深海热液生物群落研究综述

深海热液口吸其生物群落自1977年发现以来．受到海洋学界和生物界的广泛关注，并在热液生物生理、生态和生物地理学等方面取得了显著的进展．本文就该领域的研究进展做一简要的综述，主要内容包括热液生物群落的基本特征、种类组成和时空变化．     

紧急放空情况下脐带缆内液压管路建模与仿真

介绍了深水油气田水下复合电液控制系统的基本组成和工作原理,对脐带缆紧急放空的工作原理进行了分析。利用AMESim 液压仿真软件为水下复合电液控制系统建立仿真模型,依据南海某油田水下控制系统的基本参数进行参数输入,对4 种不同液压管径的紧急放空时间进行仿真,绘制出口流量、水下蓄能器气体压力、水下蓄能器气体体积的时间变化曲线,根据仿真结果选择合适的液压管径。将仿真结果与国外对该项目仿真结果进行对比,两个结果相差5% 以内,验证了仿真模型和仿真结果的正确性,同时,仿真结果可以为水下控制系统设计和脐带缆选型提供技术参考。     

Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge

Hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges of the northeast Pacific Ocean are known to respond to seismic disturbances, with observed changes in vent temperature. But these disturbances resulted from submarine volcanic activity; until now, there have been no observations of the response of a vent system to non-magmatic, tectonic events. Here we report measurements of hydrothermal vent temperature from several vents on the Juan de Fuca ridge in June 1999, before, during and after an earthquake swarm of apparent tectonic origin. Vent fluid temperatures began to rise 4-11 days after the first earthquake. Following this initial increase, the vent temperatures oscillated for about a month before settling down to higher values. We also observed a tenfold increase in fluid output from the hydrothermal system over a period of at least 80 days, extending along the entire ridge segment. Such a large, segment-wide thermal response to relatively modest tectonic activity is surprising, and raises questions about the sources of excess heat and fluid, and the possible effect on vent biological communities.     

海南岛上泥盆统发现微球粒

海南岛昌江县鸡实村上泥盆统昌江组上部灰岩含丰富的炭质微球粒及少量硅质球粒。海南炭质球粒的化学组成、产出状况等,与加拿大前寒武系方解石脉内的焦沥青球粒十分接近,但前者具有类似撞击球粒的表面特征。硅质球的化学组成及表面特征与撞击成因的微球相似,但球粒数量少,且赋存于粗晶方解石脉内,与典型的撞击微球粒不同。海南的微球粒是以冰醋酸酸解灰岩获得,因而可以排除是工业飞灰。它们的内部未见任何结构,不同于火山成因微球。     

Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere

For over a century, numerous undocumented reports have appeared about unusual large-scale luminous phenomena above thunderclouds and, more than 80 years ago, it was suggested that an electrical discharge could bridge the gap between a thundercloud and the upper atmosphere. Since then, two classes of vertically extensive optical flashes above thunderclouds have been identified-sprites and blue jets. Sprites initiate near the base of the ionosphere, develop very rapidly downwards at speeds which can exceed 107 m s-1 (ref. 15), and assume many different geometrical forms. In contrast, blue jets develop upwards from cloud tops at speeds of the order of 105 m s-1 and are characterized by a blue conical shape. But no experimental data related to sprites or blue jets have been reported which conclusively indicate that they establish a direct path of electrical contact between a thundercloud and the lower ionosphere. Here we report a video recording of a blue jet propagating upwards from a thundercloud to an altitude of about 70 km, taken at the Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico. Above an altitude of 42 km-normally the upper limit for blue jets and the lower terminal altitude for sprites-the flash exhibited some features normally observed in sprites. As we observed this phenomenon above a relatively small thunderstorm cell, we speculate that it may be common and therefore represent an unaccounted for component of the global electric circuit.     

综合物探在塔里木盆地英买力地区火成岩研究中的应用

在分析钻井、物性资料的基础上,利用高精度重磁力、建场测深、地震资料,综合研究了塔里木盆地英买力地区古生界内幕岩性、岩相及其分布规律.结果表明,区内火成岩岩性、岩相复杂,产状多样.既有溢流相,又有侵入岩相,还有次火山岩相和火山通道相;岩性主要以中酸性侵入岩为主.重磁电震综合解释是研究塔北地区火成岩的有效方法组合.     

Hydrogen is an energy source for hydrothermal vent symbioses

The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 revolutionized our understanding of the energy sources that fuel primary productivity on Earth. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems are dominated by animals that live in symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria. So far, only two energy sources have been shown to power chemosynthetic symbioses: reduced sulphur compounds and methane. Using metagenome sequencing, single-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, shipboard incubations and in situ mass spectrometry, we show here that the symbionts of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge use hydrogen to power primary production. In addition, we show that the symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from Pacific vents have hupL, the key gene for hydrogen oxidation. Furthermore, the symbionts of other vent animals such as the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata also have hupL. We propose that the ability to use hydrogen as an energy source is widespread in hydrothermal vent symbioses, particularly at sites where hydrogen is abundant.     

Palaeoclimatology: evidence for hot early oceans?

The oxygen isotopes in sedimentary cherts (siliceous sediments) have been used to argue that the Precambrian oceans were hot--with temperatures of up to 70 degrees C at 3.3 Gyr before present. Robert and Chaussidon measure silicon isotopes in cherts and arrive at a similar conclusion. We suggest here that both isotope trends may be caused by variations in seawater isotope composition, rather than in ocean temperatures. If so, then the climate of the early Earth may have been temperate, as it is today, and therefore more consistent with evidence for Precambrian glaciations and with constraints inferred from biological evolution.     

An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N.

Evidence is growing that hydrothermal venting occurs not only along mid-ocean ridges but also on old regions of the oceanic crust away from spreading centres. Here we report the discovery of an extensive hydrothermal field at 30 degrees N near the eastern intersection of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Atlantis fracture zone. The vent field--named 'Lost City'--is distinctly different from all other known sea-floor hydrothermal fields in that it is located on 1.5-Myr-old crust, nearly 15 km from the spreading axis, and may be driven by the heat of exothermic serpentinization reactions between sea water and mantle rocks. It is located on a dome-like massif and is dominated by steep-sided carbonate chimneys, rather than the sulphide structures typical of 'black smoker' hydrothermal fields. We found that vent fluids are relatively cool (40-75 degrees C) and alkaline (pH 9.0-9.8), supporting dense microbial communities that include anaerobic thermophiles. Because the geological characteristics of the Atlantis massif are similar to numerous areas of old crust along the Mid-Atlantic, Indian and Arctic ridges, these results indicate that a much larger portion of the oceanic crust may support hydrothermal activity and microbial life than previously thought.     

Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic-anoxic transition of a deep-sea halocline

The chemical composition of the Bannock basin has been studied in some detail. We recently showed that unusual microbial populations, including a new division of Archaea (MSBL1), inhabit the NaCl-rich hypersaline brine. High salinities tend to reduce biodiversity, but when brines come into contact with fresher water the natural haloclines formed frequently contain gradients of other chemicals, including permutations of electron donors and acceptors, that may enhance microbial diversity, activity and biogeochemical cycling. Here we report a 2.5-m-thick chemocline with a steep NaCl gradient at 3.3 km within the water column betweeen Bannock anoxic hypersaline brine and overlying sea water. The chemocline supports some of the most biomass-rich and active microbial communities in the deep sea, dominated by Bacteria rather than Archaea, and including four major new divisions of Bacteria. Significantly higher metabolic activities were measured in the chemocline than in the overlying sea water and underlying brine; functional analyses indicate that a range of biological processes is likely to occur in the chemocline. Many prokaryotic taxa, including the phylogenetically new groups, were confined to defined salinities, and collectively formed a diverse, sharply stratified, deep-sea ecosystem with sufficient biomass to potentially contribute to organic geological deposits.     

排烟挡板对站台火灾机械排烟效果影响

为了有效解决地铁站台火灾机械排烟中的烟气吸穿问题,本文以侧向地铁站台为例,提出在排烟口底部加装排烟挡板的方法来阻止烟气层吸穿现象的发生。采用火灾模拟软件FDS对不同工况下站台内烟气温度、排烟口流场结构、CO体积流量进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明设置排烟挡板后,能够有效地限制吸穿现象的发生,提高站台机械排烟量。排烟挡板的设置对排烟效果也有显著影响,结果表明挡板在距离排烟口0.35m处时,排烟口处无低温凹陷区域,排烟效果最佳;而增大排烟挡板的尺寸,也能改善机械排烟效果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界储集砂岩的成岩作用

研究鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界砂岩储层特征,以及不同的成岩作用类型与储集性能的关系。通过分析取芯井的岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、能谱分析数据,发现储集砂岩中发育有粒内溶孔、粒间孔、粒间溶孔、晶间孔、溶缝等多种孔缝类型,其中最主要的是粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔;主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、溶蚀作用、碳酸盐矿物、硅质矿物和黏土矿物的形成作用。结合不同砂岩组分与孔隙面孔率的相关性,得到如下结论:(1)压实作用是导致砂岩孔隙度较差的重要原因;(2)增加砂岩整体孔隙度最重要的是溶蚀作用;(3)碳酸盐矿物的形成会导致砂岩孔隙度减小;(4)硅质矿物会一定程度减少砂岩粒间孔;(5)高岭石的形成对增加岩石整体孔隙作用有限,水云母和绿泥石对溶孔和晶间孔的形成不利。     

青海省九八沟透闪石玉矿床成矿机制研究

研究格尔木九八沟透闪石玉矿这一典型昆仑玉矿床的地质特征、矿物化学、矿体产状、含矿地层和侵入体岩石地球化学特征及成岩时代, 确定其成矿时代和成矿机理。结果表明, 控矿岩体似斑状二云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为427.1±4.7 Ma。矿区内岩浆热液交代成因的矽卡岩中发育阳起石, 玉石中则为透闪石, 二者具有明显不同的矿物化学特征。结合岩浆、围岩、玉矿石和蚀变岩的全岩微量元素特征, 认为成矿过程是岩浆侵入含硅质团块白云岩, 引发接触热变质作用, 使得白云石和硅质团块直接发生变质反应而形成透闪石玉矿床。     

陆相泥页岩储层岩石物理性质及含气性影响因素

川西须五段地层发育大套陆相泥页岩夹砂岩层,泥页岩层含气性较好,具有巨大的页岩气勘探开发潜力;但目前研究程度尚浅。基于该现状,结合大量测试及测井资料,对须五段页岩的物理性质及含气性影响因素进行了综合研究。研究结果表明,须五段陆相泥页岩属富黏土硅质泥页岩相,与美国Fort及Barnett地区潜质页岩具有类似的岩石物理性质。影响须五段页岩含气性的影响因素包括:有机质含量、矿物组成及含量、物性、脆性、气体赋存状态及超压。须五段泥页岩的主要储集空间为有机质孔、矿物晶间孔、溶蚀孔及微裂缝。页岩气含气量与有效孔隙度及气相渗透率均具有较好的正相关性。当页岩中黏土含量35%时,含气性及脆性均较高;随着黏土含量的增加,页岩含气性与脆性间无明显相关性。含气量较高的页岩层具有较高的含气饱和度,须五段陆相泥页岩吸附气含量约占60%,以吸附气为主,表明吸附态是陆相页岩储层中一种重要的气体赋存方式。     

西非塞内加尔盆地重油成藏条件及富集规律

塞内加尔盆地是西非面积最大的被动大陆边缘型盆地,已发现具有一定储量规模的重油油田,但只进行了有限的勘探开发活动。研究区以白垩系森诺曼阶-土仑阶海相页岩为烃源岩,渐新统有孔虫灰岩和下中新统三角洲砂岩作为储层,中新统页岩和黏土作为盖层,生储盖配置较好。盐底辟活动形成一系列运移通道和构造-岩性圈闭,因此成藏条件好。通过对典型重油油田Dome Flore的分析,总结研究区具有盐底辟控运移、控圈闭,埋藏较浅的有利储层控藏的特征,并且呈现出盐底辟周围聚集的轻质油藏上方,即盐隆顶部的渐新统和中新统储层形成重油富集的规律。在此基础上预测了重油成藏有利区,为该区的重油资源勘探提供基础。     

旺苍地区灯影组层状硅质岩类孔洞充填特征

为揭示旺苍地区灯影组层状硅质岩类溶蚀孔洞中矿物充填序列及流体作用过程,综合应用岩石学及地球化学分析测试方法进行研究.结果表明,硅质岩类溶蚀孔洞中具白云石、方解石、微晶石英—纤维状玉髓、细—中晶石英及粗—巨晶石英5个世代典型矿物充填并历经6期流体作用影响.在早期硅质岩形成基础上,第Ⅰ期深盆富镁热液溶蚀—充填叠加改造形成鞍...     

Evaporation in the young solar nebula as the origin of 'just-right' melting of chondrules

Chondrules are millimetre-sized, solidified melt spherules formed in the solar nebula by an early widespread heating event of uncertain nature. They were accreted into chondritic asteroids, which formed about 4.56 billion years ago and have not experienced melting or differentiation since that time. Chondrules have diverse chemical compositions, corresponding to liquidus temperatures in the range 1,350-1,800 degrees C. Most chondrules, however, show porphyritic textures (consisting of large crystals in a distinctly finer grained or glassy matrix), indicative of melting within the narrow range 0-50 degrees C below the liquidus. This suggests an unusual heating mechanism for chondrule precursors, which would raise each individual chondrule to just the right temperature (particular to individual bulk composition) in order to form porphyritic textures. Here we report the results of isothermal melting of a chondritic composition at nebular pressures. Our results suggest that evaporation stabilizes porphyritic textures over a wider range of temperatures below the liquidus (about 200 degrees C) than previously believed, thus removing the need for individual chondrule temperature buffering. In addition, we show that evaporation explains many chondrule bulk and mineral compositions that have hitherto been difficult to understand.     

基于尾气分析的发动机故障诊断

汽车尾气成分与发动机工况有密切的关系,发动机技术状况、空燃比和点火正时直接影响尾气中HC、CO、NOx的含量.基于尾气浓度与系统故障的对应关系,分析了汽车尾气成分异常的原因,提出了与尾气成分相关的发动机故障的快速排查.     

秦岭泥盆系"礁硅岩套"的类型与成矿特征

秦岭泥盆系成矿带是我国重要的有色金属基地。礁硅岩套则是区内重要的含矿岩石组合。笔者在陈先沛 (1 986)礁硅岩套原始定义基础上 ,通过对礁灰岩、硅岩和中 -基岩性脉岩特征分析 ,提出依礁灰岩与硅岩的特征及空间关系划分礁硅岩套亚类 ,并认为区内中 -基性脉岩不能标志成矿期沉积盆地处于高地热环境 ,因而不是礁硅岩套的必然组成部分。文中将礁硅岩套划分为礁侧型和礁内型两个亚类 ,与其中赋存之矿床成因有一一对应关系。即礁侧型礁硅岩套赋存热水沉积 -轻微改造型多金属层控矿床 ;礁内型礁硅岩套赋存沉积再造型层控矿床。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗早古生代乌华敖包弧前盆地的识别及其古地理意义

通过野外观察和剖面测量、锆石年代学分析及沉积相分析等方法, 对新发现的苏尼特左旗乌华敖包地区浅变质岩系进行研究, 并探讨其古地理意义。结果表明, 该套浅变质岩系以变质火山岩、变质砂岩与大理岩互层为特征, 构成 3 个沉积旋回, 代表弧前盆地中?晚期向上变浅的海相火山喷发?沉积环境; 多层火山岩的出现揭示持续的岩浆活动; 火山岩锆石U-Pb定年结果为454.4±4.1 Ma, 与北部早古生代宝力道岛弧带的岩浆岩年龄相近, 表明该套浅变质岩系与早古生代岛弧岩浆活动有关。由于该岩系位于北部宝力道岛弧岩浆岩带与南部混杂岩带之间, 因此其古地理位置应属早古生代弧前盆地。乌华敖包浅变质岩系的层序、成分、时代和位置特征揭示研究区曾存在弧前盆地。根据早古生代地层、岩浆岩和变质特征, 认为弧前盆地经历了俯冲及碰撞两个阶段。