研究评述

阐述了肌动蛋白的机构、功能及影响其聚合的因素,评述了运动对其影响的研究现状.评述发现：已有的研究成果大多是从肌动蛋白的mRNA水平来反映肌动蛋白的变化,但mRNA的水平并不能完全反映蛋白质的变化,蛋白质组学技术是解决这一问题的一种有效的方法.     

布氏轮藻肌动蛋白基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

为了解肌动蛋白actin在轮藻植物生长发育中的潜在功能，本研究利用生物信息学方法对布氏轮藻肌动蛋白基因家族进行了鉴定及表达分析.在布氏轮藻中共鉴定出16个肌动蛋白基因，将其重命名为CbACT1～CbACT16,其氨基酸长度为361～1182 AA,相对分子质量为39 886.71～117 256.72 Da,等电点介于4.68～8.93;亚细胞定位预测显示15个肌动蛋白基因位于细胞质中，1个位于叶绿体中；二级结构结果表明肌动蛋白基因主要以无规则卷曲和α螺旋为主；共线性分析中仅发现一对源自片段重复的旁系同源基因；系统发育结果表明轮藻肌动蛋白基因可以分为两个亚家族，结合基因结构及保守基序分析，同一亚家族倾向于具有相似的外显子分布，较多的共有基序；基于启动子顺势作用元件分析表明，16个肌动蛋白基因参与了许多与生物和非生物胁迫、激素调节和光反应有关的生命活动.组织表达分析显示，16个基因在四种不同组织中存在差异性表达，表明它们在不同组织的生长发育过程中具有不同的功能.因此，轮藻肌动蛋白基因家族可能参与了轮藻植物不同组织的发育过程及响应生物和非生物胁迫等的过程.     

运动对骨骼肌α-actin基因表达影响的研究综述

依据骨骼肌肌动蛋白在机体运动能力上的重要作用和地位,从分子水平,主要论述了运动对骨骼肌肌动蛋白(α-actin)及其基因表达的影响和运动后恢复过程中骨骼肌α-actin及其基因表达的变化,以期为这方面的更深入研究作一参考.     

共缩聚反应中延迟结晶行为的分子模拟

采用分子模拟方法研究了共缩聚反应中共聚单体摩尔分数对聚合过程中结晶行为的影响.对比均缩聚和共缩聚的反应动力学过程,发现添加共聚单体可以在推迟结晶行为发生的同时增加聚合产物的相对分子质量.此外,添加共聚单体后获得的晶体厚度较薄、晶体端表面非晶层较厚.随着反应体系中共聚单体摩尔分数的增加,获得的晶体表面具有大量的松散折叠,表面能增加,这种结构有助于提高聚合物晶体的溶解性能.     

氧化还原引发非均相聚合动力学的影响因素

本文讨论了氧化还原体系引发非均相聚合体系中影响其动力学行为的一些因素,包括单体、引发体系、温度、搅拌、PH值、表面活性剂、氧及其他化学品等,简略总结了该类聚合体系的非理想动力学问题.     

CuCl/邻菲咯啉催化下苯乙烯的原子转移自由基本体和悬浮聚合

以氯化亚铜(CuC l)为催化剂、廉价易得的邻菲咯啉(Phen)为配体、1-苯基氯乙烷(1-PEC l)为引发剂,研究了苯乙烯(S t)的原子转移自由基本体和悬浮聚合.动力学研究结果表明:该催化引发体系对苯乙烯的本体聚合有较好的可控性.聚合反应对单体浓度呈现一级动力学关系,分子量随转化率线性增长,分子量分布较窄(1.35);外加搅拌下开放体系中的苯乙烯悬浮聚合对单体浓度也呈现一级动力学关系,分子量也随转化率呈线性增长,但分子量分布略宽(2.29),说明只具有部分可控性.     

Na2SO3/H2O体系引发MMA聚合

实现了亚硫酸钠水溶液可以引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的聚合,并进一步研究了各种因素对聚合速率和聚合物分子量的影响.结果表明:亚硫酸钠水溶液可以有效引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合;聚合动力学方程为Rp=kp[MMA]1.6[Na2SO3]0.44,聚合反应的总的活化能为81.7kJ/mol,所得到的聚合物分子量可达1.36x105,单体转化率高达86.7%.初步讨论了该引发体系可能的机理.     

ACPDA/BPO引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合及其动力学

本文研究了4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺](ACPDA)/过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)氧化还原引发体系在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的聚合及其动力学行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度、ACPDA浓度和BPO浓度对聚合物分子量和聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.结果表明:在一定范围内,聚合反应速率随单体浓度、ACPDA浓度、BPO浓度的增加和反应温度的升高而加快;聚合物分子量随单体浓度的增大而增大,随ACPDA浓度、BPO浓度的增大和反应温度的升高而降低.该体系具有氧化还原引发体系的特点,其聚合速率方程为Rp=K[MMA]1.57[ACPDA]0.57[BPO]0.66,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea=38.06 kJ/mol.     

PVA聚合工序VAc聚合率波动的原因分析及对策

醋酸乙烯（VAc）聚合率是聚乙烯醇（PVA）生产过程中的重要参数。结合VAc甲醇（MeOH）溶液聚合速率方程和工业生产流程,分析了VAc聚合率波动原因,找出了主要因素,并制定了解决问题的切实可行对策。     

运动对骨骼肌α-actin基因表达影响的研究综述

依据骨骼肌肌动蛋白在机体运动能力上的重要作用和地位,从分子水平,主要论述了运动对骨骼肌肌动蛋白(-αactin)及其基因表达的影响和运动后恢复过程中骨骼肌α-actin及其基因表达的变化,以期为这方面的更深入研究作一参考。     

含氯有机废料资源化处理基础研究II.热重法研究PVC热解脱氯过程

对不同升温速率下 PVC热失重曲线 ( TG)以及热解产物的元素组成进行了分析 ,结果表明 PVC热解分为两阶段。第一阶段为主要的脱氯阶段 ,主要产物为 HCl,并伴随有缩聚反应 ,反应为一级反应 ,反应活化能为 1 30 k J/mol。第二阶段为初步脱 HCl的残留物进一步裂解 ,生成线型和环状结构的低分子烃类混合物。不同升温速率条件下得到的 TG曲线形状类似 ,随着加热速率的增大 ,TG曲线总体上表现为向右漂移     

酚钾盐为助引发剂的异戊二烯调聚链转移反应研究

为开发阴离子调节聚合的新型助引发剂,克服现有助引发剂制备不安全、输送不方便的缺陷,更好地实现聚合产物相对分子质量及结构的设计,对以正丁基锂为引发剂、对甲基苯酚钾为新型助引发剂、二甲苯为溶剂兼做链转移剂、2G为极性调节剂的异戊二烯阴离子调聚链转移反应进行了研究.采用聚合瓶反应考察了ROK、2G和温度对链转移反应的影响,并求取了链转移次数、链转移常数、链转移速率常数及链转移反应活化能.结果表明,ROK的添加使体系发生了明显的链转移反应,2G的添加对链转移有促进作用.温度升高,链转移速率增大.     

环境对光热敏微胶囊自由基聚合的影响

采用界面聚合技术获得了新型信息记录材料光热敏微胶囊,利用红外光谱技术研究了外部环境因素对包裹聚合体系自由基聚合的影响.实验结果表明:聚合体系经包裹后曝光瞬间聚合速度与程度迅速增大,氧对微胶囊内部自由基聚合抑制作用不明显,但单体不饱和双键最终转化率降低;囊芯单体的聚合速度与程度随曝光强度的增加而增大,不饱和C=C双键转化率与曝光能量的平方根[Ⅰ]1／2具有很好的线性关系;温度对微胶囊内部自由基聚合影响明显.     

Prokaryotic expression and characterization of a pea actin isoform （PEAcl） fused to GFP

Actins widely exist in eukaryotic cells and play important roles in many living activities. As there are many kinds of actin isoforms in plant cells,it is difficult to purifyeach actin isoform in sufficient quantities for analysing itsphysicochemical properties. In the present study, apea(pisum Sativum L.)actin isoform (PEAc1)fused to His-tag at its amino terminus and GFP(green fluorescent protein)atits Carboxyl terminus were expressed in E. coli in inclusionbodies. The fusion protein (PEAc1-GFP)was highly purifiedwith the yield of above 2 mg/L culture by dissolving inclu-sions in 8 mol/L urea,renaturing by dialysis in a gradient of urea,and affinity binding to Ni-resin. The purified mono-meric PEAc1-GFP could efficiently bind on DNase I andinhibit the latter抯 enzyme activity. PEAc1-GFP could po-lymerise into green fluorescent filamentous structures(F-PEAc1-GFP),which could be labelled byTRITC-phalloidin,a specific agent for observing microfila-ments. The PEAc1-GFP polymerlzation curve was identicalwith that of chicken skeletal muscle actin. The critical con-centration for PEAc1-Gfp to polymerise into filaments is 0.24 μmol/L.The F-PEAc1-GFP could stimulate myosinMg-ATPase activity in a protein concentration dependantmanner (about 4 folds at 1 mg/mL F-PEAc1-GFP). The re-sults above show that the PEAc1 fused to GFP retained theassembly characteristic of actin, indicating that gene fusion,prokaryotic expression, denaturation and renaturation,andaffinity chromatography is a useful strategy for obtainingplant actin isoform proteins in a large amount.     

Actin dynamics in the contractile ring during cytokinesis in fission yeast

Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes requires a contractile ring of actin and myosin that cleaves the cell in two. Little is known about how actin filaments and other components assemble into this ring structure and generate force. Here we show that the contractile ring in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an active site of actin assembly. This actin polymerization activity requires Arp3, the formin Cdc12, profilin and WASP, but not myosin II or IQGAP proteins. Both newly polymerized actin filaments and pre-existing actin cables can contribute to the initial assembly of the ring. Once formed, the ring remains a dynamic structure in which actin and other ring components continuously assemble and disassemble from the ring every minute. The rate of actin polymerization can influence the rate of cleavage. Thus, actin polymerization driven by the Arp2/3 complex and formins is a central process in cytokinesis. Our studies show that cytokinesis is a more dynamic process than previously thought and provide a perspective on the mechanism of cell division.     

The rate of actin-based motility of intracellular Listeria monocytogenes equals the rate of actin polymerization.

The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of rapid movement through the host cell cytoplasm. The biophysical basis of the motility of L. monocytogenes is an interesting question in its own right, the answer to which may shed light on the general processes of actin-based motility in cells. Moving intracellular bacteria display phase-dense 'comet tails' made of actin filaments, the formation of which is required for bacterial motility. We have investigated the dynamics of the actin filaments in the comet tails using the technique of photoactivation of fluorescence, which allows monitoring of the movement and turnover of labelled actin filaments after activation by illumination with ultraviolet light. We find that the actin filaments remain stationary in the cytoplasm as the bacterium moves forward, and that length of the comet tails is linearly proportional to the rate of movement. Our results imply that the motile mechanism involves continuous polymerization and release of actin filaments at the bacterial surface and that the rate of filament generation is related to the rate of movement. We suggest that actin polymerization provides the driving force for bacterial propulsion.     

Direct observation of dendritic actin filament networks nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and WASP/Scar proteins

Most nucleated cells crawl about by extending a pseudopod that is driven by the polymerization of actin filaments in the cytoplasm behind the leading edge of the plasma membrane. These actin filaments are linked into a network by Y-branches, with the pointed end of each filament attached to the side of another filament and the rapidly growing barbed end facing forward. Because Arp2/3 complex nucleates actin polymerization and links the pointed end to the side of another filament in vitro, a dendritic nucleation model has been proposed in which Arp2/3 complex initiates filaments from the sides of older filaments. Here we report, by using a light microscopy assay, many new features of the mechanism. Branching occurs during, rather than after, nucleation by Arp2/3 complex activated by the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) or Scar protein; capping protein and profilin act synergistically with Arp2/3 complex to favour branched nucleation; phosphate release from aged actin filaments favours dissociation of Arp2/3 complex from the pointed ends of filaments; and branches created by Arp2/3 complex are relatively rigid. These properties result in the automatic assembly of the branched actin network after activation by proteins of the WASP/Scar family and favour the selective disassembly of proximal regions of the network.     

Modulation of gelsolin function by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

The actin-binding protein gelsolin requires micromolar concentrations of calcium ions to sever actin filaments, to potentiate its binding to the end of the filament and to promote the polymerization of monomeric actin into filaments. Because transient increases in both intracellular [Ca2+] and actin polymerization accompany the cellular response to certain stimuli, it has been suggested that gelsolin regulates the reversible assembly of actin filaments that accompanies such cellular activations. But other evidence suggests that these activities do not need increased cytoplasmic [Ca2+] and that once actin-gelsolin complexes form in the presence of Ca2+ in vitro, removal of free Ca2+ causes dissociation of only one of two bound actin monomers from gelsolin and the resultant binary complexes cannot sever actin filaments. The finding that cellular gelsolin-actin complexes can be dissociated suggests that a Ca2+-independent regulation of gelsolin also occurs. Here we show that, like the dissociation of profilin-actin complexes, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which undergoes rapid turnover during cell stimulation, strongly inhibits the actin filament-severing properties of gelsolin, inhibits less strongly the nucleating ability of this protein and restores the potential for filament-severing activity to gelsolin-actin complexes.