对叔丁基苯甲酸的合成

以对叔丁基甲苯为原料，冰醋酸为溶剂，醋酸钴和醋酸锰为催化剂，通入氧气氧化，探讨合成对叔丁基苯甲酸的影响因素，从而确定了该氧化过程的最佳工艺条件：反应温度90℃，醋酸用量为原料用量的3．5倍，催化剂用量为原料用量的15％，对叔丁基苯甲酸的转化率可达95％，收率为85％以上．     

新型铜络合催化剂用于羰基合成碳酸二甲酯的工艺过程

针对甲醇液相氧化羰基化法合成碳酸二甲酯（DMC）工艺，研究开发了新型铜络合催化剂，对搅拌速度、反应温度、反应压力、反应时间、催化剂浓度等影响因素进行了讨论。结果表明，在搅拌速度大于750 r／min、反应压力3．5 MPa、反应温度100—110℃、反应时间4—6 h，催化剂质量浓度在每毫升MeOH为0．15 g的条件下，生成DMC的选择性大于97％，甲醇的转化率可达24％，催化剂可回收使用。     

用泥炭制取木糖的研究

探索了用泥炭为原料水解糖化制木糖工艺条件,考究了酸的种类、酸的浓度、反应时间及催化剂对糖化率的影响,找出了优化工艺条件;在1．0％H2SO4作用下,1．0％的FeCl3作催化剂,反应2h,L／S＝12,反应温度100℃,糖化率高。     

二甘醇在金属硫酸盐的作用下合成1，4─二氧六环的研究

研究了用金属硫酸盐作催化剂，以二甘醇为原料合成１，４一二氧六环，试验结果表明：在温度２２０℃左右，硫酸铁质量百分比浓度为２％～３％，反应２．５ｈ，二甘醇转化率为９９％，１，４一二氧六环选择性的摩尔百分比为８９％，补加质量百分比１％的催化剂，连续反应三次，产率无明显降低。图４，表２，参３。     

强酸性离子交换树脂催化合成乳酸乙酯工艺研究

以乙醇，乳酸为原料，强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，在常压下合成乳酸乙酯．研究了树脂种类、反应温度、树脂用量、酸醇比等因素对酯化反应的影响，在不分离产物情况下，合成乳酸乙酯的反应条件为：酸醇比1：4，反应时间180min，催化剂用量（以乳酸加入质量计）10％，沸腾状态下反应，乳酸的单程转化率达72．53％．催化剂可重复使...     

氨基磺酸催化合成甲酸环己酯

用氨基磺酸为催化剂，实现了甲酸与环己醇反应合成甲酸环己酯。考察了催化荆用量，原料配比．酯化时间，带水剂种类等因素对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳反应条件，最佳条件为n（醇）：n（酸）：1：2，催化剂用量为醇质量的5．3％，反应时间为1．Oh，产率可这80．7％，催化剂具有可循环使用等优点。     

生物质能源开发——Ⅳ.泥炭的催化水解法

以半纤维素含量较高的泥炭为原料,在常压和加压(200℃左右的水蒸汽压)条件下,研究了水解法中反应时间、液固比、反应温度、酸浓度、催化剂等工艺条件对糖化率的影响。并比较了一步法和二步法的转化率。实验结果表明:可用常压一步法水解。其工艺条件为:泥炭粒度100目,反应温度100℃,盐酸浓度1.0～1.5%,液固比10.5～12.0,反应时间80～100min。添加催化剂能提高水解反应速度,FeCl_3有较高的催化活性。在上述条件下有近70%的可水解物水解为还原糖。水解后的残渣可以用于气化。     

碳酸二甲酯水解反应的研究

在催化剂存在下研究了温度和填充度对碳酸二甲酯水解反应的影响。结果表明；在一定的温度下，ＤＭＣ的水解速率随填充度的增加而下降；在一定的填充度下，ＤＭＣ的水解速率随反应温度的提高而增加，即使填充度增加至０．９，反应温度降低至１５０℃，ＤＭＣ的最终转化率仍可达到１００％。     

V2O5/γ-Al2O3催化四氢糠醇合成吡啶

研究了以四氢糠醇（THFA）、氨为原料，V2O5／γ-Al2O3为催化剂经气固相接触催化合成吡啶的反应．采用XPS、BET时催化剂进行了表征，用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对反应产物进行了分析，确定了主要产物吡啶．考察了反应温度、四氢糠醇流量、V2O5负载量和催化剂用量时反应的影响．结果表明，在反应温度为500℃，n（THFA）：n（NH3）=1：5，V2O5／γ-Al2O3负载量为20％的条件下，四氢糠醇的转化率为93．47％，吡啶的选择性为77．43％。吡啶的反应收率达到72．38％．     

2甲基吡啶合成2乙烯基吡啶

以二苯胺生产过程中产生的副产物2-甲基吡啶为原料，以KOH改性的HZSM-5沸石分子筛为催化剂，气相一步法合成了2-乙烯基吡啶。考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、用于改性的钾含量、成型过程中的粘结剂的种类和含量，反应的工艺条件等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明，催化剂焙烧温度为550℃，改性钾离子的质量分数为3％，以硅溶胶作为粘结剂进行催化剂成型，硅溶胶的用量为K-HZSM-5质量的50％，当反应温度为360-370℃，原料2-甲基吡啶和甲醛摩尔比为1：3，质量空速0．75h^-1时，2-甲基吡啶的转化率可达到80．26％，2-乙烯基吡啶的选择性可达到97．59％，实现了副产物的有效利用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.