昆嵛山植物性别系统及其生态关联性

植物性别系统影响生态系统组成及种群进化,同时受多种生态因子影响.为分析昆嵛山种子植物性别系统分布及其生态关联性,调查了昆嵛山维管植物835种,详细观察、记录花部特征、果实类型、生活型、传粉特征.运用卡方检验分析上述特征与植物性别系统之间的关联性,对比昆嵛山植物与其他植物群落的性别系统组成,探讨影响植物性别系统组成的因素及其繁殖策略.结果表明:昆嵛山植物性别系统中79.2%为雌雄同体、11.3%为雌雄同株、9.5%为雌雄异株,雌雄同体植物比例明显高于北美洲温带森林,该组成与植物种系发生有关;生活型、花部特征、传粉方式、果实类型等特征与性别系统显著相关.     

植物的第二性征

本文综述了雌雄异株植物的第二性征，列举了大量例子证明这种生命现象的客观存在及其在雌雄异株营养体上生长习性、形态特征、生态位、种群中雌雄比率的不同表现。根据植物第二性征的运动规律，可有目的地在种群中雌株和雄株间进行定向选择，控制种群的性比率。     

植物有性生殖过程中的细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡(pmgrammed cell death,PCD)已成为当前生物学的研究热点之一,PCD是植物发育过程中的一种普遍现象,植物生殖器官中一些细胞的死亡对植物有性生殖具有重要作用,有性生殖过程中的植物细胞程序性死亡具有细胞类型特异性,即在特定时期,只有特定的细胞才会发生程序性死亡,本文介绍了植物有性生殖过程中各种类型的细胞在特定时期所发生的程序性死亡的形态和生化特征,这些PCD类型包括单性花的形成、性别决定、大小孢子的退化、花粉发育及绒毡层的解体、雌雄配子体的发育、花粉管的生长、胚胎发育过程中胚柄、胚乳以及糊粉层的消失等等。     

浙江天童不同生境和攀援方式对葛藤有性生殖特征的影响初探

通过对葛藤在2种生境条件及2种攀援方式下,每个花序的平均开花数量、座果数量、种子数、单果平均干重以及座果率等有性生殖特征的数量化比较分析,探讨了不同的生境条件和攀援方式对葛藤的有性生殖特征的影响,结果表明：1）各样地葛藤种群所处立地资源差异,导致各种群在有性生殖特征（开花数量、座果数量、种子数量及座果率）的数量特征方面差异显著,尤其是生长在阳生、水分充裕的生境条件下,为攀援植物体的种群与生活在荫生环境、为匍匐植物体的种群之间差异最为显著。与荫生、无支持木的种群相比,阳生而且攀援的种群的座果率是其40倍之多,平均座果数量是其53倍,平均种子数量是其70倍,平均开花数量比它高30％;2）当攀援方式作为主导因子时,葛藤生殖特征所产生的差异更显著于生境条件作为主导因子时的差异;3）对有性生殖特征进行相关性分析．葛藤的座果率与开花数量负相关、与座果数量正相关;单果序的座果数量与种子数量和开花数量呈正相关关系。     

雌雄异型异熟植物的开花机制研究进展

雌雄异型异熟是植物从雌雄同花向雌雄异株进化过程中的一种过渡类型,目前发现存在于13个科20个属植物中。其群体中包括雌先型和雄先型两种交配类型,两种交配类型植株的同步性和互不干扰性可有效地避免自交。一般认为雌雄异型异熟植株的交配类型是固定不变的,但也在一些植物中发现了彼此间的转化; 植株内雌雄花开放时间有的完全错开,有的部分重叠。经典遗传学认为交配类型受1对显/隐性的等位基因控制,且当群体达到平衡时两种交配类型的比例可达平衡状态(1:1),这在胡桃属和山核桃属上得到了验证,但在其他同类植物分子生物学方面的研究还是空白。雌雄异型异熟植物的性别决定为饰变型,其性别分化不仅受性别决定基因的遗传控制,而且还受植物激素的诱导调控,但不同植物上激素诱导性别分化的作用存在差异。解剖学研究表明同一交配类型上的雌雄花发育和成熟时间均存在差异。     

Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

野古草(Arundinella hirta) 对水淹逆境的生殖响应

分析了嘉陵江边不同强度水淹后的1年生野古草个体的有性生殖和无性生殖数量特征，结果表明：野古草有性生殖植株的单株种子质量、粒数和生殖分配等随水淹强度增大而逐渐降低，高强度水淹后野古草没有进行有性生殖．在一定水淹范围内，表征野古草无性生殖的单株质量、分枝数随水淹强度的增大而呈增大的趋势，说明野古草无性生殖随水淹强度的增加呈增强的趋势．在周期性的自然水淹下，无性生殖是野古草适应自然的生殖方式．     

根结线虫侵染对番茄叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响

以番茄品种雄风158为试材，研究了根结线虫侵染对其保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果显示，线虫侵染后，番茄叶片的过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量均远高于未接种番茄。POD活性在接种后1—15d呈上升趋势，然后开始下降，15d时出现峰值；CAT活性在接种后5—15d呈下降趋势，5d时出现峰值；MDA含量持续上升至20d时为最大值；超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性接种1—15d高于未接种番茄，15—20d略低于未接种番茄，10d时出现峰值。研究结果表明，MDA含量可以作为早期判断番茄是否感染根结线虫的一项生理指标。     

Assessing the redundancy of MADS-box genes during carpel and ovule development

Carpels are essential for sexual plant reproduction because they house the ovules and subsequently develop into fruits that protect, nourish and ultimately disperse the seeds. The AGAMOUS (AG) gene is necessary for plant sexual reproduction because stamens and carpels are absent from ag mutant flowers. However, the fact that sepals are converted into carpelloid organs in certain mutant backgrounds even in the absence of AG activity indicates that an AG-independent carpel-development pathway exists. AG is a member of a monophyletic clade of MADS-box genes that includes SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1), SHP2 and SEEDSTICK (STK), indicating that these four genes might share partly redundant activities. Here we show that the SHP genes are responsible for AG-independent carpel development. We also show that the STK gene is required for normal development of the funiculus, an umbilical-cord-like structure that connects the developing seed to the fruit, and for dispersal of the seeds when the fruit matures. We further show that all four members of the AG clade are required for specifying the identity of ovules, the landmark invention during the course of vascular plant evolution that enabled seed plants to become the most successful group of land plants.     

Plant genetics. Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests

Early domestication and extensive cultivation have meant that staple Mediterranean fruit crops such as olives, grapes and dates exist in wild-looking forms that are secondary derivatives produced by sexual reproduction among cultivated plants (cultivars), which were initially propagated vegetatively. By using genetic markers associated with characters that render plants unsuitable for domestication, we show here that genuinely wild olive trees, which cannot be distinguished morphologically from feral forms, still survive in a few Mediterranean forests. These wild stocks are genetically distinct and more variable than either the crop strains or their derived feral forms, a finding that has important implications for the conservation of these ancient lineages.     

美味猕猴桃米良1号的过氧化物酶活性

美味猕猴桃米良 1 号及配套雄株帮增 1号不同生长发育时期, 各器官的过氧化物酶活性有如下规律:雌株>雄株;根> 茎> 叶柄> 叶> 幼果; 果枝> 徒长枝> 嫁接苗> 实生苗. 这一规律反映美味猕猴桃过氧化物酶活性与该植物性别和各器官的年龄有关, POD 的差异可作为判断美味猕猴桃雌雄株的依据,也可作为判断是否嫁接苗的依据.     

Production of antibodies in transgenic plants

Complementary DNAs derived from a mouse hybridoma messenger RNA were used to transform tobacco leaf segments followed by regeneration of mature plants. Plants expressing single gamma or kappa immunoglobulin chains were crossed to yield progeny in which both chains were expressed simultaneously. A functional antibody accumulated to 1.3% of total leaf protein in plants expressing full-length cDNAs containing leader sequences. Specific binding of the antigen recognized by these antibodies was similar to the hybridoma-derived antibody. Transformants having gamma- or kappa-chain cDNAs without leader sequences gave poor expression of the proteins. The increased abundance of both gamma- and kappa-chains in transformants expressing assembled gamma-kappa complexes was not reflected in increased mRNA levels. The results demonstrate that production of immunoglobulins and assembly of functional antibodies occurs very efficiently in tobacco. Assembly of subunits by sexual cross might be a generally applicable method for expression of heterologous multimers in plants.     

干旱胁迫对胡麻游离脯氨酸累积的影响

用PEG－6000高渗溶液模拟干旱胁迫，研究了干旱胁迫对胡麻累积游离脯氨酸的影响实验结果表明，在相同时间内，干旱胁迫强度越大累积游离脯氨酸量越多；在胁迫强度相同条件下的一定范围内，随着处理时间的延长累积游离脯氨酸量越来越多；最多累积量为对照的11．5倍这一结果与前人在小麦、水稻、高粱等作物上所得结果一致，证明游离脯氨酸是胡麻幼苗的渗透调节物质，累积游离脯氨酸是胡麻幼苗对干旱环境的适应性表现．     

Gamete formation without meiosis in Arabidopsis

Apomixis, the formation of asexual seeds in plants, leads to populations that are genetically uniform maternal clones. The transfer of apomixis to crop plants holds great promise in plant breeding for fixation of heterozygosity and hybrid vigour because it would allow the propagation of hybrids over successive generations. Apomixis involves the production of unreduced (diploid) female gametes that retain the genotype of the parent plant (apomeiosis), followed by parthenogenetic development of the egg cell into an embryo and the formation of functional endosperm. The molecular mechanisms underlying apomixis are unknown. Here we show that mutation of the Arabidopsis gene DYAD/SWITCH1 (SWI1), a regulator of meiotic chromosome organization, leads to apomeiosis. We found that most fertile ovules in dyad plants form seeds that are triploid and that arise from the fertilization of an unreduced female gamete by a haploid male gamete. The unreduced female gametes fully retain parental heterozygosity across the genome, which is characteristic of apomeiosis. Our results show that the alteration of a single gene in a sexual plant can bring about functional apomeiosis, a major component of apomixis.     

Expression of the mouse metallothionein mutant ββ-cDNA in the lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.)

Mouse metallothionein (MT) domain mutant ββ-cDNA gene has been inserted into the plant expression vector pGPTVd35S which has herbicide (PPT)-resistance gene bar as a selective marker. The chimeric gene was introduced into the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Salinas 88) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PCR and Southern blot analysis of some putative transformants indicated that the introduced ββ-cDNA was integrated into lettuce genome and inheritted by sexual reproduction. The expression of ββ gene in lettuce plants was demonstrated by Northern and Western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the zinc content of the transformed lettuce plants is up to 400 μg/g dry weight, remarkably higher than the control plants.     

植物激素对花瓣衰老影响的研究进展

衰老是植物生长发育过程中的一个生物学现象.花瓣的衰老是开花植物有性生殖的一个组成部分.近年来,随着对花瓣衰老的深入研究,许多植物激素被证实参与了花瓣衰老的过程.主要阐述了目前对花瓣衰老的相关认识,以及各类植物激素在花瓣衰老中的调控作用和相关分子机制.     

贵州野生茶树资源的地理分布与生态型

以贵州地形和气候特点为基础，研究了我省野生茶树资源的植被类型、自然分布规律及其形态特征以及适生条件与种性关系．其分布海拔在1000～1900m，≥10℃年积温在4000～5000℃，极端低温不低于-10℃．从形态性状上和生化分析得到，野生茶树在特定的自然生态环境下长期生长，形成了许多固定的特征及其潜在的社会价值与经济意义，建议加强对其进行研究和开发．     

Assessment on alien herbicide-resistant gene flow among crucifers by sexual compatibility

Cross-pollination and high cross-compatibility are frequently found in many cruciferous plants, which implies that there might be potential risk of alien gene flow among crucifers. In this work, the alien glyphosate-resistant gene flow between GM （Genetically modified） rapeseed variety Q3 （Brassica napus） and 6 varieties from 5 cruciferous species was assessed by sexual compatibility through aniline blue fluorescence observation, manual cross, mentor pollination with the mixture pollen and DNA identification. The results indicated that the compatibility indices of two B. napus varieties, B. juncea vat. multiceps Tsen et Lee and Chinese cabbage （B. chinensis） （as female） with Q3 （as male） were 16.15, 12.77, 2.345 and 0.85, respectively. FI plants were examined by PCR and all of these samples were confirmed as positive. Crossing between Orychophragmus violaceus, Descurainia sophia （as female） and Q3 （as male） expressed high cross-incompatibility. Fluorescence microscope observation indicated that growing of pollen tube terminated at the upper 1/3 part of the style of O. violaceus and on the stigma surface of D. sophia. The mentor plants were further analyzed by PCR and all were shown to be negative. Under the neighboring growth and natural pollination conditions, the rates of gene flow to two B. napus varieties were 2.3278% and 2.1487%, respectively, B. juncea var. multiceps Tsen et Lee and Chinese cabbage were 1.0157% and 0.9236%, respectively. No gene flow was observed in O. violaceus and D. sophia. Frequency of gene flow was highly correlated with sexual compatibility. Due to possible alien gene flow among crucifers, special consideration and care should be taken to grow GM rapeseed.     

中等肥力棉田棉花合理密度的研究

在一般管理水平条件下,中等肥力棉田,大面积亩产皮棉150斤,以每亩5,000——6,000株为最佳密度,群体结构较合理,产量较高而稳定。     

长白山区落新妇的开发利用及园艺栽培技术

落新妇（Astilbe chinensis）是一类具有观赏和药用价值的野生植物.通过引种驯化试验,旨在研究其生长特性.研究发现,落新妇具有喜肥、抗旱、耐涝、耐寒的特点.在有性繁殖过程中,赤霉素对种子萌发具有显著影响;无性繁殖可以通过切分根茎获得种源;栽培过程中,选择适时打顶可以提高观赏价值.此外,落新妇的主要病害有白粉病,虫害主要有红蜘蛛、尺蛾.