新型铜络合催化剂用于羰基合成碳酸二甲酯的工艺过程

针对甲醇液相氧化羰基化法合成碳酸二甲酯（DMC）工艺，研究开发了新型铜络合催化剂，对搅拌速度、反应温度、反应压力、反应时间、催化剂浓度等影响因素进行了讨论。结果表明，在搅拌速度大于750 r／min、反应压力3．5 MPa、反应温度100—110℃、反应时间4—6 h，催化剂质量浓度在每毫升MeOH为0．15 g的条件下，生成DMC的选择性大于97％，甲醇的转化率可达24％，催化剂可回收使用。     

用泥炭制取木糖的研究

探索了用泥炭为原料水解糖化制木糖工艺条件,考究了酸的种类、酸的浓度、反应时间及催化剂对糖化率的影响,找出了优化工艺条件;在1．0％H2SO4作用下,1．0％的FeCl3作催化剂,反应2h,L／S＝12,反应温度100℃,糖化率高。     

二甘醇在金属硫酸盐的作用下合成1，4─二氧六环的研究

研究了用金属硫酸盐作催化剂，以二甘醇为原料合成１，４一二氧六环，试验结果表明：在温度２２０℃左右，硫酸铁质量百分比浓度为２％～３％，反应２．５ｈ，二甘醇转化率为９９％，１，４一二氧六环选择性的摩尔百分比为８９％，补加质量百分比１％的催化剂，连续反应三次，产率无明显降低。图４，表２，参３。     

强酸性离子交换树脂催化合成乳酸乙酯工艺研究

以乙醇，乳酸为原料，强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，在常压下合成乳酸乙酯．研究了树脂种类、反应温度、树脂用量、酸醇比等因素对酯化反应的影响，在不分离产物情况下，合成乳酸乙酯的反应条件为：酸醇比1：4，反应时间180min，催化剂用量（以乳酸加入质量计）10％，沸腾状态下反应，乳酸的单程转化率达72．53％．催化剂可重复使...     

氨基磺酸催化合成甲酸环己酯

用氨基磺酸为催化剂，实现了甲酸与环己醇反应合成甲酸环己酯。考察了催化荆用量，原料配比．酯化时间，带水剂种类等因素对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳反应条件，最佳条件为n（醇）：n（酸）：1：2，催化剂用量为醇质量的5．3％，反应时间为1．Oh，产率可这80．7％，催化剂具有可循环使用等优点。     

生物质能源开发——Ⅳ.泥炭的催化水解法

以半纤维素含量较高的泥炭为原料,在常压和加压(200℃左右的水蒸汽压)条件下,研究了水解法中反应时间、液固比、反应温度、酸浓度、催化剂等工艺条件对糖化率的影响。并比较了一步法和二步法的转化率。实验结果表明:可用常压一步法水解。其工艺条件为:泥炭粒度100目,反应温度100℃,盐酸浓度1.0～1.5%,液固比10.5～12.0,反应时间80～100min。添加催化剂能提高水解反应速度,FeCl_3有较高的催化活性。在上述条件下有近70%的可水解物水解为还原糖。水解后的残渣可以用于气化。     

碳酸二甲酯水解反应的研究

在催化剂存在下研究了温度和填充度对碳酸二甲酯水解反应的影响。结果表明；在一定的温度下，ＤＭＣ的水解速率随填充度的增加而下降；在一定的填充度下，ＤＭＣ的水解速率随反应温度的提高而增加，即使填充度增加至０．９，反应温度降低至１５０℃，ＤＭＣ的最终转化率仍可达到１００％。     

V2O5/γ-Al2O3催化四氢糠醇合成吡啶

研究了以四氢糠醇（THFA）、氨为原料，V2O5／γ-Al2O3为催化剂经气固相接触催化合成吡啶的反应．采用XPS、BET时催化剂进行了表征，用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对反应产物进行了分析，确定了主要产物吡啶．考察了反应温度、四氢糠醇流量、V2O5负载量和催化剂用量时反应的影响．结果表明，在反应温度为500℃，n（THFA）：n（NH3）=1：5，V2O5／γ-Al2O3负载量为20％的条件下，四氢糠醇的转化率为93．47％，吡啶的选择性为77．43％。吡啶的反应收率达到72．38％．     

水溶性钌络合物催化卤代芳香硝基化合物选择性加氢的研究

研究了水／有机两相催化体系中，水溶性钌络合物催化剂AC—1催化卤代芳香硝基化合物中硝基的选择性加氢反应．以对—氯硝基苯为底物，考察了表面活性剂种类及浓度、反应温度、氢压、催化剂浓度和反应时间等对反应转化率和选择性的影响．实验结果表明，阳离子表面活性剂对反应有明显的影响，其中以添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)效果最好．当反应条件为90℃，氢压4．0MPa时，反应5h，对-氯硝基苯转化率可达100％，生成对—氯苯胺的选择性可达99．9％．该催化体系对其它卤代芳香硝基化合物的选择性加氢也具有很高的活性和选择性。     

对叔丁基苯甲酸的合成

以对叔丁基甲苯为原料,冰醋酸为溶剂,醋酸钴和醋酸锰为催化剂,通入氧气氧化,探讨合成对叔丁基苯甲酸的影响因素,从而确定了该氧化过程的最佳工艺条件：反应温度90℃,醋酸用量为原料用量的3．5倍,催化剂用量为原料用量的15％,对叔丁基苯甲酸的转化率可达95％,收率为85％以上．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that