Effects of gravity waves on the distributions of O3 and OH in the mesopause region

A dynamical-photochemical model of atmospheric gravity waves is used to study the influences of gravity waves on distributions of atmospheric minor species through transportation and photochemical reactions. We mainly study the effect of gravity waves on the distributions of atmospheric trace gases through the nonlinear photochemical reactions. O₃ and OH are taken as examples in this note. The calculations indicate that the effect of gravity waves on the distributions of atmospheric trace gases is mainly through the nonlinear photochemical reactions in the mesopause region. The contribution of the nonlinear photochemical reaction caused by gravity waves can exceed the nonlinear transportation and the eddy diffusion.     

The gravity wave instability induced by photochemistry in summer polar mesopause region

The effect of diabatic process due to the photochemical heating and cooling on the gravity wave propagation in middle atmosphere is studied. A linear gravity wave model which considers the diabatic process is established. The unstable region and the growth rate of the gravity wave caused by photochemistry are calculated. And the comparison between the model and the adiabatic gravity wave theory of pure dynamics is made. The results indicate that the photochemical heating process can induce the instability of gravity wave at mesopause. The intensity of the instability becomes stronger as the temperature decreases. The temperature feature and the altitude characteristics of the instability are consistent with the observation. Therefore, the instability of the gravity wave induced by photochemistry may be an important mechanism in polar mesopause region in summer.     

Meteor radar observation of circulation near mesopause over Wuhan

The Wuhan meteor radar is the first all-sky meteor radar in China. The circulation near the mesopause from February to September 2002 is studied based on the data obtained by the Wuhan meteor radar. The zonal wind is usually eastward in winter from 80 to 100 km. The mean zonal wind become westward from March to early of May, when the winter circulation reverses to the summer circulation. But at the meteor heights, the zonal circulation usually becomes eastward after the middle of May. The meridional circulation is always equatorward. The peaks of the meridional wind move downward with the height, and the peak value reaches its maximum of 21 ms^-1 in July. Having made a comparison between monthly mean wind and HWM93 model wind, the value of southward wind, the maximal value of eastward wind as well as the reversal height of zonal wind are found to be quite different from each other.     

First observation of mesospheric and thermospheric winds by a Fabry-Perot interferometer in China

A Fabry-Perot interferometer, funded by the Meridian Project in China, was deployed at the Xinglong station (40.2°N,117.4°E) of the National Astronomical Observatories in Hebei Province, China. The instrument has been operating since April 2010, measuring mesospheric and thermospheric winds. The first observational data of winds at three heights in the mesosphere and thermosphere were analyzed, demonstrating the capacity of this instrument to aid basic scientific research. The wavelengths of three airglow emissions were OH892.0, OI 557.7, and OI 630.0 nm, which corresponded to heights of 87, 98, and 250 km, respectively. Three 38-day data sets of horizontal winds, from April 5, 2010 to May 12, 2010, show clear day-to-day variations at the same height. The minimum and maximum meridional winds at heights of 87, 98, and 250 km were –16.5 to 8.7 m/s, –24.4 to 15.9 m/s, and –43.6 to 1.5 m/s. Measurements of zonal winds were –5.4 to 7.6 m/s, 2.3 to 23.0 m/s, and –22.6 to 49.3 m/s. The average data from the observations was consistent with the data from HWM93. The wind data at heights of 87 and 98 km suggest a semi-diurnal oscillation, clearly consistent with HWM93 results. Conversely there was a clear discrepancy between the observations and the model at 250 km. In general, this Fabry-Perot interferometer is a useful ground-based instrument for measuring mesospheric and thermospheric winds at middle latitudes.     

Linear theory of the response of Na mixing ratio to gravity waves

The influence of gravity waves on the sodium layer is studied by using a linear photochemical-dynamical coupling gravity wave model. The model includes the back-ground photochemistry and the photochemical reactions in the sodium layer. The amplitude and phase difference of the response of sodium mixing ratio to gravity waves are calculated. The results indicate that the lower part of sodium layer is the most sensitive region responding to gravity waves. The perturbation of sodium mixing ratio is in phase with temperature in the lower part of the layer. However, it is out of phase with temperature fluctuation in the upper part.     

高空急流与重力内波

讨论了高空急流下重力内波的发展过程,结果表明：当稳定必数小时,急流可向内波扰动提供能量,使内波得以发展。在引入时空缓变量后,得到了弧立子解,这对于解释某些中尺系统的强烈发展具有一定的意义。     

Simulation of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation based on the parameterization of continuously spectral gravity waves

On the basis of previous parameterization schemes, considering both the wave breaking and absorbed at critical level, a parameterization with a continuous spectrum of gravity waves is realized by introducing a momentum flux density function for the wave spectrum, and then the parameterization scheme of the gravity waves is improved. Choosing parameter values of the background atmosphere and waves based on the observations, a more realistic equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) driven by the incorporated drag from the planetary and gravity waves can be simulated. The numerical results indicate that the forcing magnitude of the planetary and gravity waves varies with the wind field, and in some phases of the QBO, the contribution of the gravity waves is comparable with that of the planetary waves. After the QBO is steadily formed, its amplitude and period and wind configuration are relevant to the effect of vertical diffusion and the momentum flux distribution with spectrum, however, independent of the initial background wind field. Moreover, for any given nonzero initial background wind, a steady QBO can be finally generated due to the incorporated drag from the planetary and gravity waves. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40731055 and 40774085), the Innovative Research Team Project, Ministry of Education, the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP07315), the China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. GYHY200706013) and the Open Programs of Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education     

Numerical study of the propagation of small-amplitude atmospheric gravity wave

By using a two-dimensional fully nonlinear compressible atmospheric dynamic numerical model, the propagation of a small amplitude gravity wave packet is simulated. A corresponding linear model is also developed for comparison. In an isothermal atmosphere, the simulations show that the nonlinear effects impacting on the propagation of a small amplitude gravity wave are negligible. In the nonisothermal atmosphere, however, the nonlinear effects are remarkable. They act to slow markedly down the propagation velocity of wave energy and therefore reduce the growth ratio of the wave amplitude with time. But the energy is still conserved. A proof of this is provided by the observations in the middle atmosphere.     

Behavior of gravity waves with limited amplitude in the vicinity of critical layer

By using the FICE scheme, a numerical simulation of three-dimensional nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packet in a wind-stratified atmosphere is presented. The whole nonlinear propagation process of the gravity wave packet is shown; the propagation behavior of gravity waves in the vicinity of critical layer is analyzed. The results show that gravity waves encounter the critical layer when propagating in the fair winds whose velocities increase with height, and the height of critical layer propagating nonlinearly is lower than that expected by the linear gravity waves theory; the amplitudes of gravity waves increase with height as a whole before gravity waves encounter the critical layer, but the increasing extent is smaller than the result given by the linear theory of gravity waves, while the amplitudes of gravity waves reduce when gravity waves meet the critical layer; the energy of wave decreases with height, especially at the critical layer; the vertical wavelength reduces with the height increasing, but it does not become zero.     

On the parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag effect on the mean zonal flow of mesosphere

Based on McFarlane抯 parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag, a refined gravity-wave-drag scheme is presented. Both the drag effect of the momentum flux and the dissipation effect of gravity wave breaking on the mean zonal flow are included in the refined parameterization scheme. The dissipation effect can be formulated with the gravity wave numbers and the mean quantities. The refined parameterization scheme may represent a complete drag effect of stationary gravity wave breaking on the mean zonal flow.     

基于改进ICA算法对云南地区重力固体潮中地震前兆信息的提取与识别

固体潮信号是地球自转在月球和太阳作用下产生的混合复杂信号,其中包含大量的谐波分量,而实际重力固体潮信号中包含了丰富的地震前兆信息.该文提出一个重力固体潮信号的正交分解模型,通过将重力固体潮信号谐波分量,分解在两个正交的方向上,以提取独立的谐波分量：半日波信号、日波信号、长周期波信号.在重力固体潮地震前兆信息分析中引入ICA算法,结合ICA的自身的特点进行算法优化,对重力固体潮信号中包含的三类谐波进行提取.通过对重力固体潮信号中包含的长周期波的分析,研究长周期波的时序变化特征,从中读取其包含的震颤异常波从而提取地震前兆信息.通过对云南地区的实际震例分析表明,长周期波在地震前后的确存在异常变化特征量,此类异常变化常出现在地震前和地震后大约30 d左右.得到的时序特征量的变化容易观察,对于地震前兆信息的分析具有明确的物理意义.     

可靠度理论在重力坝变形观测中的应用研究

利用大型有限元软件ANSYS中的可靠度设计模块,从可靠度理论入手采用混合模拟法,给出承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态下重力坝坝顶观测点的水平位移限值。为重力坝水平位移的最大允许值的确定提供了一定的依据。为大坝安全观测起到了一定的预警作用。     

重力坝地震波动的时域数值分析

传统的重力坝地震响应分析模型未考虑地基辐射阻尼的作用以及波动的不均匀输入.为此,将黏-弹性人工边界条件应用于重力坝地震响应分析中,并基于波场分离技术推导了地震波从底面垂直入射时的重力坝波动输入公式,同时探讨了地基弹性模量对地基辐射阻尼的影响.计算结果表明,黏-弹性边界下的动应力值比固定边界无质量地基下的动应力值小20%~40%,并且地基弹性模量越小,峰值动应力降幅就越大.     

龙门山重力滑脱作用形成挤压性构造的物理模拟实验

研究龙门山构造带在晚印支早期阶段的构造动力学作用机制,以及在此机制下的重力滑脱作用形成局部挤压环境的可能性.通过以重力为动力的构造物理模拟实验研究,表明在板内的差异隆升背景下可以导致重力滑脱作用发生,在重力滑脱作用下在滑脱体前缘形成挤压性构造变形可能性是存在的.结合龙门山构造带前人的研究资料和国内外近年相关研究成果,龙门山构造带的形成过程可能是在晚印支早期历经了拉张性构造环境后叠上冲推覆过程,从而形成现今的构造格局.     

东北两座已建大坝的安全复核与评价

东北太平哨和云峰砼重力坝已分别运行十余年和二十余年，需进行安全检查与评价．本文首先介绍了现场动力试验和自振特性及地震动应力分析结果．对云峰宽缝重力坝进行了抗滑稳定复核，静力和温度应力计算，并研究了基础岩石裂缝、扬压力、上游库区水压力及材料弹模对应力状态的影响。     

湍流和分子扩散对大气重力波翻转时间影响的模拟研究

重力波翻转意味着对流不稳定并伴随有非线性的波流相互作用,这是重力波改变背景大气结构的重要途径之一.利用自主建立的模拟重力波非线性传播过程的二维数值模式,研究了重力波的翻转时间(重力波发生对流不稳定时的持续时间)对湍流和分子扩散的依赖关系.模拟结果表明,翻转时间随着湍流扩散系数的增加而减小.通过与三维数值模式模拟的重力波翻转时间进行比较,适当调整湍流扩散系数,使得从二维模式得到的翻转时间与从三维模型得到的翻转时间具有可比性,从而得到湍流扩散系数的最优值.分子扩散从低热层开始,以指数形式增大,从而能够有效地耗散掉小尺度波动并使得重力波能够更快地恢复到稳定状态.     

Seismogenesis and occurrence of earthquakes as observed by temporally continuous gravity variations in China

In the last decade and a half, a number of earthquakes of magnitude 4–5 have occurred in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan-Zhangjiakou (BTTZ) region. On the basis of the analysis of the temporally continuous gravity variation data principally from the Baijiatuan (BJTN) semi-permanent gravity base station, a general picture of gravity variation related to the seismogenesis and occurrence of earthquakes has emerged. As gravity variation is generally observed on the earth’s surface, the predominant influence is that of the near-surface groundwater. The subsurface fluids are distributed throughout all depths in the crust and respond to the seismogenic processes of earthquakes as well. The influence of the subsurface fluid on gravity variation is, therefore, of equal importance. The fluids, which include the near-surface groundwater and the subsurface fluids distributed throughout all depths in the crust, play a more important role in the gravity variations in terms of the seismogenesis and occurrence of earthquakes than previously realized. The abundance of accumulated data shows that the dilatancy instability (IPE) model seems not applicable at least to the seismogenesis and occurrence of earthquakes in the BTTZ region. In order to reflect the physical reality, the earlier proposed combined dilatancy model requires modification. The seismogenic area in the BTTZ region may be modelled as a large pre-stressed volume of a fluid-filled poroelastic medium, including not only the pre-stressed volume surrounding the impending rupture zone but also the volume containing the rupture of the fault zone itself. The pre-stressed volume outside the impending rupture zone is under a state of relatively small change of the pre-existing regional tectonic stress, while the volume containing the impending rupture zone is an induced region of very high local stress concentration, and/or pore over-pressure. The calculated gravity variations based on the modified combined dilatancy model (MCDM) with the known physical parameters of the region resemble the observed residual gravity variations. Apparently the residual gravity variations, in addition to responding to the deep-seated seismogenesis and occurrence of earthquakes, predominantly respond to the near-surface groundwater, and the subsurface fluids, which themselves also respond to the seismogenesis and occurrence of earthquakes. On the basis of comparison between the calculated MCDM gravity variations and the observed residual gravity variations, the change of the regional tectonic stress field for the earthquakes of magnitude 4–5 in the BTTZ region could be approximately estimated to be in the neighbourhood of 5%–7%. It is apparent that simultaneously monitoring the temporally continuous variations of the near-surface groundwater, subsurface fluids, and gravity coupled with modelling would provide vital information on the history and evolution of the seismogenic processes about 10 months to 1 year prior to the occurrence of an earthquake of magnitude 4–5 and tens of years prior to that of an earthquake of magnitude 7–8 such as the Haicheng earthquake in 1975 and the Tangshan earthquake in 1976 in the BTTZ region. These earthquakes of magnitude 4–5, which so far have occurred in the BTTZ region, may well be the precursory events to a larger earthquake. L-DEO, Columbia University, Contribution No. 5613.     

Sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar to measure atmospheric temperature in the mesopause region

A sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar system has been developed to measure environmental parameters of the middle and upper atmosphere. The lidar system mainly comprises a transmitter system,receiver system,data acquisition and control system and data analysis system. A narrowband 589 nm laser is used to excite sodium atoms in the mesopause region. Excitation of the sodium atoms results in resonance fluorescence,which is collected by the receiver. The temperatures in the mesopause region(about 75-105 km) can be derived by analyzing the Doppler-broadened width of the sodium fluorescence. Observations were made with the lidar system,and the number density of sodium atoms and atmospheric temperature profiles were extracted from the observation data. Comparisons of the lidar temperatures and TIMED/SABER temperatures show good agreement,illustrating the reliability of the sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar measurements.